...Combustion Process Fire can destroy your house and all of your possessions in less than an hour, and it can reduce an entire forest to a pile of ash and charred wood. It's also a terrifying weapon, with nearly unlimited destructive power. Fire kills more people every year than any other force of nature. The dangerous thing about the chemical reactions in fire is the fact that they are self-perpetuating. The heat of the flame itself keeps the fuel at the ignition temperature, so it continues to burn as long as there is fuel and oxygen around it. The flame heats any surrounding fuel so it releases gases as well. When the flame ignites the gases, the fire spreads. So it is important that we understand the process of how it works to better protect ourselves from the dangers of fire. People used to considered fire as one of the major elements in the universe, alongside water, earth and air. But fire is really something completely different. Earth, water and air are all forms of matter; they are made up of millions and millions of atoms collected together. Fire isn't matter at all. It's a visible side effect of matter changing form. It’s one part of a chemical reaction. Typically, fire comes from a chemical reaction between oxygen in the atmosphere and some sort of fuel (wood or gasoline, for example). Of course, wood and gasoline don't spontaneously catch on fire just because they're surrounded by oxygen. For the combustion reaction to happen, you have to heat the...
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...3.3.2.3 Alkanes are used as fuels. Combustion of alkanes and other organic compounds can be complete or incomplete. The internal combustion engine produces a number of pollutants including NOx , CO, carbon and unburned hydrocarbons. These gaseous pollutants from internal combustion engines can be removed using catalytic converters. Combustion of hydrocarbons containing sulphur leads to sulphur dioxide that causes air pollution. Students should be able to explain why sulphur dioxide can be removed from flue gases using calcium oxide or calcium carbonate. CONBUSTION OF ALKANES Shorter chained alkanes combust completely in a plentiful supply of oxygen. e.g. methane 〖CH〗_4 (g)+2O_2 (g)→〖CO〗_2 (g)+2H_2 O(l) All combustion reactions are exothermic and have large negative enthalpy changes. The more carbon atoms, the more heat given out which is why they are important fuels. They also store a large amount of energy relative to their weight; e.g. octane produces 48kJ of energy per gram which is twice as much as coal. Alkane fuels include: Methane (main component of natural or north sea gas). Propane (camping gas). Butane (calor gas). Petrol (a mixture of hydrocarbons with approx. 8C chain length). Paraffin (mixture of hydrocarbons between 10-18Cs). IMCOMPLETE COMBUSTION This occurs in a limited supply of oxygen and it forms CO which is poisonous. e.g. propane C_3 H_8 (g)+3 1/2 O_2 (g)→3CO(g)+4H_2 O(l) With even less oxygen, carbon (soot) is produced...
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...Introduction The molar heat of combustion of a substance is the heat liberated when 1 mole of the substance undergoes complete combustion with oxygen at standard atmosphere pressure with products being CO₂ and H₂O and also releases heat in this process. The heat of combustion is commonly measured experimentally, where the combustions are always exothermic reactions. During combustion hydrocarbon bonds are broken and new ones are created for example; when ethanol combusts with the 3O₂ molecules it breaks the C-H bonds and the other hydrocarbon bonds that are in the ethanol molecule also break resulting in the release of energy and on once these bonds are broken and new molecules are formed and these new molecules are the products of the ethanol...
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...MEC 3621 Internal Combustion Engines (IC Engines) Prof. Dr. A.K.M. MOHIUDDIN Introduction • The purpose of internal combustion engines is the production of mechanical power from the chemical energy contained in the fuel. • In internal combustion engines, as distinct from external combustion engines, this energy is released by burning or oxidizing the fuel inside the engine. • The fuel-air mixture before combustion and the burned products after combustion are the actual working fluids. • The work transfers which provide the desired power output occur directly between these working fluids and the mechanical components of the engine. • The internal combustion engines which are the subject of this course are spark-ignition (SI) engines (sometimes called Otto engines, or gasoline or petrol engines, though other fuels can be used) and compression-ignition (CI) or diesel engines. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE • Otto, in the broader sense, was the inventor of the modern internal combustion engine as we know it today. • Further developments followed fast once the full impact of what Otto had achieved became apparent. By the 1880s several engineers (e.g., Dugald Clerk, 1854-1913,; and James Robson, 1833-1913, in England and Karl Benz, 1844 - 1929, in Germany) had successfully developed two-stroke internal combustion engines where the exhaust and intake processes occur during the end of the power stroke and the beginning of the compression stroke. ...
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...Combustion Lab Lukas Worcester PGHS Introduction The concepts of hydrocarbons, combustion, specific heat capacity, and endothermic reactions must be understood by the students to complete the lab. Carbon and hydrogen molecules are what actually make up hydrocarbons structure. Hydrocarbons are typically utilized in fuels and lubricants, as well as raw materials such as plastic, rubber, and other materials. The reaction between a hydrocarbon and oxygen is a process called combustion, which creates carbon dioxide and water. A combustion reaction is defined as an exothermic reaction, a reaction putting off heat instead of taking in heat. Combustion’s main purpose is to create an oxidized material. Each and every substance on...
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...Determining the enthalpy of combustion of Magnesium Om Vora Ms. Mohoruk Lab Partner: Ujjwal Nambiar 4/25/16 IB HL Chemistry 11 Purpose: The purpose of this lab is to determine the molar enthalpy of combustion of Mg using Hess Law by manipulating three formulas, two of which will be found through the experiment and one value is already given. Materials: Refer to lab handout on the front of the page as no changes were made. Procedure: Refer to lab handout on the front of the page as no changes were made. Qualitative results: • Bubbles and vapor is released during the reaction of both Mg and MgO. • Solutions in the calorimeter got really hot after the mixing the two. Sign of exothermic reaction. • Small residue of...
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...Comparison of CO2 Emissions from Electric Vehicles and Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles | | In order to determine if the emissions of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) was significantly less from electric vehicles (EV) compared to gasoline powered vehicles, an evaluation was conducted using 5 EV’s and 5 comparable gasoline powered vehicles that were driven 8,000 miles with the average CO2 emissions being measured. The results were that the average CO2 emissions for the EV’s were 4,329 lbs. and the average CO2 emissions for the gasoline powered vehicles were 6,433 lbs., which equates to a 32.7% difference. These results did answer our research question but raised subsequent questions as to whether electric vehicles are the long-term solution in reducing overall non-renewable energy. | | March 22, 2012 March 22, 2012 1.) Introduction The purpose of this experiment was to determine if the emissions of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) from electric vehicles (EV) is significantly less than that of internal combustion vehicles (ICE). Our rational for this experiment is due to the increasing number of electric vehicles that are being manufactured and purchased and to answer the question: Is there really a significant positive impact on the environment or more of a psychological impact for society? To answer this question we began research on how the U.S. is getting its electricity. There are several sources of electricity in the U.S., with coal at 48.9%, natural gas at 20%, nuclear at...
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...combusts. But even back in the nineteenth century the world-view of spontaneous human combustion was beginning to change. Scientific discoveries were regarded as the highest forms of human endeavor and spontaneous human combustion was soon to be rejected as legend and superstition. Yet, in the 21st century many questions still remain and some say, defied explanation. The fact was that there were over 200 cases of people who had burnt to a crisp over the past 300 years, something that seems difficult to discount. Strange cases of people reduced to a pile of ashes with a skull, torso...
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...In the last several years, a growing number of scientific evidences have indicated that the air within homes, offices, or other indoor environment can be more seriously polluted than the outdoor air (Sheldon, 1994). Indoors, the concentration of some harmful chemical and biological matters may be hundreds times higher than that outdoors (Sheldon, 1994). Thus, the situation that chemical, biological, and/or physical matters in the indoor air that cause harmful effects to human health is defined as indoor air pollution. One source of indoor air pollutant is chemical matter, which is caused by combustion, architecture material, and some other things. Combustion or burning is the sequence of exothermic chemical reactions between a fuel and an oxidant accompanied by the production of heat and conversion of chemical species (Wikipedia, Combustion, 2010). In the indoor environment, combustion refers to the use of oil, natural gas, wood, coal, charcoal, and tobacco. During this course, not only the oxygen in the house is consumed, but also much harmful gas like carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and sulfur dioxide (SO2), which is poisonous to human, is produced and flood into the air. Especially in developing countries, where people cook food with burning wood or coal, the indoor air pollution is more serious (WHO, 2010). Another source of chemical pollutant is architecture material. Some building material, furniture, paint may give off volatile organic compounds that can...
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...Charcoal is a light, black residue, consisting of carbon and any remaining ash, obtained by removing water and other volatile constituents from animal and vegetation substances. Charcoal is usually produced by slow pyrolysis, the heating of wood or other substances in the absence of oxygen (see char and biochar). It is usually an impure form of carbon as it contains ash; however, sugarcharcoal is among the purest forms of carbon readily available, particularly if it is not made by heating but by a dehydration reaction withsulfuric acid to minimise the introduction of new impurities, as impurities can be removed from the sugar in advance. The resulting soft, brittle, lightweight, black, porous material resembles coal. Subtitle: A Boise State University study proves that low-energy feedstocks can be densified and when combusted produce heat output comparable to higher energy content fuels. By Owen McDougal, Seth Eidemiller, Nick Weires. November 23, 2010 By the way, according to one of those online dictionaries, “feedstock” refers to “the raw material that is required for an industrial process.“ Intro Research at Boise State University in Idaho, explored both the caloric content and shape to optimize burn efficiency of the biobriquettes. The energy content of briquettes ranged from 4.48 to 5.95 kilojoule per gram (kJ/g) depending on composition, whereas the energy content of sawdust, charcoal and wood pellets ranged from 7.24 to 8.25 kJ/g. Biobriquettes molded into a hollow-core...
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...controlled and for this reason thermostats are used. To provide an uninterrupted flow of air for the combustion, forced draft fans are provided. The air supplied is directed upwards in swirls with the help of strategically designed ports. A rotating shaft with blades is attached at the center, which helps for a faster combustion process and also prevents incomplete combustion. The ash and the residue thus generated due to the combustion is forced at the periphery by this rotating shaft. The ash is pushed into an ash hopper and it gets collected there. A door is provided to dump the waste inside the incinerator. This door pneumatically operated and when opened shuts down the fan and the burner automatically. Not all the ash gets collected in the ash hopper. Some of the ash due to the forced air goes up to the chimney with the smoke. To remove this ash from the smoke a char eliminator is used. A char eliminator is similar to a filter paper. A sight glass is provided at the side of the incinerator to keep a watch at the burning process. All the processes are controlled with the help of a control panel that is fitted on or near the incinerator. Working and disposing Solid waste is put inside the incinerator through the waste door, in properly arranged stacks so that the chances of incomplete combustion are minimized. The oily sludge or waste oil is not directly put into the combustion chamber neither it is put through the waste door. A...
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...preparatoria 1er Examen Parcial Nombre: _________________________________________________ Grupo: _____________________ Fecha: Materia: QUIMICA II Nombre del Profesor: Ernesto Román López Nájera / Dirección de Preparatoria INSTRUCCIONES GENERALES: Lea cuidadosamente para responder cada una de las preguntas o problemas. Cualquier resultado será inválido en caso de no contener los procedimientos que sean necesarios y/o correctos para la obtención de alguna solución, así como por incluir más de una respuesta I. SELECCIONE LA OPCIÓN CORRECTA (VALOR 5.5 PTS C/U) 1. Es cuando en una(s) sustancia(s) se efectúa un cambio químico y se producen una o más sustancias diferentes. a) Reacción química b) Ecuación química c) Cambio físico 2. Es la descripción simbólica para las reacciones químicas, mediante el cual unas sustancias (reactivos) se transforman en otras (productos de la reacción). a) Cambio Físico b) Balanceo químico c) Ecuación química 3. Tipo de reacción química donde se da la unión química de dos o más elementos o compuestos para formar un compuesto más complejo a) Reacción de Síntesis b) Reacción de Descomposición c) Reacción de desplazamiento simple 4. Tipo de reacción química cuando un elemento que es más activo que el otro elemento que forma el compuesto, lo remplaza o sustituye en la reacción a) Reacción de Síntesis b) Reacción de Descomposición c) Reacción...
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...This front sheet must be completed by the learner where appropriate and included with the work submitted for assessment. Unit: 1 Fundamentals of Science Course: Extended Diploma in Applied Science (Forensic and Medical Science) (15VF0270) |Learner Name (Please enter your name): | | |Assessor Name: Claire Watkins |Issue Date: |End Date: | | | | | | |Group 1: 5.10.15 |Group 1:19.10.15 | | |Group 2: 6.10.15 |Group 2: 20.10.15 | |Assignment Title: Scientific Reports and Communication |Assignment Ref (if used): 1.3 | |Assessment Criteria |Achieved |Evidence Location |Comments/feedback from assessor | |P7 – Carry out a practical investigation into the |Yes/No |Scientific Report | ...
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...Joey Hudack BIO102 Environment and People Dr. Mike Mooring 09 December 2015 Indoor Air Pollution in Sub-Saharan Africa Introduction Environmental pollution is a major topic and a major global challenge that has become very popular over the last few decades. Air pollution has specifically gained major interests from researchers, governments, and international organizations due to the major impacts associated with it. When a topic such as air pollution is mentioned, most of the people will automatically link it to the idea of things like smog, power plants and emissions from vehicles. However, these are considered examples of outdoor air pollutants. There exists another class of pollutants, which pollute the air inside the houses. These are called indoor air pollutants. Indoor air pollution is when the indoor pollutants or things such as gases and particles contaminate the air indoors. Indoor air pollution refers to the pollution of the air inside the houses or the living spaces. It is the presence of one or more contaminants indoor that carry a certain degree of health risks. The sub-Saharan Africa is among the regions in the world that have been highly affected by indoor air pollution. The aim of this document is to discuss the challenge of indoor air pollution in the region of sub-Saharan Africa. Solid fuel is the major source of this indoor air pollution and particle suspension in the air of these homes. In this region where the population is too poor...
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...Dublin Institute of Technology | Combustion | Thermodynamics Laboratory | | Name: Shiyas Basheer Student Number: D10119909 Programme/Course: DT022/3 Group: A Date of lab: 09/04/2013 Abstract Table of Contents Abstract 1 Introduction and Procedure 3 Calculations 3 Theory 3 Mass Flow rate analysis 4 Exhaust Gas 6 Results 7 Conclusion 8 Reference 9 Equivalent ratio of a gas turbine Introduction and Procedure For this experiment, a two shaft gas turbine (ET792) was used. At the core of ET792 are a so-called gas generator and a free-running power turbine. The gas generator consists of a radial compressor, a combustion chamber and a radial turbine. The compressor and turbine are mounted on a shaft. The gas turbine works as an open cyclic process, with the ambient air being drawn out and fed back in. Intake and exhaust silencers reduce the noise in operation of the power turbine. The use of propane as the combustion gas ensures clean, odorless operation. A start-up fan is used to start the gas turbine. The air is compressed and fed to the combustion chamber. Before it enters the combustion chamber the air is slowed by means of a diffuser. The air is then split into primary and secondary. The primary air mixes and burns with the fuel and the secondary air cool the exhaust gases. Relevant measuring values are recorded by sensors and indicated on the display and control panel. The energy of the exhaust gas stream is either converted into mechanical...
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