...(Communicable disease)-NRS 427 1. The social determinants of health are economic and social conditions that influence the health of people and communities (WHO, 2008). People's health is affected by how much money, power and resources that they have, how much education a person obtains, what kind of work a person does, how a person develops early childhood, etc. These are factors that are related to health outcomes by social determinants of health. 2. The social determinants of health contribute to the development of illness. For example, when a person was born in economically poor family and malnourished, malnutrition cause many health and developmental problems including growth retardation, increased risk of infectious disease, premature death, delayed mental development, and poor school performance( Maurer & Smith, 2009). 3. A communicable disease chain include agent(pathogen), reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of re-entry, and susceptible host. A communicable disease are spread by a chain of events that is all interconnected. Pathogens are viral, bacterial, parasitic and fungal. Methods of transmission include mucus, blood, breath, saliva and sexual contact. Contaminated surfaces, such as doorknobs, counter tops and playground equipment, provide a medium for passing disease from one human to another(Anderson, 2011) 4. All health caregivers including nurses have a responsibility to break the chain in any steps so that infections may not occur...
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...Communicable Diseases - Dermatophytes HCS 457 February 11, 2013 University of Phoenix Communicable Diseases - Dermatophytes Communicable diseases remain a frequent cause of illness in human population due to many reasons. Communicable diseases are diseases that can be passed from one person to another just by everyday communication. Communicable diseases are the easiest to spread amongst our population. Dermatophytes are a type of communicable disease that could be spread to anyone. Dematophytes are fungi that cause skin, hair, and nail infections and are often known as ringworms. One example of a very common dermatophyte infection is athlete's foot, which is also called tinea pedis. Another common dermatophyte infection affecting the groin area is jock itch, also known as tinea cruris. There are many different species of dermatophytes that can cause infection in humans. Two of the most common types are Trichophyton tonsurans, and Trichophyton rubrum and these are usually transmitted from person to person. Another common dermatophyte is Microsporum canis, and that is transmitted from animals such as cats and dogs to humans. Dermatophytes like to live on moist areas of the skin, like the places where there are skinfolds. They can also live on household items, including clothes, towels, and bed sheets and so on. Symptoms and Prevention Dermatophyte infections are usually spread through direct contact with an infected person or animal. Clothing, bedding and...
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...Communicable Disease Paper In the following paper a communicable disease will be identified. In addition, the disease and the efforts to control it, the environmental factors related to this disease will be described. Also an explanation of lifestyles, socioeconomics status, and disease management will be explained. Gaps and how this might link to other resources to meet needs that are not locally available, recommendation to expand the communities programs if there are gaps will be provided. In conclusion, what is the public health department doing in reducing the threats of this disease, and data findings, evidence-based intervention, and a plan to ensure quality health will be explained. A communicable disease is an infectious disease that can be transmitted from an infected person to another, which is also called a contagious disease. Communicable diseases can be spread very easy and be can range anywhere from a cold to anthrax. Awareness about communicable disease is going to be the biggest way in preventing many diseases that exist now. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), chlamydia is a very common sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by the bacterium called Chlamydia trachomatis, which is a dangerous disease that can damage a woman’s reproductive system and can ultimately lead to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) or even infertility. The symptoms that chlamydia present is known as a “silent” disease because they are rather vague and...
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...OHIO’S COMMUNICABLE DISEASE REPORTING REQUIREMENTS Who must report? Healthcare providers (physicians, hospitals, infection preventionists) with knowledge of a case or suspect case of a disease which is required to be reported Laboratories’ that examine specimens of human origin with evidence of diseases which are required to be reported any individual having knowledge of a person suffering from a disease suspected of being communicable WHAT must be reported? Diseases on Ohio’s ABC list ;=( Section 3- disease list attached to last page) Healthcare providers must report the following: Name of case or suspect case Diagnosis or suspected diagnosis Date of birth of case or suspect case Sex of case or suspect case Telephone number of case or suspect case Street address, including city, state and zip code of case or suspect case Supplementary surveillance information as outlined in Section 3 for the specific disease being reported Healthcare provider name, telephone number and street address (including city, state and zip code) WHEN must a report be made? Class A disease – immediately by phone Class B disease – by the end of the next business day Class C disease – by the end of the next business day WHERE the report must be made? Healthcare providers To the local health jurisdiction in which the case or suspected case resides (unless otherwise noted in Section 3) if residence is unknown, report to the local health jurisdiction in which the...
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...Gastroenteritis in Saint Louis, Missouri Megan O’Heron HCS/457 Lindsay Coogan Vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramping, maybe even a fever, and you might think you have the stomach flu. As modern medicine has progressed we have come to find that no such thing exists. A common occurrence caused by viral or bacterial infections, gastroenteritis sweeps through communities giving these symptoms to individuals and being dubbed the stomach flu. Saint Louis, Missouri is no different and had its worst breakout of this particular communicable disease back in 2013. The local health department continues to raise awareness of the prevention measures and what the community can do moving forward. Gastroenteritis is a communicable disease that affects the gastro-intestinal tract. It causes inflammation within the intestines that can causes symptoms like watery – usually non-bloody – diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea and vomiting, occasional muscle aches and headaches, and low-grade fevers (Mayo Clinic, 2015). “Depending on the cause, viral gastroenteritis symptoms may appear within one to three days after you’re infected and can range from mild to severe. Symptoms usually last just a day or two, but occasionally they may persist as long as ten days” (2015). You are most likely to contract viral gastroenteritis when you eat or drink contaminated food or water, or if you share utensils, towels or food with someone who is infected. A number of virus can cause gastroenteritis, such as: norovirus...
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...Communicable Disease HCS 457 Communicable Disease Chickenpox is one of the many highly communicable diseases. This communicable disease is cause by a virus called varicella-zoster which has a resemblance with the herpes virus. It can be transmitted through close contact with the fluids from the blisters or through air wherein the virus is disseminated by coughing or sneezing. Chickenpox is regarded as highly communicable for individuals who are exposed to the disease for the first time has an 80% risk of acquiring the disease through close contact of an infected individual. As claimed by the Pub Med Health, “most children with chickenpox exhibit symptoms like fever, headache, stomach ache, loss of appetite, or presence of small, fluid-filled, itchy, red spots over the skin.” At the time when the chickenpox blisters has dried and formed scabs is the point where the individual isn’t contagious. Each and every individual is at risk of being infected by chickenpox – no exception. It is known to have life threatening effects. As the Directors of Health Promotion and Education states, “in the United States, 4,000 to 9,000 individuals are hospitalized annually with chickenpox, with approximately a hundred casualties. Those at highest risk for complications are newborns, individuals with compromised immune system, and adults.” As chickenpox is caused by a virus, it has no cure and the virus would remain in our system for a lifetime even after we’ve done exhibiting the signs...
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...study of health-related trends in populations for the purposes of disease prevention health maintenance, and health protection (Lewis, 2011). In addition to that, it focuses on relationships among an agent a host, and an environment. Their interactions determine the development and cessation of communicable diseases, and they form a web of causality, which increases or decreases the risk of disease (Lewis, 2011).One of the communicable diseases that cause a great fear nowadays throughout the world is HIV. The layout of the paper focuses on the descriptions, demographics, health determinants and role of the community health nurse. Good intro Description of Communicable Disease HIV is a fragile virus. It can only be transmitted under specific conditions that allow contact with infected blood, semen, vaginal secretions, and breast milk (Lewis, Sharon, 2011). Transmission of HIV occurs through sexual intercourse with an infected partner, exposure to HIV infected blood or blood products and perinatal transmission during pregnancy at delivery, or through breastfeeding (Lewis, Sharon, 2011). Causes The HIV is a RNA virus. RNA virus are called retroviruses (Lewis, Sharon, 2011). Like all viruses, HIV cannot replicate unless it is inside a living cell. Initial infection with HIV results in large amounts of virus in the blood. HIV infects human cells with CD4 receptors on their surfaces. Immune dysfunction in HIV disease is predominantly the result of damage to and destruction of CD4...
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...Communicable Disease: Chickenpox Grand Canyon University: NRS 427v December 10, 2014 Communicable Disease: Chickenpox The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2010) defines a communicable disease as “an illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.” There are numerous communicable diseases being studied, treated, prevented, and diagnosed around the world. For the purpose of this paper, one communicable disease in particular will be examined, chickenpox. This paper will address chickenpox as a communicable disease, determinants of health leading to chickenpox, how chickenpox relates to the epidemiologic triangle, the role of the community nurse in their treatment and prevention of chickenpox, and organizations involved on the national level. Epidemiology Chickenpox is a reaction to a virus by the name of varicella-zoster virus. The varicella-zoster virus is also known to cause a reaction called shingles later in the adult life. Chickenpox causes patients to have an itchy blister-like rash. Other symptoms that are a fever, sleepiness, decrease in appetite, and headache (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2012). These symptoms can develop a day or two before the rash (CDC, 2012). Chickenpox can spread easily from an infected...
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...1 Communicable Disease Report Avian Influenza 2 Avian Influenza , also called AI or Bird Flu, is a viral infection that infects domestic poultry, such as chickens, turkeys quail, geese and wild birds as well. The Avian Influenza virus is divided into two groups the highly pathogenic group and the low pathogenic group. The HPAI spreads rapidly among birds and has a high death rate. The LPAI causes only minor illness in birds and occurs naturally in migratory birds. Avian Influenza often causes no apparent signs of illness and in some cases has been reported to cross the species barrier and cause disease and/ or infection in humans. The Avian FLu first infected humans through the H5N1 AI virus in 1997 during an outbreak of AI through poultry in Hong Kong. (Protect Your Birds From Avian Influenza, www.USDA.com ), (Avian influenza, www.WHO.int/mediacentre ). The most recent global outbreak of Avian Influenza found for this report was in 2003, 2004. During this time the Avian Flu spread from Asia to Europe and Africa resulting in millions of poultry infections, hundreds of human cases and many human deaths as a result. In December of 2003 the most recent global outbreak of H5N1 strain of AI began when South Korea identified the virus in their poultry populations. In addition through import and ...
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...A communicable disease is an illness transmitted through contact with one person, animal, food, surface, and air to another. The exchange of fluids or contact with a contaminated substance or individual may be enough to allow a communicable disease to spread. Communicable diseases are all-around but to avoid getting infected with one, people should follow prevention guidelines. There are many communicable diseases but a familiar one is dermatophytes, better known as ringworm, infect the skin, hair, or nails of a person. To control it people should practice good hygiene. Environmental factors, which are related to dermatophytes, are mostly human-to-human contact and human-to-animal contact. To reduce the spread of the ringworm, public health departments give tips to everyone on how to prevent and treatments to kill the infection. Dermatophytes, also known as ringworm or tinea, are fungi that cause infection to skin, hair, and nail. A common dermatophyte infection is athlete's foot and jock itch. The disease usually spread outward with progress and itches. The infection causes redness, cracking, and patches that may blister among the skin. “Ringworm of the scalp typically begins as a small pimple that expands with time, leaving scaly patches of temporary baldness. Infected hairs become brittle and break off easily. Occasionally, raised moist and draining lesions can occur. When finger/toe nails are affected, the nails become thickened, discolored, and brittle, or they may become...
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...Communicable Disease Paper While it has not claimed the number of lives that some more prominent communicable diseases have, the Ebola virus remains one of the most feared diseases the planet has ever known. Ebola is the subject of much attention from Hollywood; Ebola outbreaks quickly become public knowledge, and always have the potential to cause a panic. Ebola is a hemorrhagic fever, which causes victims to have a difficult time coagulating blood cells. (Bardi, 2002) The results are gruesome, with the afflicted suffering greatly and rarely surviving. Due to the devastating potential Ebola holds, efforts to control it are unprecedented. Nongovernmental organizations like the World Health Organization are often on the scene of a potential Ebola outbreak within days, working to ensure that the disease does not spread beyond the Ground Zero outbreak. The known outbreaks of Ebola have occurred in African countries like Zaire, predominately because of environmental factors. While it is a brutal killer, Ebola is not an especially hardy specimen; it is very easily killed by the cold, and thus is found in the warm and semi-tropical climates noted in Africa. (Waterman, 1999) In addition, researchers have determined that Ebola is probably carried by monkeys, which are in abundance in Africa; Europe and the United States lacks significant monkey populations, which limits the potential for an outbreak to occur there. Additional factors for why the Ebola virus tends to pop...
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...Communicable Disease Paper Maria G. Sanchez HCS/457 June 29, 2015 Charlotte A. Ferrell Communicable Disease Paper One of the many highly communicable diseases is chickenpox. This communicable disease is caused by varicella-zoster virus (VZV) which has a resemblance with the herpes virus. It can be transmitted in two ways, one through direct contact with the fluids from the blisters, mucus, or saliva and second through air where the virus is disseminated by coughing or sneezing. A person who has chickenpox can spread the virus even before he or she has any symptoms. Chickenpox is regarded as highly communicable for individuals who are exposed to the disease for the first time nor have been vaccinated against it. They have an 80% risk of acquiring the disease through close contact of an infected individual. As claimed by the Pub Med Health, “most children with chickenpox exhibit symptoms like fever, headache, stomach ache, sore throat, loss of appetite, or presence of small, fluid-filled, itchy, red spots over the skin.” Chickenpox causes a red, itchy skin rash that usually appears first on the abdomen or back and face, and then spreads to almost everywhere else on the body, including the scalp, mouth, arms, legs, and genitals. At the time when the chickenpox blisters has dried and formed scabs is the point where the individual isn’t contagious. Chickenpox is normally a mild disease. Each and every individual is at risk of being infected by chickenpox – no exception. It is known...
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...Chickenpox a Communicable Disease Cynthia Hahn Grand Canyon University: NRS-427V July 5, 2015 Chickenpox is an infection caused by the highly contagious varicella-zoster virus. A common communicable disease which can be a harmless or deadly disease depending on the community which is affected. Education and healthcare prevention will prove evident in the control of the spread of the chickenpox disease. Chickenpox is an airborne disease which is spread by coughing and sneezing of an infected person or direct contact with skin lesions. The initial symptoms of chickenpox are a fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, headache and a sore throat. A red skin rash appears a few days after the initial symptoms and forms small, itchy blisters. “After a chickenpox red spot appears, it usually takes about 1 or 2 days for the spot to go through all its stages, this includes blistering, bursting, drying and crusting over. New red spots will appear every day for up to 5 to 7 days” (Chickenpox (Varicella)-Topic Overview, n.d.). The rash initially appears on the face, back and chest to quickly cover the body including mucous membranes such as the mouth, genital area or in the ears. These symptoms will begin ten to twenty-one days after exposure to a contagious person. The virus can be spread by a person who is infected with chickenpox before symptoms even appear and until all blisters have crusted over...
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...Communicable Disease Paper - Hepatitis A Hepatitis A is a communicable viral liver disease. A recent outbreak of Hepatitis A has recently occurred across five states. For this reason this paper will describe the disease, its treatment and prevention; the factors that contribute to its spread; how personal lifestyles, including that of socioeconomic status influence the disease and the control of the disease. If there are gaps and resources available to fill these gaps will be discussed along with alternatives and recommendations for prevention and/or reduction in the spread of Hepatitis A. Within this document the goal will be to include data supporting the findings and plans to ensure continuation of quality of health and quality of life. Description Hepatitis A is an extremely contagious viral disease that attacks the liver and can cause mild to severe illness. The infection will cause the liver to decline in its functional use. Hepatitis A is “most likely to (be) contract(ed) from contaminated food or water or from close contact with someone who’s already infected” (Mayo Clinic, 2013). Contaminated food and/or water usually has had contact with human fecal matter via ingestion or contact with a contaminated object or person. Many who have contacted Hepatitis A may not even realize they have contracted the disease. The symptoms range from mild to severe and can include any of the following: jaundice, fatigue, stomach pain, nausea, diarrhea, and fever. These symptoms...
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...Communicable Disease Outbreak Analysis Evelyn Sutton Western Governor's University Communicable Disease Outbreak Analysis There are many diseases that have become a thing of the past due to vaccines that are routinely given during infancy and early childhood in the United States. These diseases still exist but we just see it very rarely now. When a person is diagnosed with one of these communicable diseases in the United States, it is reported to the Department of Health and Environmental Control and the Centers of Disease Control so it can be investigated further. This is required so they can monitor for any outbreaks that may occur and find the origin of where and how it was contracted. Any case of the measles that is diagnosed in the United States is said to have come over through international travel in some way. Measles Outbreak In December of 2014, during the holiday season, a measles outbreak was beginning at two adjacent Disneyland locations in California. It was first discovered on January 5, 2015, when the California Department of Public Health was notified about an eleven-year-old child who was unvaccinated for the measles and hospitalized with a rash onset on December 28, 2014 (Clemmons, Gastanaduy, Fiebelkorn, Redd, & Wallace, 2015). Just two days later, a total of seven cases of measles had been discovered. It started out with seven cases and by the time the outbreak was declared over in April of 2015, there had been a total of 136 confirmed cases...
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