...Paper for Cornell –PKU Conference, June 9-11, 2008, Ithaca Legal Myth on Emergence of Social Enterprises in China By JIN Jinping∗∗ Abstract Is social enterprise a new form of organization, differ from for-profit ones and not-for-profit ones? The article tries to answer this question. The social enterprises seem blur the boundary between for-profit and not-for-profit in the objects, while they don’t break though the distinction between for-profit organization and not-for-profit organization, and the rules applied respectively. However the social enterprises can enjoy some special treatment, not base on the form of organization, but on the social benefit of their mission. We should deal with social enterprises and pure business enterprises differently, and shouldn’t ask the later to offer what they needn’t. Key words: Social Enterprises; Corporate Social Responsibility; Community Interest Company; the Triple Bottom Line PartⅠ. Introduction While “corporate social responsibility” is broadly concerned by the public, a new term “Social Enterprise” has been introduced and is gaining its popularity. There are quite a few incubators for social enterprises in practice, and some foundations have put ∗∗ Jin Jinping, Lecture in Peking University Law School. Email: jinjinping@yahoo.com.cn. 1 social enterprises at their priority list of their grantee.1 The term “Social Enterprise” is first used in a report of Organization for European Economic Co-operation...
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...emergence of innovative business social responsibility-practices. In view of the expanding and dynamic nature of contemporary business organizations, awareness of the impact of these institutions is reflecting on the environment in which they operate. This awareness has led to a definite conclusion on the roles of business organizations in the society and the growing demand for corporate social reward in terms of better social performance. For instance, the conflict in the Niger Delta area was aggravated by intense oil exploration activities in the area without adequate compensation from either the government or the oil multinational companies that reap profit from the area. The apparent neglect and marginalization of the people of the Niger-Delta has led to the call for compensation for their exploited wealth, the physical development of their environment and access to political power which made communal clashes, ethnic nationalism and movement for self determination to be prominent in the region and the phenomenon of oil pollution has only added to the already tense atmosphere in the Niger-Delta area. Today, business organizations are enjoined to pay attention to social issues and problems which are far removed from their central economic pursuit. The re-invigoration of the idea that business organization has social responsibility that goes beyond profit making to include helping to solve social and environmental problems - corporate social responsibility has provided fertile ground...
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...marketing decisions by considering consumers' wants, the company's requirements, and society's long-term interests. The social marketing concept holds that the organization’s task is to determine the needs, wants, and interests of a target market and to deliver the desired satisfactions more effectively and efficiently than competitors in a way that preserves or enhances the consumer’s and the society’s well-being. Therefore, marketers must endeavor to satisfy the needs and wants of their target markets in ways that preserve and enhance the well-being of consumers and society as a whole. [1][2] It is closely linked with the principles of corporate social responsibility and of sustainable development. Contents [hide] * 1Objectives * 2History * 3Instruments * 4Examples of societal marketing * 5Societal Marketing and Social Marketing * 6Societal Marketing and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) * 7Branding in Societal Marketing * 8Criticism * 9References * 10See also * 11References ------------------------------------------------- Objectives[edit] Various attempts to define the objectives of societal marketing have been noted[3], such as : * "Social responsibility implies that a business decision maker... is obliged to take actions that also protect and enhance society's interests. * "Business has the responsibility to help [the consumer] .... It is the duty of business to promote proper consumption values. * "Business leaders...
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...and corporate social responsibility. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 21(4), 275-277. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10672-009-9124-4 This article emphasises on keeping up of a good employee-employer relationship as the important element of maintaining ethics and corporate social responsibility. Employee as one of the inevitable factors of organisation should be considered as the most important stakeholder of business. Restrictive approaches towards employee will badly affect the organisation and the organisation may not be successful towards external stake holders like society as its basic duty itself towards the employee is a failure. At the same time, the employee has to be concerned about his duty towards organisation and should try to fulfil it in union with the employer. In conclusion, employee and employer relationship is an unavoidable element to secure ethics and social responsibility of the firm. This article gives a bird’s eye view about the requirement of maintaining a good employee-employer relationship, although it does not deal with the topic in a wide manner. The article consists of some relevant examples to prove the writers’ arguments. But, it does not put forward relevant suggestions to make the point practical. In spite of that, the writers have won in ascertaining employee and employer relationship as the requirement of time to secure ethics and social responsibility in this modern business world. Holme, C. (2010). Corporate social responsibility:...
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...6Critical Sociology http://crs.sagepub.com Corporate Social Responsibility: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly Subhabrata Bobby Banerjee Crit Sociol 2008; 34; 51 DOI: 10.1177/0896920507084623 The online version of this article can be found at: http://crs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/34/1/51 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com Additional services and information for Critical Sociology can be found at: Email Alerts: http://crs.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://crs.sagepub.com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav Citations (this article cites 30 articles hosted on the SAGE Journals Online and HighWire Press platforms): http://crs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/refs/34/1/51 Downloaded from http://crs.sagepub.com at LA TROBE UNIVERSITY on April 21, 2008 © 2008 SAGE Publications. All rights reserved. Not for commercial use or unauthorized distribution. Critical Sociology 34(1) 51-79 http://crs.sagepub.com Corporate Social Responsibility: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly Subhabrata Bobby Banerjee University of Western Sydney, Australia Abstract In this article I critically analyze contemporary discourses of corporate social responsibility and related discourses of sustainability and corporate citizenship. I argue that despite their emancipatory rhetoric, discourses of corporate citizenship, social responsibility and sustainability are defined by narrow business...
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...First Potomac Realty Trust is a self-managed real estate investment trust. They are one of the leading owners of commercial real estate in the Washington, D.C region. The company focuses on owning, operating, developing and redeveloping commercial real estate. The corporate headquarters of the company is located in Bethesda, Maryland (First Potomac Realty Trust, 2015). First Potomac Realty Trust strives to create lasting partnerships with their tenants, maintain their reputation as trustworthy landlords and to provide their shareholders with profitable returns on their investments. They are known to be an ethical and trustworthy organization and are committed to long-term partnerships with their tenants and brokers. They are also a publicly traded company and have a concentrated portfolio in the Washington, D.C. area (First Potomac Realty Trust, 2015). Energy and sustainability are the center of First Potomac Realty Trust’s corporate social responsibility initiatives. Their decisions are geared to meet social and environmental standards in a positive way (Tesia Vargason, personal communication, April 1, 2015). With the purchases of properties in the DC Metro area, they are frequently improving their buildings to meet LEED or Energy Star standards, which creates better efficiency for lighting and heat and the environment simultaneously. They believe that this approach creates the best value for tenants of the buildings and employees (Tesia Vargason, personal communication...
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...Corporate Governance, 2001, Volume:1 Issue:2 Page:16 - 22 WHAT DO WE MEAN BY CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY? Lance Moir Cranfield School of Management Lance Moir Cranfield School of Management Cranfield University Cranfield Bedford England MK43 0AL Tel: +44 (0) 1234 754374 Fax: +44 (0) 1234 752554 E-mail: l.moir@cranfield.ac.uk WHAT DO WE MEAN BY CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY? There is an increasing focus by firms on examining their social responsibilities. For example, Business in the Community published ‘Winning with Integrity’ in November 2000. This has as part of its objectives ‘to produce materials and resources on how companies should measure and report their impact on society’ (Business Impact, 2000). It lists twenty such initiatives in various areas of furthering corporate social responsibility, not including its own report. Similarly, the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD, 1999) seeks to develop a clear understanding of corporate social responsibility, including a matrix of corporate social responsibility indicators. But what is meant by Corporate Social Responsibility (‘CSR’)? Responsibility for what and to whom and who is calling for firms to be socially responsible? This article examines the broad development of the ideas behind CSR within the literature and some of the current attempts to define the social responsibilities of business. It starts by examining the debate about the nature of corporate social responsibility...
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...Abstract The increased competition in the air travel industry over the last couple of decades witnessed a revamped approach and new ways in conducting business. Multiple airlines have adopted various ways of branding themselves but the most common approach was adoption of corporate social responsibility. These companies feature more of giving back to the community and participating in activities entirely different from their main line of operation. This paper conducts an empirical and qualitative evaluation of eight major airlines in the air travel industry and their adoption of corporate social responsibility. The paper is mainly structured in two major parts. Broadly stated, the first part is a theoretical perspective whereas the latter part captures the practical evaluation of CSR in eight airlines. Therefore, the first part irons the researcher’s understanding of CSR theory such as the participating stakeholders. In addition, this part captures an overview of CSR in the air travel industry as well as outlining accumulative gains to this trend. The second part covers the broader part of this thesis taking a practical approach. This part includes qualitative analysis, evaluation and review of CSR application programs in eight of the sampled airlines. The chosen airlines where selected by sampling from among three of the largest airline alliances globally. The sampled airlines include British Airways, America Airlines, Qantas, Lufthansa, All Nippon Airways, Air France-KLM...
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...carry the same value, law and ethical standard. Nike is an international brand that has many retail accounts in over 160 countries. Being an international company can cause business ethical and legal issues. Integrity is important and sometimes a challenge when a corporation must respond to criticism or hold back on certain company details. Nike dealt with criticism from right activist, media, and face labor rights violations. However, over a period of time and after making some important adjustments; Nike is working on improving its company image. Nike used traditional advertising methods to broadcast its product. Nike public relations tactics dealt with the wage policy, visiting campuses on universities, personal letters, corporate responsibility and using celebrities as spoke person for its product. Nike launch campaigns regarding child labor, low and non- existent wages. Nike believes that the U.S dollars were meaningless because the cost of living was different in other countries. Nike held press conferences for newspaper staff at colleges. These were ways for Nike to make proactive efforts to address the concerns of activists protesting against their products. Nike made a few mistakes in handling the negative publicity. Three mistakes that Nike made in handling the negative publicity is its intent to ignore the negative publicity, its marketing strategy, and its public relations tactics. They focus their attention more on public relations which lead them to a lawsuit...
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...Effective internal marketing must be matched by a strong sense of social responsibility. Companies need to evaluate whether they are truly practicing ethical and socially responsible marketing. Several forces are driving companies to practice a higher level of corporate social responsibility: rising customer expectations, changing employee expectations, government legislation and pressure, investor interest in social criteria, and changing business procurement practices. The societal marketing concept holds that the organization's task is to determine the needs, wants, and interests of target markets and to deliver the desired satisfactions more effectively and efficiently than competitors in a way that preserves or enhances the consumer's and the society's well-being. The societal marketing concept calls upon marketers to build social and ethical considerations into their marketing practices. They must balance and juggle the often conflicting criteria of company profits, consumer want satisfaction, and public interest. The societal marketing concept is an enlightened marketing concept that holds that a company should make good marketing decisions by considering consumers' wants, the company's requirements, and society's long-term interests. (It is closely linked with the principles of corporate social responsibility and of sustainable development). The concept has an emphasis on social responsibility and suggests that for a company to only focus on exchange relationship...
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...Assignment criteria • CSR (Corporate Social Responsibilities) • CSR practices in Bangladesh. • CSR in Banking sector ( Education , Health care, Social development) • Principals of CSR • Advantages of CSR • Disadvantages of CSR + ` Corporate Social Responsibilities Corporate Social Responsibilities simply means business giving back to the society. Corporate social responsibility is the commitment of business to contribute to sustainable economic growth, working with employees, their families, the local community and society at large to improve their quality of life. It is comparatively and speedily developing trend. But the CSR is not only simply a communality activity, although this the most visible part of ethics of an organization and has a core values. The field of responsible business practice is one of the most speedily budding corporate today. Now companies have to build shareholder value while harmonizing the increasing, ethical, social and environmental expectation of the society. In a nutshell, today companies have to make profits with principle, which will ultimately need companies to be more transparent. There is a consciousness that being responsible can actually be good for a company’s reputation and for a business. CSR particles in Bangladesh A socially responsible business environment is as much needed in Bangladesh as anywhere else. It’s really needed in a developing country like Bangladesh. In developing...
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...Corporate Social Responsibility on Workplace The concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) that business must consider the impact of its decisions and operations on the well-being of employees and other stakeholders and not only on business owners and shareholders could influenced the development of business practices throughout the ideas of what constituted a modern workplace were first beginning to take shape. A stronger integration of social responsibility into business strategy emphasizes responsible employment practices and HR’s strategic role in communicating, protecting and maintaining business values. According to Uddin et al. (2008) social responsibility to employees extends beyond terms and conditions of the formal contract of employment. Table 1 presents the results of the analysis of the human resources related activities. The framework had fifteen disclosable items relating to human resources activities. Table 1: Selected CSR practices | CIMB Bank | | Maybank | | Public Bank | | Hong Leong Bank | Supporting local talent development | / | | / | | / | | / | Communication and engagement between management and employees | / | | / | | / | | / | Competitive remuneration (include benefits on medical and health care) | / | | / | | / | | N/A | Recognition on high performance (opportunities to performing employees) | / | | / | | / | | N/A | Thriving on workforce diversity (gender, ethnicity, culture, religion) | / | | / | | / | |...
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...TIMBERLAND THE SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE MNE TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT 3 INTRODUCTION 3 1 A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ON CSR 4 1.1 Changing perceptions, CSR as a must 4 1.2 Stakeholders’ Theory and Social Contract 5 1.3 Carroll Theory 6 1.4 Positive and negative light of CSR 6 1.5 How to implement Corporate Social Responsibility in a MNE ....................................7 2 TIMBERLAND AND CSR 7 2.1 Brief history of Timberland 8 2.2 The path towards CSR at Timberland: “Commerce and Justice” 8 2.3 CSR at Timberland today: the 4 Pillars 9 2.4 Timberland CSR practices: two cases in evidence 10 Case 1: Timberland entering India 10 Case 2: Timberland in China and Vietnam 11 3 TIMBERLAND’S INTERNATIONALIZATION STRATEGY 11 3.1 Timberland’s internationalization process: an overview 11 3.2 Historical context fostering or hampering Timberland’s internationalization 13 3.3 An internationalization theory applied: The Uppsala model 14 4 ROLE OF CSR IN TIMBERLAND’S INTERNATIONALIZATION STRATEGY 15 4.1 Boosting company efficiency by educating workforce 16 4.2 Improving local performances by assessing Code of Conduct compliance 16 4.3 Strengthening international relationships by supporting local development 17 4.4 Spreading global image by involving communities 17 4.5 Financing international expansion by boosting shareholders’ endorsement 18 5 TIMBERLAND VS. COMPETITORS: CSR NURTURING COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE 19 5.1 OLI theory: an application of Timberland’s...
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...In the first case we observe company which is the main producer of drinks in the world and which has huge investment portfolio and real power in corporate social responsibility. In other word it is highly aimed to follow «best practices» of corporate social responsibility initiatives and sustainable development measures. Corporate social initiatives slightly vary as companies operate in different industries. Introduction of the Royal Dutch Shell Corporation. According to the words of CEO Peter Voser who introduce sustainability report of 2010 year the aim of the business is to heel meet the energy needs of society in ways that are economically environmentally and socially responsible. These goals are directly projected to all plans and affiliates which are scattered in 90 countries with 93000 employees. The structure of the Shell group is divided by three main branches: 1. Upstream, 2. Downstream, 3. Projects and technology. Upstream consists of two companies: Upstream International and Upstream American which are responsible for searching and discovering new oil and gas, extracting oil from oil sands for conversion into synthetic crudes. Wind power is part of activities of Upstream. Upstream International coordinates sustainable development policies and social performance across the company. Downstream manufactures, supplies and markets oil products and chemicals worldwide. Supply and manufacturing business consists of refineries, supply and distribution...
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...I. Introduction Social Value of Brand is defined for users as the extent to which people share information about a brand as part of their everyday social lives according to Michael Bartl and for companies, it is the share of brand’s equity which result from social interaction among brand users. It occurs when there is interface between consumers and the brand. Nowadays, consumers are more interconnected with value of the brand they consumed and see different aspects with it. For example, when consumers think about Burger King, some of them will think of it as one of the delicious and comfort food for people, but on the other hand, other consumers may think of the brand as a crippling part of health and a cause of obesity. It is not true that brand social role is always positive in this society. There are seven factors that represents one of the most powerful at our disposal for positive social change which is called the Seven Social Wins. The Seven Social Wins include the ff: 1. Brands foster customer loyalty that leads more reliable company earnings and more sustainable levels of employment and wealth creation. 2. Brands are a spur to innovation. 3. Brands provide a reliable mechanism for consumer protection. 4. Brands create pressure for corporate social responsibility. 5. Brands provide a platform for corporate social leadership. 6. Brands play a progressive social role that create for the not-for-profit sector. 7. There is a sense in which brands...
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