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Commerce International

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Commerce international

Introduction
Grâce à la globalisation, et au développement des technologies de l’information et de la télécommunication, les entreprises des pays industrialisés font une grande partie de leur cycle de production dans des pays en voie de développement où ils ont un avantage compétitif. Donc, ce qu’on appelle la chaîne de valeur mondiale est née. Le cycle de production est complété dans plusieurs endroits : la conception est faite en Amérique du Nord, la production en Chine, la distribution partout dans le monde et le service de l’après vente dans plusieurs pays comme l’Inde (centres d’appels). Malheureusement, selon un rapport du Ministère des affaires étrangères en date du 19 février 2007: « les entreprises canadiennes ne s’adaptent pas aussi rapidement que les entreprises d’autres pays à cette nouvelle réalité » (chaîne de valeur mondiale). Ainsi malgré l’amélioration connue depuis 2004 le commerce du Canada est encore fortement dépendant du commerce avec les États-Unis. Ceci constitue un point de faiblesse de l’économie canadienne et une préoccupation pour le gouvernement et la société canadienne. Dans ce cadre, le gouvernement canadien a lancé depuis trois ans la stratégie commerciale mondiale qui repose sur les éléments suivants : 1) stimuler la participation des entreprises canadiennes aux chaînes de valeur mondiales; 2) obtenir des conditions d’accès concurrentielles aux marchés et aux réseaux mondiaux pour les entreprises canadiennes ; et 3) accroître l’investissement direct étranger au Canada et l’investissement direct du Canada à l’étranger. Le but du présent document est d’exposer la problématique et les enjeux que le gouvernement confronte lorsqu’il essaye de stimuler la participation des entreprises canadiennes aux chaînes de valeur mondiales, et de donner des recommandations afin de résoudre les problèmes révélées.
Problématique
Promotion du Canada à l’extérieur : les résultats
De nos jours, le succès de programmes de promotion du Canada à l’étranger est limité et par conséquent « il ya un déficit du commerce des biens du Canada avec ses partenaires autres que les États-Unis : Union européenne (UE), Japon, Chine »
Premièrement, il semblerait qu’avec les États-Unis il est plus facile de commercialiser. On partage une frontière, la même langue et de similarités culturelles. En 2008, plus de 78% des exportations canadiennes ont été destinés aux États-Unis. Cependant, la dépendance du commerce avec les États-Unis représente un risque constant : au cours des dernières années, la Chine est devenue le premier partenaire des États-Unis. De plus, avec la crise économique mondiale de 2008 et l’appréciation du dollar canadien, les exportations vers les État Unis ont été affectées de façon négative. Donc, il est crucial pour le bienêtre économique du Canada d’accroître ses relations commerciales avec d’autres pays (diversification de portfolio). Ce point-ci pose des défis en ce qui concerne la capacité des entrepreneurs canadiens à contacter de nouveaux clients éloignés, à s’ajuster à des cultures et pratiques gouvernementales différentes, à un nouveau contexte social, etc.
Investissements directs étrangers au Canada
En considérant que « Les investissements directs étrangers au Canada ont représenté 49 milliards de dollars en 2008, une baisse importante après deux ans de forte activité » (selon Le rapport 2009 du Ministère des affaires étrangères en matière d'accès aux marchés internationaux) nous pouvons conclure en accord avec l’Association des Manufacturiers et exportateurs canadiens que le Canada n’est pas encore assez attirant comme lieu d’affaires et doit fournir aux investisseurs étrangers des règlements tributaires et juridiques compétitifs avec ceux des autres pays industrialisés. D’ailleurs il faut moderniser les règles de concurrence » (lettre publique du 11 janvier 2007). Le Canada a des ressources et des mains d’œuvre très qualifiées et éduquées, mais il est nécessaire d’alléger la charge tributaire, économique et administrative lorsque une firme s’établie au Canada.
Coût, barrières tarifaires et non tarifaires.
Établir des affaires au Canada coûte très cher. Les impôts, les règlements environnementaux et le coût de la main d’œuvre est d’ailleurs plus abordable. Par conséquent plusieurs firmes multinationales canadiennes ont délocalisé une partie de leurs opérations à l’extérieur du Canada. Toutefois, la majorité des entreprises canadiennes qui sont autrement dotées de la capacité et de la technologie pour créer des produit innovateurs compétitif, n’ont pas les ressources pour les exporter et ce, soit en tant que financement (p.ex., les coûts élèves de transport) ou en tant que lacunes en matière d’information (risque, assurance, etc.) De plus, les barrières au commerce demeurent nombreuses, telles que les tarifs élevés et les réglementations administratives et douanières compliquées, et elles doivent être surmontées afin d’attirer des clients potentiels.
Finalement, pour participer aux chaînes de valeur mondiales, les entreprises canadiennes doivent investir considérablement dans l’innovation, la recherche et le développement. Selon Monsieur Raymond Vernon dans sa théorie du cycle de vie du produit international : « Dans un premier temps, les pays exportent leurs produits. Ils effectuent ensuite des IDE et établissent des unités de production à l'étranger. Ils finissent par importer les produits ». Donc, les entreprises canadiennes ont des mains d’œuvre très qualifiées et elles sont capables de créer de nouvelles technologies et de nouveaux produits, qui pourraient par la suite être produits en masse à l’étranger à coûts bas. Alors, ces firmes canadiennes devraient produire continuellement de nouveaux produits innovateurs afin de subsister dans le marché global.
Recommandations
Le gouvernement canadien a pris d’initiatives pour promouvoir le Canada et accroître la participation des entreprises canadiennes aux chaînes de valeur mondiales dans le cadre de la stratégie commerciale mondiale face à la concurrence exercée par les pays émergents. Parmi ces initiatives les suivantes : Service des 900 délégués commerciaux à l’étranger Programme des champions de l’investissement Services post investissement Le gouvernement travail aussi pour améliorer la visibilité du Canada et sa présence aux événements d'affaires internationaux majeurs. En plus, plusieurs nouvelles Initiatives de Chaîne de Valeur Globales ont été entreprises afin d’aider les entreprises canadiennes à identifier et explorer des opportunités dans les chaînes de valeur globales. Le Canada a commencé à profiter des résultats de ces initiatives en 2008 lorsque l’ensemble du commerce avec les États-Unis a subi une base de 5.3% et le commerce avec des autres partenaires à augmenté environ 3.5%. (En relation avec 2004). Pourtant, le Canada doit continuer à faire des efforts pour rassurer que le Canada fait partie des échanges commerciaux internationaux et voici les recommandations nous considérons appropriées : 1. Augmentation du budget pour la promotion. Il est très important que le reste du monde sachent ce que le Canada peut les offrir. D’ailleurs nous croyons que les Jeux olympiques et paralympiques de 2010 au Canada donneront une excellente place pour entreprendre une campagne de marketing massive qui devra continuer au cours des principaux événements internationaux comme sommets G7, G8, et G20. 2. Négociation de plus d’accords bilatéraux. De nos jours le Canada compte avec 9 Accords de Libre-échange signés, cependant, 11 accords sont encore en attente de négociation sans inclure les Accords sur la promotion et la protection des investissements étrangers (APIE). Ces types d’accord sont très importants car ils donnent aux pays participants des avantages compétitifs en éliminant les coûts liées aux barrières tarifaires et non tarifaires. De plus, les accords bilatéraux incitent le commerce : L’Allemagne est le pays qui exporte le plus dans le monde depuis l’année 2000. La raison pour laquelle l’Allemagne réussi tellement bien est parce qu’elle négocie avec un grand nombre de pays différents. En 2008, au cours de la crise économique mondiale, L’Allemagne a augmenté ses exportations grâce au commerce avec L'Ukraine et l’Iran. Exporter à un grand nombre des pays est un aspect fondamental pour le succès des activités commerciales d’un pays. Le Canada devrait maximiser le nombre de partenaires commerciaux, et le Canada devrait aussi spécialiser dans certain marchés pour être certain d’avoir un avantage concurrentiel. 3. Modernisation de la réglementation concurrentielle et de la loi fiscale. Le gouvernement devrait ré-analyser les lois et les taxations aux investissements direct étrangers au Canada pour rassurer que nous faisons tous ce qu’on peut pour faire du Canada un pays désirable pour s’établir avec des taux d’impôt raisonnables et réglementation concurrentielle et administrative simplifiée. Si c’est trop difficile de s’installer et les taxes imposés sont trop élevées, les investisseurs chercheront d’ailleurs où il y a des offres plus attractives.

Conclusions
Le Canada offre des conditions favorables pour les investissements et les affaires à l’échelle mondiale : une main d’œuvre très qualifiée, stabilité politique et économique parmi d’autres facteurs.
Malgré l’amélioration soutenue depuis 2004, l’économique canadienne est encore fortement dépendante du commerce avec les États-Unis.
La stratégie commerciale mondiale entreprise par le gouvernement canadien a incité la participation du Canada aux chaînes de valeur mondiale.
Il ya encore des mesures à prendre pour améliorer la participation du Canada aux chaînes de valeur mondiales : Augmentation du budget pour la promotion, négociation de plus d’accord bilatéraux, et Modernisation de la réglementation concurrentielle et de la loi fiscale.

Sources

Affaires étrangères et Commerce international Canada, http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca
Exportation et développement Canada, http://www.edc.ca
Manufacturiers et Exportateurs Canada. http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/cprp-gepmc.nsf/vwapj/Canadian_Manufacturers_Exporters.pdf/$FILE/Canadian_Manufacturers_Exporters.pdf

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