...Three Learning Perspectives. Cognitive- is a mental processes which includes the attention memory which produced. Language, learning, reasoning, problem solving and decision making. Cognitive is a different approaches from previous psychological. Accepts when you use scientific and rejects introspection. As a method of investigation. Not symbol approaches like Freudian psychology. Acknowledge the internal mental states, unlike behaviorist psychology. Early years critics said that empiricism of cognitive combined with acceptance mental states was contradictory. Cognition is a processing of information applying and changing preferences. It could be natural or artificial and conscious and unconscious. When you look at cognitive learning you have to understand how it works and how the children will learn from it. When you have students that need to understand who they work in groups and understanding things. When you look things over you need to make sure that students understand the lesson and how to do it. Cognitive Lesson Plan Content that is addressed in this lesson is about outer space. This lesson will teach the children how they can travel in any direction using basic locomotors skills with the understanding of space. Question: Which is easier to control in a group. How much space is need in a group to provide movement? Concepts and skills students master, During this time children will know about personal space and personal space in general. Evidence outcomes: ...
Words: 976 - Pages: 4
...A Comparison of Theorists Many of the greatest theorists of the past decade have helped form the foundation of knowledge. In this paper, this writer will compare two of the most talented theorists of the time. Abraham Maslow and B.F. Skinner are just two of the many theorists that have formed the organization in today’s classrooms. This paper will address the differences in the theories and the similarities. It will describe how each theory can be implemented in the learning environment of an early childhood classroom. Lastly, it will describe each theory that will be compared supported by research. Comparison of two Theories Operant Behavior Conditioning of Burrhus Frederic Skinner (1904-1990) BF Skinner renowned for his theory of Operant Behavior (Maslow and Skinner: n.d.). He is known for, his leadership in the field behavior modification through conditioning. This states that behavior is affected by the consequence that follows the behavior. This is a practice teachers, utilize in the classrooms every day as part of the classroom management process: if the behavior of the child or children is unacceptable, the consequence will not be favorable. If the behavior is positive, the consequences will also be positive. Really, Skinner's theory states that good behavior is reinforced while bad behavior is reprimanded (Maslow and Skinner, n.d.). Ultimately, Skinner believed that in order to change behavior there had to be a positive stimulus to reinforce that behavior. Added...
Words: 1324 - Pages: 6
...Running head: COMPARE AND CONTRAST CHART AND PAPER Compare and Contrast Chart and Paper Alice Dailey Grand Canyon University 313 N June 2, 2012 Module 5 Compare and Contrast Chart and Paper Comparison of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs with Skinner’s Behaviorist Theory |Issue |Maslow |Skinner | |Define Motivation |Maslow identifies two types of needs; deficiency |Skinner theory of motivation was stem between | | |needs and growth needs. People are motivated to |behavior and consequences. His theory used operant | | |satisfy needs at the lower of hierarchy before |conditioning in which reinforce and punishers shaped | | |seeking to satisfy those at the higher level needs. |behavior. | |How Motivation Changes |Maslow’s hierarchy of needs moves from basis to move |Skinner’s principles of motivation Practical | |For Elementary Versus |advance, from need to know to understanding, and the |reinforces: Elementary; reinforcement schedule, | |Secondary Students |desire to become all that one is capable of becoming.|reward students for desires behavior, motivate | | | |students to...
Words: 979 - Pages: 4
...Comparison of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs With Skinner’s Behaviorist Theory |Issue |Maslow |Skinner | |Define Motivation |Motivation arises from the desire to satisfy the |Motivation stems from the way behavior is rewarded- | | |basic needs, defined by Maslow as a hierarchy, moving|good behavior rewarded, bad behavior reprimanded | | |from physiological to self-actualization. | | |How Motivation Changes |Moves from basic to more advanced, from emotional |Work from simple to complex steps; | |For Elementary Versus |needs to more intellectual needs, the ability to |performance/feedback motivation and actualization | |Secondary Students |capture concepts that are more detailed, less static,|changes; amount of reward changes; kind and quality | | |and to analyze problems that have open-ended answers |of reward changes | |Similarities |Set of needs must be met, and to move to next level |Behavior affected by consequences; theory of operant | |/Differences |reward occurs; melding of layers of needs; primary |conditioning always manipulation of | | |human focus is establishing inner needs...
Words: 753 - Pages: 4
...This essay has 2462 words ‘Behaviourists explain maladaptive behaviour in terms of the learning principles that sustain and maintain it. Discuss this statement and show how a behaviourists approach to therapy is in stark contrast to a psychoanalytic one’ Behaviorism was originally founded by John B. Watson who believed that behavior had the means to be measured, trained and changed (1913) The Behavioural theory is firstly based on experiment and secondly by describing how human behaviour is learnt through principles and rules. Maladaptive behaviour is when an individual is unable to adjust to situations; psychologists use this term to describe patterns of emotional disturbance. Both behavioural and psychoanalytic psychologists use this in different ways. The behavioural theory is based on two main factors being biological drives such as primitive needs and sex drive and what is learnt. The three main principles in the behavioural theory are Stimuli, response and conditioning. Behaviour is believed to be a conditioned response to an environmental stimulus. Individuals are obliged to react to stimuli using their senses such as seeing and hearing. There are short lived unlearned behaviours such as suckling and unlearned grasping. Responses are overt and implicit, learned or unlearned. Response can be foreseen if stimuli are available and stimuli can be predicted from the response. Unlearned responses are automatic such as breathing heavily and perspiring when running. Unlearned...
Words: 2672 - Pages: 11
...Albert Bandura – Social Learning Theory Social Learning Theory is also called observational learning. This learning is proving that learning is a cognitive process that takes place in a social context and can occur purely through observation or direct instruction, even in the absence of motor reproduction or direct Albert Bandura says that people learn from 3 different strategies and they are; Observation, Imitation and modelling; a saying for this is ‘monkey see, monkey do’ because ‘children see’ and ‘children do’. This saying explains everything in 4 simple words. Bandura’s social learning theory explains human behaviour in cognitive, behavioural and environmental influences. Everyone and everything around us has an impact on how we all behave. Bandura particularly focused on how aggression progresses in children. Bandura says that childrens behaviour is influenced and learned by observing whats going on around them in the environment that they are in. Children also observe the way people behave around others and are influenced by them in good ways and bad ways, this is shown by the bobo doll experiment. Children are especially influenced by the role models in this society, at first they will observe everything they do such as their behaviour and further down the line they will start to copy what they do and reinact it themselves. Sometimes this could be a good thing sometime this could be a bad thing. He also looks at how we are affected by the rewards and punishments...
Words: 8024 - Pages: 33
...solely by money and employee behavior is linked to their attitudes (Dickson, 1973). The Hawthorne Studies began the human relations approach to management, whereby the needs and motivation of employees become the primary focus of managers (Bedeian, 1993). Motivation Theories Understanding what motivated employees and how they were motivated was the focus of many researchers following the publication of the Hawthorne Study results (Terpstra, 1979). Five major approaches that have led to our understanding of motivation are Maslow's need-hierarchy theory, Herzberg's two- factor theory, Vroom's expectancy theory, Adams' equity theory, and Skinner's reinforcement theory. According to Maslow, employees have five levels of needs (Maslow, 1943): physiological, safety, social, ego, and self- actualizing. Maslow argued that lower level needs had to be satisfied before the next higher level need would motivate employees. Herzberg's work categorized motivation into two factors: motivators and hygienes (Herzberg, Mausner, & Snyderman, 1959). Motivator or intrinsic factors, such as achievement and recognition, produce job satisfaction. Hygiene or extrinsic factors, such as pay and job security, produce job dissatisfaction. Vroom's theory is based on the belief that employee effort will lead to performance and performance will lead to...
Words: 2624 - Pages: 11
...solely by money and employee behavior is linked to their attitudes (Dickson, 1973). The Hawthorne Studies began the human relations approach to management, whereby the needs and motivation of employees become the primary focus of managers (Bedeian, 1993). Motivation Theories Understanding what motivated employees and how they were motivated was the focus of many researchers following the publication of the Hawthorne Study results (Terpstra, 1979). Five major approaches that have led to our understanding of motivation are Maslow's need-hierarchy theory, Herzberg's two- factor theory, Vroom's expectancy theory, Adams' equity theory, and Skinner's reinforcement theory. According to Maslow, employees have five levels of needs (Maslow, 1943): physiological, safety, social, ego, and self- actualizing. Maslow argued that lower level needs had to be satisfied before the next higher level need would motivate employees. Herzberg's work categorized motivation into two factors: motivators and hygienes (Herzberg, Mausner, & Snyderman, 1959). Motivator or intrinsic factors, such as achievement and recognition, produce job satisfaction. Hygiene or extrinsic factors, such as pay and job security, produce job dissatisfaction. Vroom's theory is based on the belief that employee effort will lead to performance and performance will lead to rewards (Vroom, 1964). Rewards may be either positive or negative. The more positive the reward the more likely the employee will be highly motivated. Conversely...
Words: 2591 - Pages: 11
...UNDERSTANDING EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION ABSTRACT The study examined the ranked importance of motivational factors of employees at The Ohio State University's Piketon Research and Extension Center and Enterprise Center. The hand-delivered descriptive survey addressed ten motivating factors in the context of employee motivation theory. Findings suggest interesting work and good pay are key to higher employee motivation. Carefully designed reward systems that include job enlargement, job enrichment, promotions, internal and external stipends, monetary, and non-monetary compensation should be considered. AUTHOR James R. Lindner Research and Extension Associate The Ohio State University Piketon Research and Extension Center Piketon, Ohio Internet address: lindner.16@osu.edu JOURNAL Journal of Extension www.joe.org June 1998 // Volume 36 // Number 3 // Research in Brief // 3RIB3 Introduction to Motivation At one time, employees were considered just another input into the production of goods and services. What perhaps changed this way of thinking about employees was research, referred to as the Hawthorne Studies, conducted by Elton Mayo from 1924 to 1932 (Dickson, 1973). This study found employees are not motivated solely by money and employee behavior is linked to their attitudes (Dickson, 1973). The Hawthorne Studies began the human relations approach to management, whereby the needs and motivation of employees become the primary focus of managers (Bedeian, 1993)...
Words: 2749 - Pages: 11
...ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR CHAPTER 1 1) ______________________ is the outcome of certain external and internal forces a) Human growth b) Human behavior c) Biological progress d) None of these 2) In the S O B model for human actions, S stands for a) Stimulus b) Situations c) Style d) Status 3) According to B J Kolasa, ____________ are processed at our _______________ and converted to appropriate responses a) Food products, stomach b) Acids, intestines c) Stimuli, brain d) None of the above 4) Basis of human behavior is motivation. a) True b) False 5) The _____________________________ defines heredity as ‘the process by which characteristics are given from a parent to a child through the genes.’ a) Oxford Dictionary b) Harvard texts c) Cambridge International Dictionary d) Webster’s Dictionary CHAPTER 2 6) _______________________ is defined as an interdisciplinary behavioral science, studying phenomenon related to dynamics of an organization and their various human science. a) Human psychology b) Organisation behavior c) Human relations d) Organisation dynamics 7) An organization as a unit consists of social, technical and economic sub-units which co-ordinate human and material resources to achieve its goals. a) Yes b) No 8) _______________________ is another term used to denote Organisation behavior. a) Behavior science b) Circumstantial response c) Human relations d) Social responsibility 9) “Human relations...
Words: 1199 - Pages: 5
...APPROACCH TO THERAPY IS IN STARK CONTRAST TO A PSYCHOANALYTIC ONE” Behaviourism is a movement within psychology that works on the principle that all behaviour is “learned” , that we were all born with a “blank slate”. Behavioural approaches use strict experimental measures to study observable behaviour ( or responses ) in relation to the environment, thus resulting in the maladaptive behavioural approaches that we employ to deal with our learning. Behaviourism was first developed in the early 20th century by an American psychologist John B Watson, who at the time was working in the field of animal psychology. He believed that all behaviour was observable and therefore scientific, and worked on the principle and study of the association between a stimulus and response. ( Watson did not deny the existence of inner experiences, but insisted that they could not be studied because they were not observable ) Watson’s stimulus and response theory of psychology claimed that all complex forms of behaviour – emotions, habits etc – are seen as composed of simple muscular and glandular elements that can be observed and measured, and that emotional reactions are learned in much the same way. Watson aimed to prove his beliefs with laboratory experiments, and one of these experiments was known as “ The Little Albert Experiment”. Little Albert was a small young boy of about 18 months of age , Young Albert would sit happily on the floor and play with a white rat. Young Albert did not like loud...
Words: 2813 - Pages: 12
...Motivation is a theoretical construct, used to explain behavior. It is the scientific word used to represent the reasons for our actions, our desires, our needs, etc. Motives are hypothetical constructs, used to explain why people do what they do. A motive is what prompts a person to act in a certain way or at least develop an inclination for specific behavior.[1] For example, when someone eats food to satisfy the need of hunger, or when a student does his/her work in school because they want a good grade. Both show a similar connection between what we do and why we do it. According to Maehr and Meyer, "Motivation is a word that is part of the popular culture as few other psychological concepts are".[2] Wikipedia readers will have a motive (or motives) for reading an article, even if such motives are complex and difficult to pinpoint. At the other end of the range of complexity, hunger is frequently the motive for seeking out and consuming food.Types of theories and models[edit] Motivation theories can be classified on a number of basis. Natural vs. Rational based on whether the underlying theory of human Cognition is based on natural forces (drives, needs, desires) or some kind of rationality (instrumentality, meaningfulness, self-identity). Content vs. Process based on whether the focus is on the content ("what") motivates vs process ("how") motivation takes place. Monist and pluralistic motivational theories[edit] A class of theories about why people do things seeks...
Words: 8883 - Pages: 36
... | Nearly all the conscious behavior of human being is motivated. The internal needs and drives lead to tensions, which in turn result into actions. The need for food results into hunger and hence a person is motivated to eat. A manager requires to create and maintain an environment in which individuals work together in groups towards the accomplishment of common objectives. A manager cannot do a job without knowing what motivates people. The building of motivating factors into organizational roles, the staffing of these roles and the entire process of leading people must be built on a knowledge of motivation. It is necessary to remember that level of motivation varies both between individuals and within individuals at different times. Today in the increasingly competitive environment maintaining a highly motivated workforce is the most challenging task. The art of motivation starts by learning how to influence the behavior of the individual. This understanding helps to achieve both, the individual...
Words: 4459 - Pages: 18
...Motivation in the Healthcare Environment HCA 310 Health Care Strategic Management Introduction “Many business managers today are not aware of the effects that motivation can (and does) have on their business, and it is therefore important they learn and understand the factors that determine positive motivation in the workplace.” (ROK connect unlimited 2006) Why is this important? Motivated employees are needed in our rapidly changing workplaces to help organizations survive. Motivated employees are more productive which can help maintain efficiency. It takes hard work and insight to motivate employees to join the company, perform well and stay with the company. To be effective, managers need to understand what motivates employees within the context of the roles they perform. Of all the functions a manager performs, motivating employees is arguably the most complex and important. (Dunham 2004) This is due, in part, to the fact that what motivates employees changes constantly. For example, research suggests that as employees' income increases, money becomes less of a motivator and as employees get older, interesting work becomes more of a motivator. (Dunham 2004) This paper attempts to look at theories of motivation, determine what implications they have on the healthcare industry and demonstrate why it is such an important consideration for managers. Why is motivation important? “Employee motivation has a direct impact on a health services organization’s...
Words: 3053 - Pages: 13
...Abstract This study aims to advance our understanding of motivation at work and examines its effects on intrapraneurship and competitive performance in the high tech companies by reinterpreting the existing literature regarding motivation and conducting an empirical study to see the relationship. 1. Motivation in the Workplace 1.1. Work Motivation 1.2.1. Its Definition and Importance Motivation, in its broadest sense, is the force that drives behaviour. It is the act of stimulating someone or oneself to get desired course of action, push the right button to attain desired goals. Motivation is the reason for people to do a specific behaviour or make a decision. Each decision or choice has its own set of determinants, only employee motivation in the work context and its impacts will be elaborated in this paper. Motivation is always a goal-oriented process. It is a crucial factor in the accomplishment of company goals; by work motivation, employees are induced and energized towards company goals through a specific way. As Craig Pinder stated in his book “Work motivation in organizational behaviour” in 1998, work motivation is a set of energetic forces that originate both within as well as beyond an individual’s being, to initiate work-related behaviour and to determine its form, direction, intensity, and duration. Motivation at work is a crucial determinant of work performance. In general, productivity depends on 3 things: resources...
Words: 9202 - Pages: 37
