...Taylor, PhD, Nancy Klein, PhD, Marcia G Anselmo, MEd, Nori Minish, BS, Kimberly A Espy, PhD, and Maureen Hack, MB ChB Physical activity but not energy expenditure is reduced in obese adolescents: a case-control study 1-3 by Ulf Ekelund, Jan Aman, Agneta Yngve, Cecilia Renman, Klaas Westerterp, and Michael Sjostrom Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of cardiovascular disease in US adults: the first national health and nutrition examinations survey epidemiologic follow-up study 1-3 By Lydia A Bazzano, Jiang He, Lorraine G Ogden, Catherine M Loria, Suma Vupputuri, Leann Myers, and Paul K Whelton The first study; Learning Problems in Kindergarten Students with Extremely Preterm, objective by the research objective was to implement a cohort study to assess early learning problems in extremely preterm(EP) children in kindergarten compared with term-born normal birth weight (NBY) controls; to identify risk factors of educational outcomes in the extremely preterm group with neonatal factor, early childhood neurodevelopmental impairment, and socioeconomic status (SES). Variables included the age, sex and ethnicity and children born January 2001-December 2003 (n=148), and term-born normal birth weight classmate controls (n=111). Main outcome measures are achievement testing, teacher ratings of learning progress, and individual educational assistance. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to compare the extremely preterm (EP) and term-born normal birth weight (NBW) groups on...
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...EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report investigates the character and consequences of part-time work by school students. Between one quarter and one third of 17 year-old students are employed during the school year and spend on average nine hours per week in their jobs. Over half of all these 17 year-old student-workers in 1992 were found to be employed in sales jobs, and a third were labourers, with a marked gender difference – twice as many females as males were sales workers, while many more males than females did labouring jobs. Data on which the report is based come from the 1975 birth cohort of the Youth in Transition project that forms part of the Longitudinal Surveys of Australian Youth program. Students’ Motivation for Working, and Perceptions of their Jobs Most students indicated that they worked not simply for financial reasons; they liked the independence their job gave them, they generally enjoyed the work, and believed that the experience of part-time work would help them obtain employment in later life. These benefits were perceived to be true more often by females, and by middle and lower achieving students, the latter fact highlighting the importance of a part-time job for students whom may not be as well served by the school system as those who are higher achievers. For a small proportion of student-workers - perhaps as many as one in ten - there was some evidence of a financial imperative in their decision to work while at school; these were more...
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...Taylor, PhD, Nancy Klein, PhD, Marcia G Anselmo, MEd, Nori Minish, BS, Kimberly A Espy, PhD, and Maureen Hack, MB ChB Physical activity but not energy expenditure is reduced in obese adolescents: a case-control study 1-3 by Ulf Ekelund, Jan Aman, Agneta Yngve, Cecilia Renman, Klaas Westerterp, and Michael Sjostrom Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of cardiovascular disease in US adults: the first national health and nutrition examinations survey epidemiologic follow-up study 1-3 By Lydia A Bazzano, Jiang He, Lorraine G Ogden, Catherine M Loria, Suma Vupputuri, Leann Myers, and Paul K Whelton The first study; Learning Problems in Kindergarten Students with Extremely Preterm, objective by the research objective was to implement a cohort study to assess early learning problems in extremely preterm(EP) children in kindergarten compared with term-born normal birth weight (NBY) controls; to identify risk factors of educational outcomes in the extremely preterm group with neonatal factor, early childhood neurodevelopmental impairment, and socioeconomic status (SES). Variables included the age, sex and ethnicity and children born January 2001-December 2003 (n=148), and term-born normal birth weight classmate controls (n=111). Main outcome measures are achievement testing, teacher ratings of learning progress, and individual educational assistance. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to compare the extremely preterm (EP) and term-born normal birth weight (NBW) groups on...
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...Quantitative Critical Appraisal To commence this quantitative analysis the start point was to formulate a robust quantitative question in order to provide direction for the literature search. Newell & Burnard (2006) suggest that a strong question informs the research design, research method, the population, the intervention and the outcomes of interest. There are three factors for focusing questions 1. Facilitating the search for relevant evidence, 2. deciding whether the evidence is applicable to the group in question, and 3. sorting best evidence from weaker, less valid evidence (LoBiondo-Wood et al, 2002). The question was framed around the elements of PICO; standing for “patients,” “intervention,” “comparison,” and “outcome” (Boston University Medline Plus, 2000a; Craig & Smyth, 2002). The PICO approach was developed around Evidence-Based Medicine (Richardson & Wilson, 1997), and was therefore designed for clinical studies, it can though be adapted to any research context. | | |People, patients or population - who are you asking the question about? | |Intervention - what intervention are you interested in? | |Control or comparison - what are you comparing the intervention to? ...
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...objective process of obtaining information about the world or a part that can be quantified. Health effects of environmental contaminants has evinced research work in air pollution exposure and lung function in children. Another study was conducted on the relationship between domestic exposure to radon and childhood cancers. There are three major types of quantitative research methods namely; experimental, quasi-experimental and non-experimental (Polit & Beck, 2012). In the study on air pollution and exposure and lung function in children, the method applied is descriptive research. The study is important since lung function is a marker of respiratory health and a predictor of cardiorespiratory system disease and mortality. The study was carried out in five European countries with birth cohorts taken from a credible agency European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE). The study population for the analysis consisted of 5,921 children 6–8 years of age. The tabular analysis was then done for population characteristics, lung function measurements and the prevalence of low lung function according to the cohort. Distribution of estimated annual average air pollution levels, traffic indicators, and short-term air pollution exposure variables. Crude and adjusted associations of annual average levels of air pollution and traffic indicators with FEV1: results from random-effects meta-analyses and Adjusted associations of annual average levels of air pollution and traffic indicators...
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...design 5. Case study design DESIGN THAT SUITS OUR TOPIC: Keeping in consideration all other methods and designs, we think that cross sectional design suits our research topic. Cross sectional design may be defined as “A basic type of research method in which a large cross-section of the population is studied at one specific time and the differences between individual groups within the population compared.” The most important advantage of cross sectional studies is that in general they are quick and cheap. As there is no follow up, fewer resources are required to run the study. Cross sectional studies are the best way to determine prevalence and are useful at identifying associations that can then be more rigorously studied using a cohort study or randomized controlled study. Cross-sectional surveys can be conducted using any mode of data collection, including telephone interviews in which landline telephones are called, telephone interviews in which cell phones are called, face-to-face interviews, mailed questionnaires. Cross-sectional studies are observational in nature and are known as descriptive research, not causal or relational. Researchers record the information that is present in a population, but they do not manipulate variables. This type of research can be used to describe characteristics that exist in a population, but not to determine...
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...monitoring the participants in this way it unfolds patterns and allows the researcher to more easily see relationships over a period of time. For example our textbook used an example of behavior types and then added male and female to further see relationships. The limitation to this study is the possibility of drop out of the participants due to the length of study. The cross sectional seems to be a more convenient type of research due to the time frame. It does study different age groups but at one period of time not over a period of time as in the longitudinal research. The strengths are there are fewer participants who drop out because participants are asked to participate only one time. The limitations may include something called cohort effects, which is the way of thinking of a certain age group based on cultural or historical conditions during the time period they grew up. The final research style appears to be the newest style,...
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...performance of a person over time; the scientist can identify common patterns as well as individual differences in development. The second is that the researchers are permitted to examine relationships between early and later events and behaviors. An example of this would be The Guidance Study; where it tracks to see if children with extreme personality styles retained the same dispositions as they became adults. (Berk 34.) There are also problems when conducting longitudinal research participants might move away or drop out of research. Also due to the repetition of the study; people may become aware of their own thoughts, feelings, or actions and revise them in ways that have little to do with age related change. The most common threat is cohort effects. This is because different decades have different actions and values; these groups that are influenced by particular cultural conditions. Now researchers are using a more conventional strategy for...
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...Prevention of Breast Cancer Abstract Background Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in American women according to the National Cancer Institute. Breast cancer research has found no cure and treatments vary in effectiveness. Objectives This paper will review some of the various conventional and natural prevention methods of breast cancer and evaluate the effectiveness and risks of each. Methods/Design Published studies on early detection , non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, physical activity and diet were reviewed. Opposing studies and risks of each were also sought and reviewed. Major Findings All methods were found to have a positive effect on reducing the risk of breast cancer except for early detection. All methods were also found to have a negative effect on breast cancer risk or have risks of other health problems except for physical activity and thermography. Conclusion Studies show that early detection does not prevent breast cancer and moderate physical activity can reduce the risk of breast cancer. All other methods have conflicting studies . Early Detection: Early detection is the most recommend method for the prevention of breast cancer, however it does not prevent breast cancer but studies show it can reduce the death rate of breast cancer. Mammography the most used and accurate form of non-evasive early detection will be examined in this paper as well as thermography, a new alternative to mammogram screenings. ...
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...published on March 25, 2013 as 10.1136/archdischild-2011-301508 Original article Do television and electronic games predict children’s psychosocial adjustment? Longitudinal research using the UK Millennium Cohort Study Alison Parkes, Helen Sweeting, Daniel Wight, Marion Henderson Medical Research Council/ CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK Correspondence to Dr Alison Parkes, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, 4 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow G12 8RZ, UK; Alison-p@sphsu.mrc.ac.uk Received 7 December 2011 Revised 15 October 2012 Accepted 7 December 2012 ABSTRACT Background Screen entertainment for young children has been associated with several aspects of psychosocial adjustment. Most research is from North America and focuses on television. Few longitudinal studies have compared the effects of TV and electronic games, or have investigated gender differences. Purpose To explore how time watching TV and playing electronic games at age 5 years each predicts change in psychosocial adjustment in a representative sample of 7 year-olds from the UK. Methods Typical daily hours viewing television and playing electronic games at age 5 years were reported by mothers of 11 014 children from the UK Millennium Cohort Study. Conduct problems, emotional symptoms, peer relationship problems, hyperactivity/inattention and prosocial behaviour were reported by mothers using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Change...
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...Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality in Surgically Treated Hyperthyroidism A Nation-wide Cohort Study With a Long-term Follow-up Essi Ryödi, Jorma Salmi, Pia Jaatinen, Heini Huhtala, Rauni Saaristo, Matti Välimäki, Anssi Auvinen, Saara Metso Clin Endocrinol. 2014;80(5):743-750. Abstract and Introduction Abstract Objective Previous studies suggest that patients with hyperthyroidism remain at an increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity even after restoring euthyroidism. The mechanisms of the increased risk and its dependency on the different treatment modalities of hyperthyroidism remain unclear. The aim of this long-term follow-up study was to compare the rate of hospitalizations for cardiovascular causes and the mortality in hyperthyroid patients treated surgically with an ageand gender-matched reference population. Patients and Measurements A population-based cohort study was conducted among 4334 hyperthyroid patients (median age 46 years) treated with thyroidectomy in 1986–2007 in Finland and among 12 991 reference subjects. Firstly, the hospitalizations due to cardiovascular diseases (CVD) were analysed until thyroidectomy. Secondly, the hazard ratios for any new hospitalization due to CVDs after the thyroidectomy were calculated in Cox regression analysis adjusted with the prevalent CVDs at the time of thyroidectomy. Results The risk of hospitalization due to all CVDs started to increase already 5 years before the thyroidectomy, and by the time of the operation...
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...Getting Started: The Anatomy and Physiology of Clinical Research Stephen B. Hulley, Thomas B. Newman, and Steven R. Cummings This chapter introduces clinical research from two viewpoints, setting up themes that run together through the book. One theme is the anatomy of research-what it's made of. This includes the tangible elements of the study plan: the research question, design, subjects, measurements, sample size calculation, and so forth. An investigator's goal is to create these elements in a form that will make the project fast, inexpensive, and easy. The other theme is the physiology of research-how it works. Studies are useful to the extent that they yield valid inferences, first about what happened in the study sample and then about generalizing these events to people outside. the study. The goal is to minimize the errors, random and systematic, that threaten conclusions based on these inferences. Separating these two themes is artificial in the same way that the anatomy of the human body does not make much sense without some understanding of its physiology. But the separation has the same advantage: It clarifies our thinking about a complex topic. . THE ANATOMY OF RESEARCH: WHAT IT'S MADE OF The structure of a research project is set out in its protocol, the written plan of the study. Protocols are well kn~wn as devices for seeking grant funds, but they also have a vital scientific function: helping the investigator to organize her research in a logical, focused...
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...such behaviour change over time and why. Strengths of a longitudinal study is that it shows genuine development and growth and how situations adapt and change over time rather then it being a snapshot of what I s going on at that current time it provides more in depth and detailed information for the observation it also helps to establish a more reliable judgement on the situation. Another Strength is that it allows effects long term to be examined instead of just examining the short term effects as the long term effects could be crucial in concluding results. It also avoids participant variables as you will be using the same participant over the whole course of the time this allows factors such as personality and background to be minimalized from affecting the background. It firther avoids cohort affect as other factors such as background and personal issues wouldn’t differ if using same participant. As it provides in depth data the validity of the study can be increased due to the long term examination. By also using same participant it allows cause and effect to be established. This allows for direct comparisons unlike cross sectional that uses different and therefore unlike participants. On the other hand weaknesses of longitudinal studies would be that it is time consuming and expensive as it is conducted over a long period of time a lot of resources needed it also lacks generalizability. As generalizability issues as factors affecting the group may not affect a different...
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...Cyber and Traditional Bullying Victimization as a Risk Factor for Mental Health Problems and Suicidal Ideation in Adolescents Rienke Bannink1, Suzanne Broeren1, Petra M. van de Looij – Jansen2, Frouwkje G. de Waart2, Hein Raat1* 1 Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands, 2 Municipal Public Health Service Rotterdam area, Rotterdam, the Netherlands Abstract Purpose: To examine whether traditional and cyber bullying victimization were associated with adolescent’s mental health problems and suicidal ideation at two-year follow-up. Gender differences were explored to determine whether bullying affects boys and girls differently. Methods: A two-year longitudinal study was conducted among first-year secondary school students (N = 3181). Traditional and cyber bullying victimization were assessed at baseline, whereas mental health status and suicidal ideation were assessed at baseline and follow-up by means of self-report questionnaires. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess associations between these variables while controlling for baseline problems. Additionally, we tested whether gender differences in mental health and suicidal ideation were present for the two types of bullying. Results: There was a significant interaction between gender and traditional bullying victimization and between gender and cyber bullying victimization on mental health problems. Among boys, traditional and cyber bullying victimization...
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...An outbreak investigation featuring a cohort study associated with food contamination with an unknown organism: Confirmed with a variety of biological identification techniques 2015 – Karl Olsen N0425691 During October 2015, an outbreak of 14 cases of symptoms related to gastroenteritis occurred at a bank staff party in Nottingham, it was confirmed via a cohort study that Salmonella was the infectious pathogen. A lack of significant association between specific food sources and illness suggests an attack rate distributed through multiple foods, including salad and chicken, which were considered to be contaminated through a food handler. Introduction A conventional outbreak investigation is when two or more people share identical or related diseases/symptoms or excrete the same pathogens. This is common when cases are shared between individuals that have circumstantial association. In this particular case, the number of confirmed symptoms exceeded that expected and illuminated the potential cause; a foodborne disease. Moreover, on the 11th of October 2015, the first incidence of 14 human cases of symptoms related to food poisoning occurred between bank staff colleagues in Nottingham; United Kingdom. Symptoms of diarrhoea and fever manifested themselves and were reported within a week of a party of which 36 of 42 staff members attended. Symptoms subsided by the 15th of October. The occurrence and proximity of these infections suggest a link which can be explained by the consumption...
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