...back to American pragmatism and explores emotions from a sociological rather than a psychological perspective. Psychologists start with the premise that our feelings, actions, and thoughts reflect relatively stable, predictable personality patterns which persist over time and manifest themselves across situations. Psychological testing tends to privilege tools that reveal enduring personality traits and discriminate against personal qualities which attest to the volatility of our actions and sentiments. ETMA finds such indeterminacy to be a normal reflection of conflicting social pressures. It treats human beings as nonclassically propertied objects akin to particles in micro physics: when we don’t look at a particle, it is everywhere at once, it is a bundle of probabilities that require a measurement event to materialize as a particle with a definite mass, position, momentum, and other properties. In a similar fashion, our affect continuously and subconsciously scans the world for saliency; it generates conflicting feelings, it is pulled in different directions at once, and it takes a special occasion for a human agent to adopt an emotional attitude. Predictable though such an attitude might be, it is only a matter of probability that a person will show this or that affective stance in any given situation. This is how an article published in the New York Times described George Steinbrenner, owner of the Yankees baseball team: “As always, there are at least two distinct sides...
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...Culture and its Impact on International Business Introduction As businesses have grown and expanded to the international level; certain aspects of business have become abundantly clear. One thing that has become the norm when doing business on the international level is dealing with different cultures. Culture, as defined by Geert Hofstede is “the collective programming of the human mind that distinguishes the members of one human group from those of another. Culture in this sense is a system of collectively held values.” The concept of a culture has been around for a very long time; in-fact, when people exist in the same place together they end up following a set of rules. These rules can be called a “social norm” or culture and can be made up of simple things like how to act in certain situations all the way to a very devout set of beliefs or values. This paper will focus on the role that culture plays on multinational businesses around the globe and the differences that culture plays from one area of the globe to the next. An in-depth look will be taken on the obstacles that may arise due to culture, adjustments that need to be made, and any ethical conundrums that may arise due to different cultures. Literature Review D. Elenkov and d. Kirova, state that “MNCs should not underestimate the importance of the cultural specificity of the host countries because different staffing, selecting, training, motivating and compensating practices should be applied in accordance...
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...ATTITUDES, VALUES AND ETHICS ATTITUDE Attitude is a person’s overall evaluation of a person, or issue. It could be favorable or unfavorable towards something. It is considered along with other elements- beliefs and behaviors.Beliefs represent what we have learned or come to know through experience. As such, they are either true or represent what we think is true. Example, that working on a challenging project would bring recognition in the organization or that working after office hours would affect health and personal life while behaviors represent the actions we take with regard to a particular object or entity. Example, whether one complete the project successfully or leave the office at 6:00 PM in the evening. In the simplest case, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors should be related but there are instances that the relation between attitudes, beliefs and behaviors is not very strong (Wiegel et al., 1974). For example, we might dislike studying, (a negative attitude) and rarely study at all (negative behavior) yet truly believe it will lead to success, yet rarely study. We could even dislike studying, be unsure whether it leads to better grades, and yet spend a great deal in studying. Hence, we can say that attitude is a complex cognitive process (Neovistas.com, 2004). Attitudes can be examined in terms of its three components: Affect, Behavioral, and Cognition. Affect consists of the emotional feelings stimulated by the object of the attitude for example:...
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...Marketing and Audience Research Research Report Word Count: 1800 Executive Summary The topic of this report is the predictors of Online Retail Shopping. It centres on the question of what are the determinants of Australian consumers’ attitudes toward online retail shopping. A sample size of depth interviews will be analysed, cross referenced and used to infer behavioural patterns. The target audience is English speaking adults in Australia who have previously engaged in online retail shopping. 1.1 Importance of the Research Online shopping is gaining exponential momentum in modern society, and empirical evidence indicates this trend will only continue to grow (Hooson 2011). Given that marketing ultimately drives every product, service, idea and attempt to influence consumer behaviour – it is an invaluable tool for any company. In order to effectively market your product, research into the wants, needs and behaviour of your target audience is integral to the development of your businesses collateral and positioning. Marketing Research is one of the few tools that allows researchers to get primary evidence into what actually shapes the buying behaviour of consumers; as well as opinions, attitudes and beliefs about certain brands or products. Once accumulated, this information can be used to discern the most effective means of marketing. Considering the number of industries with high barriers to entry, substantial costs in establishment, and growing competition...
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...sexual orientation, physical disability, etc .) . Some programs are more successful than others in this effort . However, a diverse student body also demands special attention in education programs . It is obvious that students from different backgrounds may have different needs and concerns . Unfortunately, some programs tend to treat everybody the same way with limited assistance for the professional growth of students from diverse backgrounds . International counseling psychology students in the U.S . are among those whose needs and concerns are largely ignored . International students constitute a significant portion of the student population and they certainly contribute to diversity in counseling psychology by bringing in different cultures, backgrounds, philosophies, conceptualizations, counseling skills, and research ideas and skills . However, cultural differences also lead to unique education issues for these...
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...The Importance of Understanding Culture in International Business | Business Management in an International Context | | The increasing number of interactions between independent countries, companies and people has highlighted the importance of an understanding of global cultures, both national and organisational. Culture plays a large role in the way individuals behave and interact with one another and therefore plays an important role in business interactions across cultures. Many definitions of culture are offered, but one more relevant to culture in international business is : “Culture is the way in which a group of people solves problems and reconciles dilemmas.” (E.Schein 1985) The first way in which countries can be broadly categorized is into either a high context or a low context culture. High context cultures place more emphasis on the importance of group identity. They have a high sensory involvement and participate more readily in bodily contact. Low context cultures prioritise individualistic properties. They use body language less frequently and are monochronic thus placing a high importance on timing and scheduling. Most Northern European countries and other western societies are low context cultures. It has been suggested by the acclaimed social scientist, Norbert Elias (1978) that the development of society and the basis of its’ cultural contexts are closely associated with the prominent historical groups of the region leading to an establishment...
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...Catheter-Associated Bloodstream Infection Surveillance Variability Kochurani Thomas Grand Canyon University NRS-433V May 1, 2011 Bloodstream infections are the most common hospital-associated infection (HAI) in intensive care units (ICU) and a significant source of in-hospital deaths, increased length of stay and added medical costs. Both adult and pediatric patients who have catheters inserted into their blood vessels face increased risk of an infection developing along the invasive plastic devices which can become life-threatening as they spread into the bloodstream. According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), an estimated 248,000 blood stream infections are reported per year (CDC, June 2010), and mortality rate of 12%-25 %( CDC, 2011) .This dangerous lethal medical complication can be prevented by proper management of the catheter insertion and strict aseptic technique during care. Even though CDC has recommended standard catheter associated blood stream infections (CA-BSI) prevention strategies, the study shows areas of variability in the surveillance. A central line is an intravascular catheter that terminates at or close to the heart or in one of the great vessels which is used for infusion, withdrawal of blood, or hemodynamic monitoring. The Aorta, pulmonary artery, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, brachiocephalic veins, internal jugular veins, subclavian veins, external iliac veins, common iliac veins, common femoral veins...
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...company. Companies that operate by any different perspective usually are unsuccessful. The challenge of any manager is to make sure that all his or her employees understand that ethics, values, and character are the building blocks of how he or she will conduct business every day. In order for employees to follow these guidelines, managers must conduct themselves the same way. Values and Ethical Decision Making: Southwest Airlines Personal, organizational, and ethical values play an important role in the decisions we make in the workplace. People have their personal values just as companies have their organizational values. Therefore, when the two are combined and an ethical decision is made, it can be difficult to make a decision without breaking the morale of the company as well as his or her own personal values. The challenge each day for every manager is to develop a cohesive balance between ethics and values. This difficult process involves patience, awareness of the diverse employee culture, and a positive attitude. Evaluating Personal Values, Organizational Values, and Ethical Decision Making M. Rokeach defined values in his 1973 article “The Nature of Human Values,” (as cited in Robbins and Judge, (p.11), 2011) as a “specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite or...
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...International Management Culture, Strategy, and Behavior Ninth Edition Fred Luthans University of Nebraska-Lincoln •Jonathan P. Doh Villanova University Mc Graw Hill Education Table of Contents Part One Environmental Foundation 1 2 The World of International Management: An Interconnected World Introduction Globalization and Internationalization Globalization, Antiglobalization, and Global Pressures Global and Regional Integration The Shifting Balance of Economic Power in the Global Economy 2 4 6 6 9 12 Global Economic Systems Market Economy Command Economy Mixed Economy 19 19 19 20 Economic Performance and Issues of Major Regions Established Economies Emerging Economies Developing Economies on the Verge 20 20 22 26 The World of International Management—Revisited 30 Summary of Key Points 32 Key Terms 32 Review and Discussion Questions 32 Answers to the In-Chapter Quiz 33 Internet Exercise: Global Competition in Fast Food 33 In the International Spotlight: India 2 Globalization and International Linkages 34 The Political, Legal, and Technological Environment 36 The World of International Management: Social Media and the Pace of Change 36 Political Environment Ideologies Political Systems 38 39 41 Legal and Regulatory Environment Basic Principles of International Law Examples of Legal and Regulatory Issues Privatization Regulation...
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...Strategic Plan Paper MGT/498 Strategic Plan Paper Since its inception 1991 Riordan has been an industry leader in the injection mold industry. Dr. Riordan had a vision when he opened the first plant in Michigan, and his vision was growth, innovation, and to always meet his customers needs. His vision was the driving force for Riordan’s strategic plan in the 90s and early millennia just as it is today, but the scope of his vision has grown into new marketing arenas and will need refining if it is to keep Riordan growth rate and financial success at its current level (Riordan, 2013). With the expansion of Riordan into China as well as the retooling of existing plants for custom plastic injecting has changed the internal dynamic of Riordan and both internal and external strategies will need to be adjusted to maximize production and marketing potentials. Riordan’s Strategic Plan The Future Strategic Planning is a widespread development for shaping a business into what it will become and how to achieve the goals in a systematic way. Riordan manufacturing needs a strategic plan to become the top industry globally to manufacture plastic in injection molding. Strategic management process is strategies, decisions, and actions define by a company to determine the performance of the organization. The components Riordan needs to succeed in business are (Wheelen & Hunger 2010). The use of Environmental Scanning, Strategy Formulation, Strategy implementation, Evaluation, and Control...
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...Analysis of Ethical Corporate Culture between 2013 and 2015 Group 6: Michelle Delgado Lok Sum Lydia Fung Chau Nguyen ACCT 415 Dr. James Gong 5/14/2015 Executive Summary In business, leaders, managers, and employees face conflicting incentives, messages and pressures from multiple stakeholders. Conflict of interest is said to occur when a professional’s self interest offers an incentive that mitigates his or her judgment against the best interest of the corporation or its customers. In turn, most professionals are unaware of their unethical progression because they are blindsided by internal motivation and expectations. It has been proclaimed that the most important job of the board of directors is hiring the right CEO, causing most boards to fail to notice unethical behavior in someone they do not wish or expect to find it. In fact, research suggests that it is usually difficult to report wrongdoing in an organization because most employees believe the same and fear retaliation, rejection, or disbelief from corporate leaders. Ethical principles will often offer advice for procedures and norms that can reinstate ethical concerns before unforeseen behavior damages an enterprises culture or reputation. In general, ethical systems are designed to improve the ethical behavior within an organization. To do so requires examining the interaction of many factors and forces in a working environment - which were investigated (analyzed) in this report. Executives...
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...The “Blue Wall of Silence” and Police Culture Tiffany V. Dunston CMRJ308 Everyday there are law enforcement officers that see unusual things happen when arriving on a scene of a crime or even if they are already on the scene of a crime with other law enforcement officers. Police officers behavior while on duty will always be a problem and it will continue to be a problem from because officers sometimes think just because they wear a badge they think that they have all the power in the world. The also think that they are required to protect each other no matter what. Here we look at the “Blue Wall of Silence” and “Police Culture” to distinguish what they are and their effects. There are still some good cops in this world that will stand up for what they believe in and they really do uphold the law by protecting and serving the citizens of this country. Then you have the cops that see that other cops are doing wrong and they don’t say a word, this is call the “Blue Wall of Silence”. The Blue Wall of Silence is a phrase used in law enforcement which means when an officer is observing another officer committing acts that do not uphold the law such as using excessive force towards another officer or a suspect and things of that nature. I applaud cops that believes that everyone should be treated with respect and one’s that follows the rules of being a police officer in their community because there are only so many of those types of officers. Cops that commit heinous acts...
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...Hofstede's cultural framework [9], [10] Hofstede's (1980, 2001) cultural framework is built on the premise that people from around the world are guided by different attitudes, beliefs, customs, morals and ethical standards. Societies are based upon different traditions, rituals, and religions; and promote different views regarding family, work, social, and personal responsibilities. Hofstede's framework was originally comprised of four dimensions. The first dimension - individualism/collectivism - is widely acknowledged as a defining element of culture. In individualistic societies people are expected to look out after themselves, whereas in collectivist societies there is a greater emphasis on group welfare and loyalty. Individualists value independence and self-expression, and tend to believe that personal goals and interests are more important than group interests. In contrast, collectivists tend to view themselves as members of an extended family or organization, place group interests ahead of individual needs, and value reciprocation of favors and respect for tradition. The second dimension - uncertainty avoidance - represents the extent to which people feel uncomfortable or threatened by ambiguous and uncertain situations, and thus create belief systems and institutions in order to promote conformity. Societies with higher levels of uncertainty avoidance place greater value on security (e.g., financial, social), feel a greater need for consensus and written rules, and...
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...Fachbereich Wirtschaftswissenschaften Studiengang International Management Fach- Sozial und Methodenkompetenz Bachelor Research Proposal Consumer perceptions of socially responsible consumption: Attitudes among Chinese and German business students- A comparative/ contrastive study * * * Index 1 Title and Initial Statement of Research Question 3 2 Background 3 3 Statement of research objective 6 3.1 Primary research objective 6 3.2 Secondary research objective 6 3.3 Definition of terms 6 3.4 Detailed explanation of objectives 7 4 Research design and schedule 8 4.1 Approach 8 4.2 Methods of familiarisation: 8 4.3 Methods of using text: 9 4.4 Methods of using Talk: 9 4.5 Methods of using experimentation: 10 4.6 Methods of observation: 11 4.7 Tools of data recording and documentation 12 4.7.1 Tools for talk 12 4.7.2 Tools for text 12 4.7.3 Tools for observation 12 4.8 Time schedule 12 5 Significance and creativity 13 6 List of References 13 Title and Initial Statement of Research Question Consumer perceptions of socially responsible consumption: Attitudes among Chinese and German business students- A comparative/ contrastive study Every single consumption choice that consumers make has a huge impact on the environment and the society. Consumers can influence the market by buying products that have a limited impact on the environment and the society. By taking social responsibility in...
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...| Money, Attitude, and Unethical Behavior | Business Research Methods | | | December 11, 2013 | This research paper focuses on the relationship between money, attitude, and unethical behavior. Comparing the data found in regards to gender and major according to a study by Dr. Chen and Dr. Tang. | Introduction Many believe that the success of a business is determined by they amount of money they generate on an annual basis. Because of this widespread belief, we often see a lack of morals, values, and ethics incorporated into the business. Many businesses feel as if there is no room for ethics in the business world and that the relationships built should focus solely on the generation of revenue. According to Merriam Webster dictionary, we can define ethics as, “the discipline dealing with what is good and bad and with moral duty and obligation.” Every company has a code of ethics in order to determine the company’s culture and values. It also acts a driving force behind any decisions made by top executives. In market where there are so many profit-based businesses, often times we see the many difficulties in balancing the pursuit of profits while staying true to their code of ethics. The balance of ethical practice and profit maximization causes companies to face difficult decisions and many times businesses choose profit maximization. Business-to-Business and Business-to-Consumer transactions require frequent interaction. In every type of business transaction...
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