...Property yields as tools for valuation and analysis Rosane Hungria-Garcia in collaboration with Hans Lind Björn Karlsson This report has been sponsored by the Real Estate Academy at the Division of Building and Real Estate Economics. Stockholm 2004 ______________________________________________________ Report No. 52 Building & Real Estate Economics Department of Infrastructure KTH Summary This project was started in order to get an overview of conceptual problems, measurement problems, theories of determinants of yields, the use of yields in different contexts and how the actors on the Swedish market looked upon yields. Important issues discussed in the report is the need for: - Conceptual clarity: A number of different yield terms exist on the market and it is very important to be clear about how the specific terms are defined. - Operational clarity: There are measurement problems both concerning rental incomes, operating and maintenance costs and property values. This means that reported yields can be “manipulated” by choosing suitable operationalisations and pushing estimations of uncertain factors in directions that are favourable to the actor in question. - Specify the purpose for which the yield should be used. The most important distinction is between using yields/income returns for valuation purposes and using yields as benchmarks or bubble indicators. In the first case various types of normalization of the net operating income can be rational. In the second...
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...Application of Computational Methods Real Estate Investment Industry: (project no) Authors :( 3:3:3) Application of Computational Methods Real Estate Investment Industry Abstract The paper studies the computation methods applied in real estate brokerage industry, Real estate development is a commercial activity involving taking the take the future of an area and trying to shape it needs of future generations and the ambition to make it successful merchandise in the real estate marketplace and thus it is a risky market venture. The paper, therefore, seeks to link the use explicitly of mathematical computation methods used in real estate to how they help manage sales of recently constructed assets. The cost of construction is estimated by the internal area info included in the contract records and from available gross construction cost rates. The most commonly adopted approaches are the binomial models, Black and Scholes and Monte Carol stimulation form the basis of the paper. The motivation for this project is set out more clearly and the computation study methods used in the real estate brokerage industry. Keywords Real estate, Monte Carlo simulations, interpolation, forecasting, Binomial models and Black and Scholes models Introduction Real estate business is the production plant of our cities that converts unproductive land to town space used for various activities by different people. Real estate development...
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...|IPO Valuation Procedure in Bangladesh | | | | | | | Internship Report IPO Valuation Procedure in Bangladesh Prepared for: Professor Shakil Huda Chairman IBA Career Center Institute of Business Administration University of Dhaka Supervised by: MsSyedaMahrufa Bashar Lecturer Institute of Business Administration University of Dhaka Prepared by: Asif Rezwan Roll: 64, MBA 44D and Management Trainee Officer, LankaBangla Investments Limited Institute of Business Administration University of Dhaka June 24, 2012 June 24, 2012 MS. Kanij Fahmida Assistant Professor Department of Accounting Faculty of Business Studies Bangladesh University of Business & Technology(BUBT) Dear Sir, Subject: Letter of Transmittal for Internship Report I, Ibna Shina Shibly, am submitting my internship report on “IPO Valuation Procedure in Bangladesh”. The internship period and the subsequent effort in writing this...
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...Income Approach: ----- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income_approach => Method of arriving at the appraisal value of a property on the basis of its opportunity cost. It compares the net income the property would earn if rented out over its remaining useful life with the income that could be earned if the amount of its purchase price was invested in ventures of comparable risk. Also called income capitalization approach. => The Income Approach is one of three major groups of methodologies, called valuation approaches, used by appraisers. It is particularly common in commercial real estate appraisal and in business appraisal. The fundamental math is similar to the methods used for financial valuation, securities analysis, or bond pricing. However, there are some significant and important modifications when used in real estate or business valuation. While there are quite a few acceptable methods under the rubric of the income approach, most of these methods fall into three categories: direct capitalization, discounted cash flow, and gross income multiplier. => Expenditure approach ---- http://wps.prenhall.com/bp_casefair_econf_7e/31/7936/2031704.cw/index.html => Measuring National Output and National... Calculating GDP -- The Expenditure Approach As we mentioned earlier, GDP can be calculated by either adding up all of the expenditures on goods and services produced in the economy or by adding up all of the income received by labor and other inputs in the...
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...Sutherland Hall, Room 554 Overview of the Course The course is an introduction to the concepts, principles and analytical methods involved in making the broad variety of key investment decisions regarding commercial real estate. It is designed to supplement, rather than replace SURP 844: Real Estate Project Planning. Therefore, the emphasis of this course is on commercial real estate investment rather than development. However, some elements of the latter will inevitably be addressed. The focus will be on fullyoperational income-generating properties, primarily large in scale. The main asset types of office, industrial, retail and multi-unit residential will be discussed (and possibly a few more specialized types). Another emphasis of the course will be on the micro level – the evaluation of the investment merits of individual properties (or at least individual transactions). Less attention will be paid to the macro level i.e. portfolio management. To the extent possible, the course content (including readings, cases and assignments) will be Canadian (although it is recognized that real estate investment is increasingly a global endeavor). This is primarily a combination seminar and case study course. It is designed around a cornerstone of five carefully chosen guest speakers, who will each address their specific area of expertise within commercial real estate investment. Course readings, case studies, exercises and assignments complement the guest lectures. With its “hands-on” practical...
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...with your own |Acquisition of PP&E: | | |material here, or |General | | |throughout as |Self-constructed assets | | |desired |Interest costs during construction | | | |Initial cost of natural resources | | | |Valuation at acquisition: | | | |Exchange of non-monetary assets | | | |Lump-sum purchases | | | |Deferred payment contracts | | | |Purchase paid for using company stock | | | |Costs incurred subsequent...
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...CONTENT PREFACE …………………………………………………………………….…..…3 CHAPTER 1 Theoretical basics of mergers and acquisitions processes………..........5 1.1. The economic substance of M&A ………………………………………………5 1.2. Financing M&A…………………………………………………………………9 1.3. Valuation matters……………………………………………………………….11 1.4. M&A failure……………………………………………………………………13 CHAPTER 2 International M&A experience..............................................................16 2.2. The M&A practice in European countries…………………………………….16 2.3. The M&A experience in USA…………………………………………………22 CHAPTER 3 Mergers and acquisitions in Ukraine.....................................................32 3.2. Legislature of Ukraine in the sphere of M&A………………………………...32 3.3. M&A of Ukrainian corporations…………………………………………........33 3.4. M&A of Ukrainian banks……………………………………………………..40 CONCLUSION...........................................................................................................46 REFERENCES...........................….………………………………………………...48 PREFACE Strategic factor in the success of companies on global markets and increasing international competitiveness is the growth their market value. Current global trends show an increasing relevance of financial management, which deals with the dynamics of cost and capital structure of companies, institutions of financial flows. Achieve business objectives may be able through...
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...Unit No.12 (Financial Management) Unit Code: AA/012/P013 Assignment Title: Expected Knowledge and Skills-- Finance Manager Assignment No. 12- AA/012/P013-IND Contents Acknowledgement 2 Task 1 3 What are the financial management and why it is necessary for an organization? 3 What are the financial objectives of the firm and how they are related to corporate strategy? 4 Corporate strategy is about the choices complete controls create regarding problems like the particular organization the company is in, whether new marketplaces would be joined or whether to take out from current marketplaces. These kinds of choices can commonly have substantial financial effects. If, for example, a decision is taken to enter a new manufacturing company, and current organization in that industry could be bought, or a new organization be started from the beginning (Van Horne, & Wachowicz, 2008). 5 How financial objective can be different in case of non for profit organization. 5 The financial objectives of the not-for-profit organization must agree with the objective of the organization and financial constraints. For example, if the not-for-profit organization is particularly pleased to be an organization, an organization increase national could cause you to lose its appeal. Compose a record of objectives that fit the objective of the not-for-profit organization and are possible objectives (Saunders, et. al. 2006). 6 Define the types of stakeholder a company have and...
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...theory of investment, the capital asset pricing model, and asset valuation: a synthesis MCDONALD John F. (College of Business Administration, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA) E-mail: mcdonald@uic.edu Received Feb. 23, 2004; revision accepted Mar. 6, 2004 Abstract: The paper combines Tobin’s Q theory of real investment with the capital asset pricing model to produce a new and relatively simple procedure for the valuation of real assets using the income approach. Applications of the new method are provided. Key words: Investment theory, Asset pricing, Appraisal Document code: A CLC number: F832.48 INTRODUCTION This paper combines the economic theory of real investment and the standard financial model of asset pricing to produce a method for the valuation of real assets; and intentionally uses relatively simple versions of these two theories to link economics, finance, and appraisal. Numerical examples using data on real estate assets illustrate the valuation method. The Q theory of investment, introduced by James Tobin (1969), is popularly accepted theory of real investment hypothesized to be a positive function of Q, defined as the ratio of the market value to the replacement cost of capital. Standard presentation of the theory, such as that of Romer (1996), shows that Q is the value to the firm of an additional unit of capital, which is the discounted value of its future marginal revenue products. Extensions of the Q theory of investment have added...
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...Expansion projects, Diversification projects, Other miscellaneous projects. Project Appraisal: Project Appraisal is the process by which a financial institution makes an independent and objective assessment of the various aspects of the investment proposition for arriving at a financing decision. There are four broad aspects of appraisal: 1. Technical feasibility – Analysing the technical aspects of the projects like technical process. Design, size, technology used, availability of resources like labour, raw materials, packing materials etc.,availability of utilities like electricity, water, fuel etc, installed fixed assets and their capacities etc. 2. Financial feasibility – Analysing the financial aspects of the projects w.r.t cost of project, sources of finance, evaluation of revenues and returns on investments and their adequacy. 3. Economic feasibility – Analysing whether the resources commited to the project are effectively used w.r.t to the value of opportunity cost to the economy in their best alternative use. Financial Institutions use cost benefit analysis to evaluate the projects. This is also called as Social cost benefit analysis . The impact of project on distribution of income in the society level of savings and investments in the society, contribution of the...
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...BIOTECHNOLOGY COMPANY DAVID RANDERSON ACUITY TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT PTY LTD Melbourne, May 2001 1. Valuation Methodologies Techniques used for valuing intangible assets, of which intellectual property (IP) is one form, may be put into three main categories1: 1. Cost Based; 2. Market Based; and 3. Revenue Based. Biotechnology companies, because their main assets are generally IP, have values that are invariably determined by their intangible assets. The valuation of a mature company tends to follow a methodology that draws heavily on its historical income, either by performing a discounted cash flow of future earnings the confidence in which derives from past activity, or capitalisation of maintainable earnings. Another technique considers the orderly realisation of assets. As most biotechnology companies have no historical revenues and the tangible assets are not representative of a company’s real value, these methods are seldom applicable. Conceptually, the value of a company is the sum of its assets value. However, accounting practices allow companies to reflect only the tangible part of their assets. Obviously, high valuations of companies that are in negative cash flow and with minimal tangible assets is causing concern to the taxation office (as demonstrated by their stance on core technology valuations in R&D syndicates) and the Australian Securities and Investment Commission (ASIC). 1 Reilly RF, Schweihs RP, Valuing Intangible Assets, 1998. Determining the...
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...[PROJECT 1 - VIASAT] Rational behind selecting a company for purpose of investment in high growth portfolio that may span about a decade. Discuss possible return that may be expected and how it compares with more established companies with less risk. Introduction: Viasat (VSAT) is the company I like to select for valuation assignment. VSAT is a San Diego based company that is in the business of Satellite communications and traded on NASDAQ. Viasat provides products and services evenly across both government and commercial sectors. VSAT may be considered as a mid-size company that has been growing very fast. Therefor it may be considered as an investment with a good return compared to similar technology companies in wireless broadband communications domain. Company’s profile The company is in the business of making products and services for broadband communication covering both commercial and government sectors. Some of the examples on the commercial side are broadband Internet service for residential customers (similar to cable or DSL providers) via high speed satellite systems. Another example is providing Internet service in commercial airplanes such as United or JetBlue. On the Enterprise side we provide services for live events (e.g. concerts), Satellite News Gathering (SNG), and first responders. As you can imagine Satellite’s services main strength is in the rural areas where broadband Internet services are not readily available. However...
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...price? What valuation method should it use? What is the appropriate valuation range? For the rationality of the price paid by Newbridge, we should focus on the price-to-book multiple, which is 1.6 times here. To begin with, the valuation of 1.6 times book value seems quite low because of the multiplier of 5.5 times given in Exhibit 13. But obviously, the given multiplier should be inappropriate and exorbitant due to the overall overvaluation of limited listed companies in China’s banking sector. The China’s stock market full of unsophisticated retail investors was highly immature and speculative, compared to the mature markets in developed countries. Supply of tradable shares fell short of demand, leading to higher market capitalization of public companies. Based on these concerns, we could not use the multiplier of 5.5 times to calculate the final consideration of this deal. In such a case, we should refer to other price-to-book multiples of similar deals over that period. According to the data given in the case (as shown in Figure 1), these China banks had also received foreign investment and their deals had multipliers of 1.2-1.5 times. Given their similarity, the multiplier of 1.6 times is appropriate for the SDB deal. Figure 1 Date | Foreign Investor | China Bank | % Stake invested | Purchase P/B | Sep-99 | International Finance Corporation | Bank of Shanghai | 5% | 1.5x | Nov-01 | International Finance Corporation | Nanjing City Commercial Bank | 15%...
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...Part of Nike's strategy to revitalize the company was aimed at addressing their revenues which had been fixed for four years and their net income which had fallen to almost $220M. Additionally, Nike had been losing overall market share and the strong dollar had adversely affected revenue. To address those issues, management was planning to; (1) raise revenue by developing increased levels of athletic-shoe products in the mid-priced segment. (2) Push its well performing apparel line, and (3), control expenses. Kimi Ford, a portfolio manager at a mutual fund management firm, was considering adding Nike's shares to the portfolio she managed. To come to a decision she asked Joanna Cohen, her assistant, to develop a discounted cash flow forecast. Her analysis had a few flaws that will be pointed out in this paper through a new analysis. Cohen's first mistake was to use Nike's book value of equity in her calculation of the WACC; $3,494.50. Though the book value is an accepted estimate of the debt value, the equity's book value is an inaccurate measure of the value perceived by the shareholders, therefore an irrelevant source when finding the equity value. Moreover, Nike is a public traded firm, therefore its equity value can be best reflected by its market value. Market Value of Equity = Market price of the share * Number of Shares Outstanding = $42.09* 271.5 = $11,427.44 Book Value of debt = Current portion of long term debt + Notes payable = $855.3 + $435.9 = $1,291.2 E...
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...Porter’s 5 Forces The ability rivalry has worked to enable the English Premier League to become one of the top clubs within the world and Europe, in order to attract the finest players worldwide. Strategy We aim to increase our revenue and profitability by expanding our high growth businesses that leverage our global community and marketing infrastructure. The key elements of our strategy are: * Expand our portfolio of global and regional sponsors: We are well positioned to continue to secure sponsorships with leading brands. Over the last few years, we have implemented a proactive approach to identifying, securing and supporting sponsors. In addition, we are focused on expanding a regional sponsorship model, segmenting new opportunities by product category and territory. As part of this strategy, we have opened an office in Asia and are in the process of opening an office in North America. These are in addition to our London and Manchester offices. * Further develop our retail, merchandising, apparel & product licensing business: We will focus on growing this business on a global basis by increasing our product range and improving distribution through further development of our wholesale, retail and e-commerce channels. Manchester United branded retail locations have opened in Singapore, Macau, India and Thailand, and we plan to expand our global retail footprint over the next several years. In addition, we will also invest to expand our portfolio of product...
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