...The African Americans after the Civil War simply desired freedom and equality. However, the definition of freedom varied between people and they began to question freedom spread throughout society. To the African Americans, freedom was when people, regardless of race, were not bound to another man but had the ability to work for themselves while receiving the benefits of their labor. They should be entitled to owning land and using it for their own purposes. Being free from the punishments that came with being a slave played a major role in shaping their definition. The person must have the opportunity for education without restriction along with the ability to establish churches and schools. The right to vote was also an important part of...
Words: 721 - Pages: 3
...In Harper’s 1947 magazine, Henry S. Commager wrote his article, “Who is Loyal to America” stressing on the argument of the anticommunist movement that promoted a new definition of loyalty. In this article Commager states some of the issues that the United States did was conform its patterns of loyalty to radically different ones than they have been in the past. This is a problem because it not only disregarded the Americans that were loyal, but it changed the definition entirely to conform to people who were disloyal to our nation. This led to much discrimination towards people during this time because the nation was in fear of communism. The Lavender Scare was overlooked by the American people because it only affected homosexuals working in...
Words: 1461 - Pages: 6
...National Romanticism 3 20th century: Contemporary History 4 The dissolution of the Union 4 The First World War 4 Wellfare system establishment 4 The Second World War 4 The Cold War 5 European Union and Immigration 5 How Sweden Becam Swedish 6 Welfare State 6 Cultural Policy and Propaganda 7 Multi-culturalism 8 Gender Equality 9 Conclusion 11 Introduction The purpose of this essay is to try to understand the Scandinavian culture. To do this, we have to clarify some concepts, like National Identity, Nationalism, culture and Swedishness, in order to understand the connection between those, and finally expose more easely the following arguments. Those concepts can be seen as pretty dimness and deep, so we have to treat those with caution. In fact, if we start with Nationalism, many theorists tried to counteract the three paradoxes this concept bring : objective modernity vs. subjective antiquity, socio-cultural concept vs. concrete manifestations and 'political' power vs. philosophical poverty. Therefore, we see that Nationalism involve multiple frameworks, like history, culture, social or politic. Ernest Gellner reached to mix them and saw Nationalism like a 'theory of political legitimacy, wich requires that ethnic boundaries should not cut across political onces'. Benedict Anderson also add national identity and sentiment to this definition when he noticed that people may be die for their nation. Despite this, both of them agree to say that there...
Words: 3251 - Pages: 14
...1950s, a struggle broke out between the Unite States and the Soviet Union in what was known as the Cold War. The west was concerned with anti-Communism becoming a part of its domestic politics. It had become an obsession of most conservative politicians to expose what they call Communist subversion and at the same time dealt a blow to the liberal causes. The interest of the Soviet Union was in the control of strategic interest. In addition the Soviet Union was determined to create a secure sphere for itself in Central and Eastern Europe as protection against possible future aggression from the West (Brinkley Ch. 29). These different views were the bases for the Cold War. Not only did the cold war have international consequences but also create a division within the United States. Since Communism was a major concern, the spread of anti-Communism was introduced as a way to protect the fundamental way Americans lived. In addition anti-Communism gave birth to McCarthyism. I will discuss the differences between anticommunism and McCarthyism, the perspective from which the media covered anticommunism and McCarthyism, how the American foreign policy decisions were affected or impacted by anticommunism and finally how Americans’ lives changed because of the Red Scare. To gain a clear understanding of the differences between anticommunism and McCarthyism, a brief definition of Communism must be given. Communism is a distinct socio-political philosophy that is willing to use...
Words: 995 - Pages: 4
...speeches about the importance of peace, helping others, and “doing the right thing”. To me these concepts were only theoretical, of little consequence or application in my life. I think most of my peers thought along similar lines. The parents in my community also never appeared interested in these topics. When service was spoken of by a teacher or a priest, they would all smile and nod, but they never seemed particularly concerned. My fellow community members could speak about peace and a senseless war overseas, but they were all too far removed to really feel its impact. To them, “service” meant the community service hours that were required to pass a religious requirement. These concepts were almost only theoretical, if not a quick rite of passage. The photo of me behind a soup kitchen counter was a parenthesis between studying for a chemistry final and working the weekend shift at my part-time high school job. The reasoning behind charity has deviated greatly from its definition in the 4th and 5th centuries. Aristotle wrote, “If all men vied with each other in moral nobility and strove to perform the noblest deeds, the common welfare would be fully realized, while individuals could also enjoy the greatest of goods, inasmuch as a virtue is the greatest good.” Aristotle is claiming that the society we live in could be utopian, if everyone made a joint effort to collectively improve the welfare of society. To put this quote in a more applicable, modern context, college students...
Words: 1605 - Pages: 7
...earlier stages, in the imperialist stage, capitalism has no more progress to bring the world…the cause of contemporary militarism” – Lenin “The policy, practice, or advocacy of seeking, or acquiescing in, the extension of the control, dominion, or empire of a nation, as by the acquirement of new, esp. distant, territory or dependencies, or by the closer union of parts more or less independent of each other for operations of war, copyright, internal commerce, etc.” – Oxford dictionary The word imperialism derives from “empire.” As such, it is useful to spend a bit of time to define the word. In working towards a minimal definition, Stanford Professor of Archaeology J. Manning in his first lecture on Ancient Empires starts with: “An empire is a territorially extensive hierarchically political organization.” Unfortunately this definition is too vague. All states encountered in human history are by definition hierarchical, and many nations today are vast compared to the empires of the ancient world. Thus, Manning rephrases his definition of empire to be: “A territorially extensive hierarchical political organization involving the rule of one or more groups over other groups of foreigners.” But what causes empire? There are two models worth explaining. One is originated by the Greek historian Thucydides, famous for the quote “The strong do what they can and the...
Words: 10655 - Pages: 43
...Chapter 38 The Bipolar World THE CHAPTER IN PERSPECTIVE No sooner had World War II reached its bloody finish than the world was thrust into an even more frightening conflagration. The United States and its allies and the Soviet Union and its allies faced off in a fundamental struggle to shape the postwar world. It was a contest based on power politics, competing social and economic systems, and differing political ideologies that lasted over fifty years and touched every corner of the globe. A spiraling arms race eventually brought the world to the brink of nuclear apocalypse. While the war remained technically cold, the fear of a nuclear disaster made it feel very different to the peoples of the world. OVERVIEW The Formation of a Bipolar World Despite the lingering general animosity and mistrust that the Soviets and Americans shared, at the heart of the cold war was a fundamental disagreement between political, economic, and social systems. Capitalism and communism, at least in the minds of the superpowers, remained mutually exclusive. The United States attacked communism and backed, at least in theory, liberalism. Consequently, the United States criticized the Soviet record on human rights and the suppression of civil and religious institutions. In turn the Soviets, led by Nikita Khrushchev, were critics of the failings of laissez‐faire capitalism and the wide gulf between rich and poor in western European and especially the United States...
Words: 2416 - Pages: 10
...explored in detail to obtain a better understanding of the role of globalization and its relationship to international relations. Historically the main actors have always been states, but with globalisation come the emergence of transnational companies, humanitarian organisations and political entities gaining prominence. The question of whether globalization secures greater equality or infact leads to more global inequality will be addressed. Global politics prioritises the management of power, security and justice. The end of the cold war saw only one superpower America remaining. As a result of the collapse of communism, new countries formed with border lines being redrawn. The simple yet effective strategy was to strengthen international unity by receding national sovereignty to stand in agreement. This was an awkward agreement, as no nation wished to stand independent (Kettl, 2000). The emergence of globalization into world markets significantly increased. The term globalization only came into widespread usage in 1990s. Globalization itself is a contested term with many definitions being affirmed. One definition is “the world wide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements and financial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas’ (Schaefer, 2012). The compression of space and time along with unknown and endless boundaries allow these transnational companies to make their goods readily available. Globalization in today’s world is regular and structured...
Words: 2381 - Pages: 10
...THE RELEVANCE OF THE UNITED NATIONS IN THE POST-COLD WAR ERA: IRAQI INVASION AS A CASE STUDY BY ALADENIYI, EMMANUEL ABIODUN APRIL 2005 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND 1. The basic concepts and assumptions that led to the formation of the United Nations (UN) dates back to the beginning of statecraft and humanity’s first efforts to foster international cooperation. The treaty of the peace of Westphalia of 1648 is regarded at humanity’s first effort in statehood and fostering international cooperation. The formation of the UN is predicated on the evolution of diplomacy, alliances, conferences, rules of warfare, means of peaceful settlement of conflicts and the development of international law. The overriding purpose of the UN is war prevention. This purpose was earlier pursued by ancient Greek Philosophers, Plato and Aristotle, who wrote on the conditions necessary for peace.1 The church in the Middle Ages also enunciated a doctrine of “Just War” to limit violence and destruction by sanctioning only wars fought for justifiable courses. The pacifists and internationalists, like Desiderius Erasmus, condemned war in its entirety as “immoral and wasteful”. 2. The need to institute mechanics for peaceful settlement of disputes and prevent war encouraged the formation of various international organizations over time. These include the Congress of Vienna and Concert of Europe in 1815. The Hague System worked towards the codification...
Words: 11211 - Pages: 45
...Yasmin Alibhai- Brown The post-war reconstruction of Britain delivered the welfare state, based on the fundamental concepts of state duty of care to the least able citizens and of social mutuality. In spite of being continually battered by the right, that belief system was embedded in the national psyche. From the late sixties to the end of the nineties, whatever party was in power, progressive values fought for and transformed the public space. That was the left’s epoch, our push, turning the juggernaut of historical and societal conservatism, towards enlightenment and honesty. Politics opened up, too slowly perhaps at first, but the pace quickened over the years. From 1968 to 1976, the first equality laws were passed giving women and people of colour legal protection against discrimination. The ILEA and GLC promoted education and equality for all and challenged the Establishment story of Britain. I worked as an adult education lecturer for ILEA then and know how we made the system and curriculum vastly more inclusive and innovative than it had ever been before. One of my students, Sandra, 29, daughter of a miner, went on to the Open University (which opened in 1971) and eventually became head of a school in the Midlands. In 1987, the first post-war MPs of colour were elected. Women’s rights came in from the cold and became part of the national conversation, and company and public policies. The cultural revolution of the sixties led to more than simply new sexual freedoms...
Words: 1110 - Pages: 5
...Markovits) both published by Cornell University Press. His most recent coauthored book is The Myth of the Global Corporation (Princeton University Press, 1998). Reich has also published many book chapters and articles in journals such as International Organization, International Interactions, The Review of International Political Economy, and German Politics and Society. He has received fellowships from the Sloan Foundation and the Kellogg Institute and was awarded an International Affairs Fellowship from the Council on Foreign Relations. His current work is on the issue of the definitions and central propositions of globalization. This paper was written during my stay at the Kellogg Institute. I wish to express my appreciation to the fellows and staff of the Institute for all their help on this project, notably to Scott Mainwaring who is now director of the Institute. Introduction The end of the Cold War provided a major shock for scholars of politics and policy in at least two respects. First, it provided a classic example of the limitations of both social and policy sciences predictive capacity. Few foresaw, let alone predicted, the tumultuous events that marked the end of the decade. Second, those events simultaneously dislodged the organizing principle—the foundation—upon which much of the study of international relations was constructed in the...
Words: 9416 - Pages: 38
...Ku Klux Klan (KKK), founded on Christmas Eve 1865 in Pulaski, Tennessee, was first formed as a group advocating white supremacy. Most members of the KKK were once affiliated with the Protestant Nativist Church, and the Klan had extended into almost every southern state in 1870 and became a vehicle for white southern resistance to the Reconstruction-era policies aimed at establishing political and economic equality for African-American people put in place by the Republican Party. Three movements of the Klan existed in whole. The First Klan (1865-72) was dedicated to ‘protect whites who were being terrorised by former slaves’, and to take revenge upon these people. The Klan’s recorded aims were ‘to terrorise blacks to an extent that they would be too afraid to exercise their votes; drive blacks away from any land which they had obtained; and to intimidate and demoralise blacks so that they would give up on attempts to win...
Words: 1323 - Pages: 6
...rIssues & Studie s© 45, no. 4 (December 2009): 159-188. Status for Sale: Taiwan and the Competition for Diplomatic Recognition TIMOTHY S. RICH Diplomatic recognition is generally seen as fundamental to the modern state system. The traditional views of recognition however focus almost exclusively on political or ideological rationales, ignoring other foundations on which other countries base establishing diplomatic recognition. Focusing on the Republic of China (Taiwan) suggests a more complicated view where economic self-interest on one side and national pride on the other may undermine traditional conceptions of recognition. Using the ROC-PRC diplomatic battle as a case study, this paper hopes to shed light on two questions: why, despite the PRC's rise as a global power, a country would continue to formally recognize the ROC and secondly what does the ROC receive in exchange for such high-cost endeavors to maintain recognition. In this case mutual ideological rationales have greatly diminished while I contend that economic factors have predominantly maintained this diplomatic battle. In addition, previous research often focuses on major world powers granting or withholding formal recognition to smaller states. In this situation, poor countries with typically little political influence are the major players, suggesting different rationales behind recognition. Methodologically, this paper blends qualitative and quantitative analysis to uncover factors affecting recogni- ...
Words: 6627 - Pages: 27
...Humanitarian intervention is a label that has been employed to describe economic to military intervention. The main types of intervention include military, diplomatic, developmental and economic sanction. Mill’s (1859) stated that "There seems to be no little need that the whole doctrine of non-interference with foreign nations should be reconsidered, if it can be said to have as yet been considered as a really moral question at all... To go to war for an idea, if the war is aggressive, not defensive, is as criminal as to go to war for territory or revenue; for it is as little justifiable to force our ideas on other people, as to compel them to submit to our will in any other respect”. This essay will demonstrate how humanitarian intervention efforts are not reaching the goals that are needed to properly aid the disadvantaged nations in developing nations. Economic humanitarian intervention emerged at the end of the Second World War. Historically, it is apparent that foreign aid was used explicitly to prevent the expansion of communism during the Cold War, and not solely to help those in need. It can be argued that humanitarian intervention has done more harm than good to the nations. Northern/ Western countries have enriched themselves from their unequal relation with Southern either under colonialism or under the trading system, which has the Southern nations paying more towards their ongoing debt and receiving an irrelevant amount of foreign aid to help assist these nations in need (Brown...
Words: 2006 - Pages: 9
...UN-Millennium Development Goals 2015 Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger by Adam Pindur Contents 1. Introduction 3 2. The path towards the Millennium Declaration 4 3. Millennium Development Goals 5 4. Global Poverty: Facts and figures 6 5. Measures against global poverty 8 6. Conclusion 10 7. Bibliography 11 „Those who has seen the world's poorest people, feels rich enough to help“ Albert Schweitzer (1875-1965) www.eineweltfüralle.de Introduction At the Millennium Summit of the UN in September 2000, Heads of State and Government of the world, decided to reduce the number of people living in extreme poverty by half until 2015. Never before have governments and international organizations, businesses and civil society organizations announced in this form to a common goal, and moved so the fight against poverty in the focus. The implementation of the Millennium Development Goals will be handled by many organizations and government institutions such as the BMZ (Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development). I will set my focus on the fight against poverty and mention the actions of the Millennium Declaration Goals. At first I will present the historical development from 1990 until 2000, the year of the Millennium Summit. After a presentation of the Millennium Declaration Goals, I will introduce facts and figures on global poverty. Then I will show concrete measures to tackle...
Words: 2484 - Pages: 10
