...Infectious diseases are now the world's biggest killer of children and young adults. They account for more than 13 million deaths a year - one in two deaths in developing countries. Over the next hour alone, 1 500 people will die from an infectious disease - over half of them children under five (WHO, 1999). The main causes of these deaths from infectious diseases occur in developing countries - the countries with the least money to spend on health care. Instead of this, in wealthy countries people are suffering from non-communicable diseases, just because of their illness related behaviour.Non communicable diseases are the top cause of death worldwide, killing more than 36 million people in 2008. Cardiovascular diseases were responsible for 48% of these deaths, cancers 21%, chronic respiratory diseases 12%, and diabetes 3% (WHO, 2011). This health inequality effects not just how people live, but often dictates how and at what age they die. In this essay I would like to reflect upon the main causes, preventions about all diseases whether it is infectious or lifestyle related diseases, and my response to the global health inequalities that is existing. According to Willi (2004) the sociological imagination consist of four interrelated parts:1) Historical factors, 2) Cultural factors, 3) Structural factors, and 4) Critical factors. I would like to explain historical factors in relation of my topic. I am born and grew up in Asian region, there People are likely to try native...
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...OHIO’S COMMUNICABLE DISEASE REPORTING REQUIREMENTS Who must report? Healthcare providers (physicians, hospitals, infection preventionists) with knowledge of a case or suspect case of a disease which is required to be reported Laboratories’ that examine specimens of human origin with evidence of diseases which are required to be reported any individual having knowledge of a person suffering from a disease suspected of being communicable WHAT must be reported? Diseases on Ohio’s ABC list ;=( Section 3- disease list attached to last page) Healthcare providers must report the following: Name of case or suspect case Diagnosis or suspected diagnosis Date of birth of case or suspect case Sex of case or suspect case Telephone number of case or suspect case Street address, including city, state and zip code of case or suspect case Supplementary surveillance information as outlined in Section 3 for the specific disease being reported Healthcare provider name, telephone number and street address (including city, state and zip code) WHEN must a report be made? Class A disease – immediately by phone Class B disease – by the end of the next business day Class C disease – by the end of the next business day WHERE the report must be made? Healthcare providers To the local health jurisdiction in which the case or suspected case resides (unless otherwise noted in Section 3) if residence is unknown, report to the local health jurisdiction in which the...
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...Red Crescent Societies Control of communicable diseases 7 This measles 'jab' will help prevent this child from the consequences of measles such as pneumonia, malnutrition, blindness and brain disease. Photo:Marko Kokic,Canadian Red Cross Control of communicable diseases in emergencies Description This chapter gives an overview of common and emerging communicable disease threats among displaced populations because of natural and human-made disasters. General and disease-specific strategies for monitoring, preventing and controlling disease outbreaks are discussed. Learning objectives To review communicable diseases of public health importance; To discuss the basic principles for communicable disease control in emergency and post-conflict situations; To plan a communicable disease control programme for emergency settings; To discuss simple but effective ways of preventing outbreaks of communicable diseases; To describe how to manage specific disease outbreaks in emergency settings; To review re-emerging and other diseases that may affect displaced populations; To discuss how to monitor and evaluate communicable disease control programmes. Key competencies Identify communicable diseases of public health importance; Discuss the basic principles for communicable disease control in emergency and post-conflict situations; Discuss how to design and evaluate disease control programmes; Describe common disease control strategies including prevention...
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...Communicable Disease and Epidemiology Communicable Disease and Epidemiology As part of human history, there have always been disease processes that have been known to pass from a person or something else to other people through physical contact, sharing most any item with an infected person or just breathing the same air where the disease exists, these disease processes are known as communicable diseases. Basically, communicable diseases are diseases that you can catch from other organisms. There are noted to be approximately 165 known communicable diseases in the environment (Wisconsin, 2014). The disease addressed in this paper is known as Tuberculosis (TB). Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the bacteria that cause TB. This particular bacteria is not passed through physical contact with an infected person but rather is passed through airborne transmission as an infected person talks, coughs, or sneezes. The mode of transmission for TB is known as airborne transmission. In the hospital setting a person suspected to have or proven to have TB will be placed on airborne precautions and located in a negative pressure room where the air is continually being pulled from the room and replaced with fresh air. The health care professional (HCP) taking care of the person suspected to have TB is to wear a special respiratory mask known as an N95 mask as well as a gown, gloves. These masks are fit tested yearly to improve the safety of the HCP. A person having active TB can spread the...
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...Unit 12: Public Health Contents No. | Title | Page no. | 1 | P1: Describe key aspects of public health | 3 | 2 | P2: Describe the origins of public health policy in the UK from the 19th century to the present day | 4-5 | 3 | P3: Describe current patterns of ill health and how they are monitored | 6 | 4 | P4: Explain the main factors affecting current patterns of health in the UK | 7-8 | 5 | P5: Explain health promotion and protection | 9 | 6 | P6: Explain appropriate methods of prevention/control for a named communicable and a named non-communicable disease | 10 | | Bibliography | 11 | P1: Describe key aspects of public health These are the key aspects of public health: 1) Monitoring health status – They do this by tracking changes in the health of the population and alerting people to potential problems, like the rising levels of obesity within the population....
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...Communicable disease outbreak - HAT Task 3 Analyze the selected communicable disease outbreak: SARS Disease overview Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory illness caused by a coronavirus, called SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the illness begins with a high fever (greater than 100.4 degrees F). The fever is sometimes associated with chills or other symptoms, including headache, general feeling of discomfort, and body aches. Some individuals experience mild respiratory symptoms at the outset. Diarrhea is seen in approximately 10 to 20 percent of patients. After 2 to 7 days, SARS patient may develop a dry, nonproductive cough that might be accompanied by hypoxia. In 10 to 20 percent of cases, patients require mechanical ventilation. Most patients develop pneumonia. The disease is spread by close person-to-person contact through direct contact with respiratory secretions and/or body fluids of an infected individual. The incubation period is typically 2 to 7 days, but there are reported cases of up to 14 days. An individual is considered infectious only when they have symptoms, and are considered most contagious during the second week of illness. (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2005) According to the World Health Organization (WHO), in November 2002 a SARS outbreak emerged in South China. An infected medical doctor who had treated infected patients...
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...Tuberculosis _ Epidemiology and Nursing Research. November14, 2013 Tuberculosis _Epidemiology and Nursing Research. Communicable diseases occurs in every country regardless of urban, rural, or with socio economical diversities. In order to help in prevention and control of communicable diseases, locally, nationally and globally, nurses who are working with the public health system , must have basic understanding of epidemiology, microbiology, treatments, and knowledge about public health system and the legal system. Although, the United states attained a significant success in attaining the control over the communicable diseases, compared to the other parts of the world since 1940s, communicable diseases are still leading cause of death in the United States.(Maurer &Smith, 2012). Tuberculosis(TB) is a air bourn infectious disease which is caused by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. People who are living in poor socioeconomic background and who are living in medically underserved communities are more prone to this deadly , but preventable and curable disease. This disease continue to be as an indicator of poverty and low socio-economic background. Most of the time people affected with this deadly disease are undiagnosed early and affected with malnutrition or immunologically compromised. Tuberculosis can affect several organs...
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...occurring across the world in which the burden of disease is transitioning from a high burden of infectious disease to a high burden of chronic disease and illness (1). This transition to a high non communicable disease burden is at its most advanced stage in westernized high income countries, yet as middle and low income countries become more modernized they too follow in this similar epidemic transition path (1). As they follow the epidemiological pathway paved by high income countries, low and middle income countries are especially vulnerable to the negative impacts of this transition both on a population and healthcare system level (2) with low and middle income countries housing 80% of all fatalities due to...
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...(M1) Communicable diseases are very contagious and can spread very easily from one person to another person, this also includes from animal to person. You can get infected straight away just by touching, eating, drinking or breathing in a substance that has a lot of germs on it. Communicable diseases are caused by agents such as bacteria, parasites, protozoa, fungus and virus. Bacteria exist on every surface including in the air and below sea level. Most bacteria are harmless but others are harmful to our body and can do bad to your health and internal organs, kidneys and the heart. Bacteria can invade into the body via the mouth, sexual organs, nose, eyes or any cuts which need to be cleaned and dressed. Bacteria can enter the body if food is full of bacteria or it isn’t cooked properly, this is called E.Coli. E.Coli is type of bacteria that causes the person to become seriously sick and possibly kill them. A bacterium causes infectious diseases such as pneumonia and tuberculosis. On the other hand, Viruses depend on the host to survive, grow and reproduce. Usually, a host can be an animal or a plan. Viruses are believed to be the smallest microbes on this planet. Once the virus is inside the body it can spread and make the person very ill. ‘‘They reproduce by injecting their genes into the cell to reproduce thousands of new viruses. Viruses cause chicken pox and flue.’’ (Hillendale Health n.d) Viruses can also cause Measles, Influenza and common cold. Fungi are multi-celled...
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...REVIEW OF HEALTH CARE IN UTTAR PRADESH 1. Abstract Healthy society is an important contributor to economic growth since it rebound the prosperity of a nation and nature of human capital. The aim of this report is to highlights the health status of the Uttar Pradesh in context of different indicators associated with the health. In this report we also point out current status of health centers, schemes and projects running in the Uttar Pradesh. 2. Introduction When measuring the health status of a state the important indicators we should consider are population, crude birth rate, crude death rate, infant and maternal mortality rate. In the case of Uttar Pradesh the different measures taken by the state helped them to decrease above indicators. For improving the health status the Government of Uttar Pradesh is providing the free facilities like vaccination of pregnant women and children, awareness about AIDS, treatment of tuberculosis and leprosy, awareness about importance of family planning ,Distribution of preventive medicine etc. But comparing with other states of India the performance of state is slightly disappointing in the above parameters. Like other states health infrastructure of Uttar Pradesh consists of sub-centre, Primary Health centre, Community Health centre and District hospital. According to rural health statics (2009) in India Uttar Pradesh has 20521 sub-centers, 3690 primary health centers, 515 primary health centers. But there is a shortfall in...
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...Tuberculosis Mabel Soto Grand Canyon University Concepts in Community and Public Health NRS-437V Kelly Davis May 10, 2015 Tuberculosis A communicable disease is any disease or infection that is transmitted from one person to another. The spread could happen via different types of transmission depending the disease it could be airborne or contact with bodily fluids. As health care providers it is our duty to teach and educate the population about communicable diseases to inform them on how they are spread and prevented. The following essay will briefly discuss tuberculosis and the role of a community health nurse. “Tuberculosis is a highly communicable disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection” (Winkelman, Workman, & Hausman, 2010). It is transmitted via airborne route for example if an infected person laughs, whistles, coughs or sneezes. The population at risk for developing tuberculosis are people who have direct contact with a person infected with tuberculosis. People who have a low immune system are also at risk for developing tuberculosis. As well as people that live in crowded areas like long term facilities or prisons and homeless people. Signs and symptoms include persistent cough, weight loss, anorexia, night sweats, fever or chills and dyspnea. Tuberculosis can be diagnosed with the tuberculin skin test a small amount of fluid is injected to the patient’s forearm the test needs to be read within 48 to 72 hours. A raised red induration means...
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...death |Increase of tested |DEET repellent, oil of | | | | |mosquito’s positive for |lemon/ eucalyptus | | | | |virus | | |Local website: |Investigation, intervention education, research |Monitoring Rochester |No cases in county yet |Link to New York Department| |http://www.monroecounty.gov/health-diseases.php#SexuallyTransmi|handles all communicable diseases |area health data | |of health for interventions| |tted | | | | | |State website: |Press release for public forum, video |Another horse death |Increase of horses |Possible spraying in | |http://www.nysenate.gov/press-release/ritchie-wants-public-foru|...
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...three weeks over time. An infected person with the virus can spread to others within the eight day period (2014, May 24). This childhood virus can stop being spread if children get their first dose of the vaccine at the age of 15 months. The next dose can be given before the start of kindergarten at 4 to 6 years of age. The measles virus is severe and can be terminal for small children. The vaccinations delivered in the United States has had a high result in stopping the widespread. Measles was affirmed phased out in the United States in the year 2000. A new recent outbreak according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention that one hundred and two people in fourteen different states have reported measles. The last break that occurred was at Disneyland in California in mid-December (2014, April 30). This does show that measles is a highly communicable respiratory disease caused by a virus and spread through the air. The people that contacted the virus had a low respiratory tract (2014, May 29). On January 5, 2015, the California Department of Public Health (CDPH) was notified about a suspected measles case. The...
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...There are many global health issues impacting the international health community. One of the most severe global issues that causes death worldwide is the human immunosufficiency virus (HIV). HIV is considered to be one of the most severe communicable diseases worldwide. Unfortunately, it has become a global pandemic. This paper will serve to discuss HIV, the signs and symptoms, the mode of transmission, treatments, demographics and more. HIV was first reported in Africa in 1981. By 1987, HIV had spread to over one hundred countries. By 2001, HIV became the primary infection leading to death. It takes several years for someone with HIV to develop AIDS, in fact the latency period is ten years. Since 2008, the United Nation had estimated that approximately four million people were living with HIV, over two million people have been recently infected with HIV and approximately two million people worldwide have died from HIV. Africa has the highest ratings of people living with HIV. African Americans account for almost half of HIV infections each year. Both African Americans and Hispanics are at eight to nine times greater than Caucasians to become infected with HIV. Most states have implemented HIV surveillance reports, however most cases are unreliable because many individuals do not want to know their HIV status and they refuse to be tested. An estimate twenty seven percent of individuals are unaware that they are infected with the virus (Maurer &Smith). HIV can be...
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...Global Health has evolved over time in response to inequities resulting from racial, ethnic, economic, and other disparities among the world’s population. The World Health Organization and other global health response organizations, as well as individual governments define and gather relevant statistics that can assess a nations overall health status as compared to that of other nations. In doing so, the comparisons identify countries with high levels of negative health outcomes, how well they are being addressed, and what social, political, and economic factors contribute to such health disparities. South Africa is a nation that has complex health care needs and shortcomings even though it is the second wealthiest nation in Africa. Similar to the United States, with a health care system favoring those of certain ethnicities and social status, many others are left with healthcare that is inaccessible and unaffordable. However, the divide in South America is unlike any other nation. 2011 census data shows the majority of South African’s are African, at 79.2% of the population, colored and white, which make up 8.9%, and Indian and Asian races make up the remaining population at 2.5%. ("South Africa's population," 2014) South Africa is a nation that is infamous for the Apartheid movement that is one of the greatest examples of racial segregation in history. Poverty and inequality created by racial and gender segregation were meant to dismantle the divided social structures...
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