...Chapter 10: Comparing Two Groups Bivariate Analysis: Methods for comparing two groups are special cases of bivariate statistical methods – Two variables exist: Response variable – outcome variable on which comparisons are made Explanatory variable – binary variable that specifies the groups Statistical methods analyze how the outcome on the response variable depends on or is explained by the value of the explanatory variable Independent Samples: Most comparisons of groups use independent samples from the groups, The observations in one sample are independent of those in the other sample Example: Randomized experiments that randomly allocate subjects to two treatments Example: An observational study that separates subjects into groups according to their value for an explanatory variable Dependent samples: Dependent samples result when the data are matched pairs – each subject in one sample is matched with a subject in the other sample Example: set of married couples, the men being in one sample and the women in the other. Example: Each subject is observed at two times, so the two samples have the same subject Categorical response variable: For a categorical response variable - Inferences compare groups in terms of their population proportions in a particular category - We can compare the groups by the difference in their population proportions: (p1 – p2) Example: Experiment: Subjects were 22,071 male physicians Every other day for five years, study participants...
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...be an option of more than one choice, thus comparing the means of more than one group allows one to weigh options. Once a choice has been made and one must be chosen between two or more that have a correlating relationship, it is important to understand how to calculate the correlation between the variable. The steps in testing a research hypothesis Hypotheses in research are predictions of the outcome of the study. Theories and research questions help form a research hypothesis. Hypotheses are meant to be tested and in order to test a research hypothesis, there is a set of five steps to follow to do so. Step one is to make an assumption that should include the level of measurement of the variable, the sampling method, shape of population distribution, and the sample size. In step two we need to state the interest of the relationship and start the research, create a hypothesis that contradicts the null hypothesis, and set the alpha which will help determine the probability of an error. Step three is where the sampling distribution method is selected. This is where the test statistics are specified. In step four, we compute the test statistic by using a formula and coming to a result. The final step, step five, is where a decision is made and the results are interpreted. If the result is greater than the alpha level set in step two, we can assume the null hypothesis is false and will be rejected. (McClave, 2011) Comparing the means of two or more groups There are many...
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...testing a research hypothesis, compare the means of two or more groups, and calculate the correlation between two variables.” Phoenix. (2016). Also, we were to reflect on topics we liked, struggled with and to show how we apply them to our real life. The steps in testing a research hypothesis In McClave text book, five steps of testing a research hypothesis were identified. According to McClave "specifying the null hypothesis, specifying the alternative hypothesis, the level of significance of the test, calculating the test statistic, and summarizing the results to obtain the conclusion"(McClave, Benson, & Sincich, 2011). The first two steps were specifying the null hypothesis and specifying the alternative hypothesis. HA1: There is significant relationship between turnover in BMIS and Employees satisfaction Ho1: There is no significant relationship between turnover in BMIS and Employees satisfaction With the research hypothesis, its’ known to be the thesis which was generated by an analysis that’s used to determine the conclusion of the experiment. It’s important that the hypothesis is testable and can to prove accuracy. Comparing the means of two or more groups There are many times when comparing the means of two or more groups is very useful. When researching it is important to collect as much information as possible about the two groups so they can compare them. They can compare the means of the groups by analyzing the variance. They compare...
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...research hypothesis. Team C has also reviewed how to compare means of two or more groups and calculate the correlation between two variables. Team C has discussed some concepts that the team has struggled with and fully understood. Team C has also come to understand how this concept can be beneficial to their careers and how they may apply to improve productivity. The steps in testing a research hypothesis "Hypothesis testing starts with a statement, or assumption, about a population parameter - such as the population mean." (Lind, 2011). The purpose of testing the hypothesis is to determine whether to reject or not reject the hypothesis. The hypothesis itself is an assumption. That is; you are determining what the outcome will be given your current knowledge and understanding prior to testing it and obtaining results from those tests. Initially, one will state the null and alternative hypothesis. The null hypothesis, in this case, represents a statement about the value of a population parameter developed for the purpose of testing numerical evidence. The alternative hypothesis is then accepted if the sample data has enough evidence to show that the null hypothesis is false. The next step is to state the level of significance or the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true. It is important to determine the level of significance before testing. The smaller level of significance selected, the more evidence (or the larger z) you will need before you can reject...
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...Week 4 Reflection Jennifer Wood Week 4 Reflection When comparing two or more groups there are five tests that are used: Standard T-Test, Paired T-Test, One-Way ANOVA, Two-Way ANOVA, and Linear Regression. The Standard T-Test is the most basic testing when you are comparing the means of exactly two groups. A Paired T-Test is more used in a “Before vs. After” experiment, and is the most sensitive test out of all five. One-Way ANOVA test is just like the T-Test except you can use this test for comparing three or more groups. The Two-Way ANOVA test can be used when comparing three or more groups, which have two different independent variables. According to “Statistical Testing For Dummies!!!" (n.d.), “the Linear Regression test is for comparing the means of groups along a continuum of three or more treatment levels, such as a gradually increasing depth of water” (para. 16). References Statistical Testing for Dummies!!!. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.cbgs.k12.va.us/cbgs-document/research/Stats%20For%20Dummies.pdf Footnotes 1[Add footnotes, if any, on their own page following references. For APA formatting requirements, it’s easy to just type your own footnote references and notes. To format a footnote reference, select the number and then, on the Home tab, in the Styles gallery, click Footnote Reference. The body of a footnote, such as this example, uses the Normal text style. (Note: If you delete this sample footnote, don’t forget to delete its in-text reference as...
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...research hypothesis, comparing the means of two or more groups, and calculating the correlation between two variables. The following paper will go in to more depth on what was discussed and what we learned as a team as well as individuals. The team also was able to go over the Mystat lab that we were assigned in the individual assignment. In step one a team would state a null hypothesis as well as an alternate hypothesis. The null hypothesis is used only for testing. We either reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis. The alternate hypothesis is accepted if sample data provide enough evidence that the null hypothesis is false. No matter what the problem looks like the null hypothesis will always contain the equal sign. This is true because since the null hypothesis is being tested there is a need for a specific value to be seen in the calculations. When comparing the means of two or more groups the team must state the null hypothesis. Random samples of each population must be chosen to show the formula in a working status. To get a more accurate sample a higher number of the populations should be used. An independent sample T-test is used to compare the means of two or more groups. Pooled variance can be used if the variances of the two populations being tested are constant. The correlation between two variables describes the likelihood that a change in one variable will cause a proportional change in the other variable. A high correlation between two variables suggests...
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...research hypothesis, comparing the means of two or more groups, and calculating the correlation between two variables. The following paper will go in to more depth on what was discussed and what we learned as a team as well as individuals. The team also was able to go over the Mystat lab that we were assigned in the individual assignment. In step one a team would state a null hypothesis as well as an alternate hypothesis. The null hypothesis is used only for testing. We either reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis. The alternate hypothesis is accepted if sample data provide enough evidence that the null hypothesis is false. No matter what the problem looks like the null hypothesis will always contain the equal sign. This is true because since the null hypothesis is being tested there is a need for a specific value to be seen in the calculations. When comparing the means of two or more groups the team must state the null hypothesis. Random samples of each population must be chosen to show the formula in a working status. To get a more accurate sample a higher number of the populations should be used. An independent sample T-test is used to compare the means of two or more groups. Pooled variance can be used if the variances of the two populations being tested are constant. The correlation between two variables describes the likelihood that a change in one variable will cause a proportional change in the other variable. A high correlation between two variables suggests...
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...Algorithms Describe the key characteristics and roles of Algorithms Programs and Informal instructions The key characteristics of algorithms are, precision, finiteness, effectiveness, input and output. Precision mean that the algorithm needs to be clear and precisely defined so that a computer can follow the steps. Finiteness means that the algorithm has to finish. The algorithm needs to stop after it has executed all the steps set. Effectiveness means that the algorithm needs to be effective, such as that the algorithm can be done to its precise steps and done in a finite length of time, computer programming language independent. Input means that the algorithm has zero or more...
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...The discipline of cross-cultural psychology is a means for identifying and comprehending what is similar and different as far as individual’s behavior, thoughts, emotions, and motivations across cultures (Shiraev & Levy, 2010). Cross-cultural psychology extends the ability of connecting with other individuals through a vast admiration and knowledge. To have a clear understanding of cross-cultural psychology, one must possess knowledge and a definition of cultural and cross-cultural psychology and examine their relationship. Also, in cross-cultural psychology it is of importance is to understand critical thinking’s role and the methodology of cross-cultural research. Definitions of Cultural and Cross-Cultural Psychology Cultural Psychology To understand cultural psychology, one must understand its definition. Therefore, it pursues discovering consequential links among the psychology of individuals and their culture. This is a systematic relationship between psychological and cultural variables (Shiraev & Levy, 2010). Cultural psychology’s key message is that the behavior of humans only has meaning in a sociocultural context where such behavior takes place. Its key focus is studying how, whether, and when individuals have the tendency of internalizing the qualities of his or her culture (Shiraev & Levy, 2010). Cultural psychology also takes a stand as for advocating the notion that an individual’s mental processes, which are the result of an individual’s interaction...
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...research hypothesis, comparing the means of two or more groups, and calculating the correlation between two variables. This paper will go into deeper into what we have learned as a team and as well as individuals. I think first we need to state what a research hypothesis is. A research hypothesis is "Represents the hypothesis that will be accepted only if the data provide convincing evidence of its truth. This usually represents the values of a population parameter for which the researcher wants to gather evidence to support." (Statistics for Business and Economics, 2011.) The first thing one must do in testing a research hypothesis is to make sure that a research question is phrased. The second step in this procedure will be to study the proposed theory in terms of parameters. Thirdly a study will be designed. Once this is done the fourth thing that takes place is data is recorded and collected. The fifth thing is the data is summarized and a test statistic is computed. After computing this the sixth thing is the observed significant level is computed. Once all of these things are completed the final and last thing to complete is to draw conclusion. In taking this seven step process one will be able to clearly state the steps in testing a research hypothesis. When comparing the means of two or more groups one must state the null hypothesis. Random samples of each population must be chosen. A independent sample T-tests is used to compare the means of two or more groups. The correlation...
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...HCS 438 Entire Course For more classes visit www.snaptutorial.com HCS 438 Week 1 Checkpoint Sample of Chart or Graph Paper HCS 438 Week 1 DQ 1 HCS 438 Week 1 DQ 2 HCS 438 Week 2 Checkpoint Uses of Statistical Information HCS 438 Week 2 DQ 1 HCS 438 Week 2 DQ 2 HCS 438 Week 2 Quiz HCS 438 Week 3 Visual Data Displays and Uses in Decision Making- Please Add Own Images HCS 438 Week 3 DQ 1 HCS 438 Week 3 DQ 2 HCS 438 Week 3 Quiz HCS 438 Week 4 Analysis of Newspaper Research Report Paper HCS 438 Week 4 DQ 1 HCS 438 Week 4 DQ 2 HCS 438 Week 4 Quiz HCS 438 Week 5 Analysis of Data Reports in Published Journal- Please Add Own Images HCS 438 Week 5 Quiz ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ HCS 438 Week 2 Checkpoint Uses of Statistical Information For more classes visit www.snaptutorial.com hcs 438 week 2 checkpoint uses of statistical information ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ HCS 438 Week 2 Quiz For more classes visit www.snaptutorial.com HCS 438 Week 2 Quiz 1. In a Gallup poll of 1,038 adults, 540 said that second-hand smoke is very harmful. What is the percentage of adults who said second-hand smoke is very harmful? 2. The first class in a relative frequency table is 50-59 and the corresponding relative frequency is 0.2. What does the 0.2 value indicate? 3. When you add the values 3, 5, 8, 12, and 20 and then divide by the...
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...closely related and depend upon each other to insure relevancy. The subjects discussed by our team include the following: The steps in testing a research hypothesis * Comparing the means of two or more groups * Calculating the correlation between two variables * * Along with discussing the aforementioned topics, we were also given the task of highlighting both the aspects that were most understood and the most problematic issues contained within the three subjects. This body of work should serve as a summary of those highlighted parts discussed. * As stated earlier, the first topic we discussed was the steps in testing a research hypothesis. Everyone in Team C seemed to have a firm grasp of this concept. We broke down all the essential steps of testing a hypothesis and discussed them thoroughly. Beginning with the forming of a research question (or research hypothesis) and ending with the conclusion of your study and how to summarize your research. We did, however, spend a significant amount of time discussing the concept of the observed significance level (OSL), otherwise known as the P-Value. After much discussion and, we came to a general consensus that lower P-values are usually a strong indication not in favor of the null hypothesis. This hint helped our group to fully understand how p-values can be found and interpreted. Out of all the topics discussed, this one can be easily applied to everyday work. If I generated a research hypothesis...
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...2QA3 Group Project The Relationship between Canadian Income and Walmart’s Net Income! ! Friday, November 29, 2013! ! ! Surname Cai Mei Sun Ye Given Name Kaisi Yueli Xinran ShanShan Student Number 1219196 1214213 1224165 1234730 McMaster email caik@mcmaster.ca meiyl@mcmaster.ca sunxr@mcmaster.ca yes22@mcmaster.ca Contents! Executive Summary! Introduction! Literature Review! “Walmart always low price”! Project Work! Canadian average income from 2002 to 2011! Walmart’s income from 2002 to 2011! Comparing Canadian average income and Walmart’s income! Comparing Walmart with it’s competitor (Shoppers Drug Mart)! Hypothesis testing 1 (Walmart’s net income and average income)! ! i! 2! 3! 3! 4! 4! 4! 5! 6! 7! Hypothesis testing 2 (Walmart’s net income and it’s competitor’s income)!8! Result and Recommendation! Result! Discussion ! Recommendation! Conclusion! Appendix A! Appendix B! Appendix C! Appendix D! Appendix E! Notes! Bibliography! 10! 10! 11! 11! 12! 14! 16! 18! 20! 21! 22! 23! 2QA3 GROUP PROJECT ii Executive Summary! The retail giant, Walmart, has out beat all its competitors and gains a remarkable growth during the 2008 Great Recession. The further investigation has conducted to confirm the relationship between Walmart’s net income and Canadian average income. The results show that as percentage growth of Canadian average income decreases, the percentage growth of Walmart’s net income increases. It also determines that Walmart’s growth has...
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...Comparative research, simply put, is the act of comparing two or more things with a view to discovering something about one or all of the things being compared. This technique often utilizes multiple disciplines in one study. When it comes to method, the majority agreement is that there is no methodology peculiar to comparative research.[5] The multidisciplinary approach is good for the flexibility it offers, yet comparative programs do have a case to answer against the call that their research lacks a "seamless whole."[6] There are certainly methods that are far more common than others in comparative studies, however. Quantitative analysis is much more frequently pursued than qualitative, and this is seen by the majority of comparative studies which use quantitative data.[7][1][8][2] The general method of comparing things is the same for comparative research as it is in our everyday practice of comparison. Like cases are treated alike, and different cases are treated differently; the extent of difference determines how differently cases are to be treated. If one is able to sufficiently distinguish two carry the research conclusions will not be very helpful.[9] Secondary analysis of quantitative data is relatively widespread in comparative research, undoubtedly in part because of the cost of obtaining primary data for such large things as a country's policy environment. This study is generally aggregate data analysis. Comparing large quantities of data (especially government sourced)...
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...One of the most well-known dialogs of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland is Alice’s meeting with the Caterpillar. The Caterpillar’s iconic line of “who are you?” is a heavy question of identity. According to Merriam Webster’s Dictionary, identity is defined as “the condition of being the same with something described or asserted;” identity is purely derived from comparing two subjects. Attempting to describe one's self through comparisons is a difficult task; as no two people are identical. As shown through Alice in Wonderland, language cannot effectively describe an individual's identity. Alice’s identity is questioned and doubted, especially with the physical changes she experiences throughout the book. At the beginning of the story, Alice is an aloof schoolgirl who often acts without thinking of the consequences. This lack of foresight leads Alice into situations where she becomes uncertain of her own identity. Alice falls down the rabbit hole, “never once considering how in the world she was to get out again (Carroll 16).” Alice is confident in...
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