...In “The Short Supply of Tall People: Competitive Imbalance and the National Basketball Association” (2005), Berri, Brook, Frick, Fenn and Vicente-Mayoral try to provide an explanation for whether a “short supply of tall people is a factor that drives the persistent level of competitive imbalance found in the NBA” (p. 1030). Through testing this hypothesis, the authors attempt to offer a broader view on competitive imbalance in sports, as the traditional literature has generally focused on “only one sport at a time and argued that the distribution of wins is a factor within the reach of league policy” (Berri et al., 2005, p. 1037). To improve the distribution of wins within the league, the institutions have imposed a number of rules, including...
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...GENERAL Chapter 6 covers the collective bargaining process used by pro sports leagues and player unions to structure player-ballclub relations. The main point of collective bargaining in sports is: (1) relates to the division of revenue between owners and player; (2) the desire of the parties to assure competitive balance and keep general health of the league and its market opportunity. B. COLLECTIVE BARGAINING - GENERALLY: Is a process by which a group of workers of an industry bargain or negotiate as a collective whole (unit) with the management to determine the working conditions, benefits, and salaries of the industry. Governed by: Nation Labor Relations Act. PLAYING FOR DOLLARS: LABOR RELATIONS AND THE SPORTS BUSINESS 7-13 (1996) Sports Industry Model – three main participants in the relations’ function are government, management, and labor; government’s role is primarily the regulator of the other two parts. Government: Federal Government regulates with its 3 branches, National Labor Relations Act of 1935 is framework, NLR Board and federal courts interpret and apply the law to collective bargaining, strikes, and antitrust policy – substantial effects on sports industry ♠Management: Operate through league structures and team ownership, provides for the planning, supervision, and control of corporate enterprise decisions. ♠Labor: Refers to players and their unions. The objective of the sports union is to promote its effectiveness in collective bargaining. In Achieving...
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... NAZARETH Table of Content Executive Summary ………………………… 1. Introduction ………………………………………………………………… 2. Situation Analysis 2.1. Macro Environment Analysis 2.2. South African Sports footwear /casual Industry Competitive Analysis ………… 2.2.1. Industry Analysis 2.2.1.1 Market Size 2.2.1.2. Market Growth 2.2.2. Industry Competitive Analysis 2.2.2.1. Competitive Forces Analysis …………………………… 2.2.2.2. Driving forces Analysis ……………………………… 2.2.3. Market Position 2.2.4. Industry Key Success Factors 2.3. New Balance South Africa company analysis 2.3.1. Performance Evaluation… 2.3.2. Resource Strength and Weakness. 2.4. Market Opportunities and Threats 3. SWOT analysis ………………………………… 3.1. Discussion and Conclusion-…………………………………………… 3.2. Strategic Actions…………………………………………… 4. Price and Cost Competitiveness of New Balance South Africa 5. Strategic Issues 6. Conclusion and Recommendation …………………………………………… 7. Implementation Plan References Annex Executive Summary Introduction 2. Situation Analysis...
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...1. Introduction Walter C. Neale’s (1964) exposition of ‘the peculiar economics of sports’ helped to focus attention upon two important and closely related themes in the economic analysis of professional team sports. The first theme concerns an adequate economic conception of sporting leagues and the second concerns a clear statement of the ‘uncertainty of outcome hypothesis’. More specifically, Neale made the first attempt to define a sporting league in economic terms and argued that leagues were examples of multi-plant monopolies being singly responsible for the administration of sports. For example, a team cannot determine its own output level (as measured by the number of games). That depends on how many teams the league admits and on how many times the league decrees teams play one another during the season. For Neale (1964), a central reason why leagues emerged as monopolies was the ‘Louis-Schmelling Paradox’. Along with Rottenberg (1956), this was one of the first formal statements of the uncertainty of outcome hypothesis, which states that sports-fan interest is greatest when sporting competition is at its most intense. While each team strives to outperform its competitors, both on the field and financially, the league’s survival depends on the maintenance of a competitive balance. In sports, every act of production requires the presence of an opponent – hence the paradox. In contrast to Neale, Sloane (1971), in an analysis of European football, argued that a sporting league...
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...| Biomechanics of Cricket | | | | | | Cricket is a worldwide sport which incorporates many features of biomechanics at both a competitive and social level. Biomechanics is the area of study which concerns the internal and external forces and the effects produced by these forces. Biomechanics plays a significant role in all aspects of the sport cricket such as of the game such as batting, fielding and bowling. The sport of cricket dates back to the sixteenth century and has developed significantly throughout all aspects of the game. The central theme of biomechanics is based on balance and stability; these factors play an extremely important role in the skills and ability of the wicket keeper. Biomechanics can positively or negatively affect technique development and help reduce injury which must personally be considered by the cricket bowler. Understanding the biomechanics of cricket can aid in equipment design which can improve or weaken how the batsmen strikes the cricket ball. Biomechanics in cricket plays a very important role in the overall quality and complexity of the game. Cricket originated in the sixteenth century and was often enjoyed by people of royalty. It was initially introduced as a game of pleasure, however was soon also played for competition. The first recorded cricket match took place in Kent, United Kingdom in 1646 and, by the late sixteen century fines were often handed out for those missed church to play. In 1706 William Goldwyn...
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...Sport Development and Performance Training Plan Sit Siu Kai Kenny HKU SPACE Po Leung Kuk Community College Sport and Recreation Management (Year 1) Training Plan Part1 Athlete Name: Lin Dan Gender: Male Age: 28 Sport: badminton Height: 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) Weight: 70 kg (150 lb; 11 st) Country: China He is top five badminton player in the world. Training Stage It is obviously for performance. The plan will train the athlete to perform on the international games. Competition Goal Date of the competition: 27 July 2012 The goal of the athlete is getting the gold medal and fame. Competition event: (the Olympic game) Periodization We will use Double Periodization to train the athlete for the competition. It can help the athlete to develop quickly and effectively. Part 2 Musculoskeletal Component General Preparatory Phase We will provide a basic training to build up relative strength, dynamic flexibility and do specific fitness for example jumping, push-up, sit up and aerobic running such more to retain the quality of the athlete. Special Preparatory Phase We try to build up relative strength endurance, speed and maintain the flexibility and strength; Doing specific fitness like weighting training on footage in the gym room and some footwork training. Pre-Competitive Phase The athlete needs to develop the power and the power endurance also keeps the flexibility, strength endurance and speed. We will provide some system for Lin to retain...
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...Is Cheerleading a Sport? Cheerleading is like the planet Pluto. Many people believe that Pluto is no longer a planet, but others disagree. Just like cheerleading, many people think it is a sport, but others also disagree. When someone sees pluto as a dwarf planet, they don’t consider it to be an actual planet. Cheerleading is often mistaken as not a sport because it is not an olympic sport. Just because an object is missing an element, doesn’t mean it should be considered something different. Cheerleading is a sport; cheer teams compete in national competitions, cheer training is long and hard, and cheer has been considered a olympic sport. When someone brings up cheerleading, many people picture in their minds girls cheering at a basketball,...
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...In a debate with public athletics and private athletics, recruitment is the largest issue. Also, athletes in public schools start sports a lot later than private schools. Splitting schools and the way you split them has been talked about my tons of experts. Colleges could also be affected by decisions made. Funding is another large issue that comes about in the debate. Comparing enrollment is a very controversial argument as well. The last argument is private schools have to travel very far during tournament time. In all, private schools should not be in the same athletic division as public schools. Recruitment is the process of finding the best individuals academically and athletically to attend your school that may come from another district. This is such a hot topic because private schools can recruit top athletes and top students, and public schools cannot recruit. Public schools have to accept any athlete or student in their district-they have no control over their enrollment, as private schools do. Individuals are attending private schools for sports, not academics. “That’s why I keep telling members we can’t look at it as a public vs. private school issue,” he said. “We have to look at an open enrollment (recruitment) too.” (“Wisconsin Class War”). To solve the recruitment, experts...
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...Revenue sharing is a factor that affects the management of professional sports. It is often used in sports as a way to improve competitive balance among member organizations despite varying economic conditions and market capacities. Every league acknowledges that the purpose of revenue sharing is to allow a closer range of payroll spending that might otherwise not be accomplished, preventing large market teams from controlling the allocation of high-priced free agents (Kesenne, 2006). Television rights and licensing agreements play a huge role in revenue sharing. The National Football League and CBS created a revenue sharing model that included televising all regular season games for an annual fee of $4.65 million and by 2014 the NFL earned a share of $4.9 billion (Stone, 2015). Often times, the media exploits financial figures that are included within the revenue sharing agreement. The National Football League teams share more than sixty one percent of total revenues generated by the league which lends itself to good business. The NFL also shares ticket and merchandise revenues with all teams except for the Dallas Cowboys which keeps revenue generated from merchandise sales and does not receive any from the other thirty-one teams (Kesenne, 2006). Each of the NFL franchises retain suite, club seating and sponsor revenues from naming rights and other properties. In 2014, the NFL generated $10 billion in revenue and is projected to generate up to $25 billion in 2025 (Stone...
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...Some people believe that in sports that the good outweighs the bad, but in reality there is a negative impact on mental health, and stress. Distress can cause many bad things for the body, it can cause stress for not only the participant but their families, and families/peers can also add stress. I know that many people believe that sports have a good impact on younger kids and teach them many life lessons, but in this piece I will be talking about the negative impacts that competitive sports put on kids. One reason why I think that kids should not participate in competitive sports or have to try out to compete in sports is it can add a lot of stress to the participant which is not healthy. Distress is when you can’t ever really reach...
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...Problem Statement Two of New Balance main competitors, size and product wise, Adidas and Reebok, recently announced their intention of merging. Together, they become a counterweight large enough to rival with Nike, the world’s dominant player in athletic footwear and apparel. The Davises, sole owners of New Balance, know that this transaction will have an impact on the industry and their business. They wonder how to react to ensure long-term business profitability and whether they should adjust the company’s priorities in light of the changing competitive landscape. New Balance wants to grow and needs to find the appropriate strategy to effectively support this endeavour. At the same time, the company’s leaders wish to remain committed to its core values, philosophy and heritage. The athletic footwear industry is very competitive and each player tries to differentiate itself from the rest of the pack. Although New Balance produces cutting-edge, high performance running shoes, their style, or lack of, plays against them. The market has evolved since the successful introduction of its iconic 990 running shoe, and more and more people are now wearing sneakers for casual purposes. The Adidas-Reebok merger will certainly have consequences on the industry. Many stakeholders, including New Balance’s own employees, will soon begin to ask questions about the company’s response. In order to secure its assets, the Davises must quickly determine how to tackle the situation and capture...
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...1. In a symmetric model, team 1 and team 2 would invest money until they reach Nash equilibrium and their profits are maximized. Since this model is a symmetric model, both teams have the same incentive to win and therefore at equilibrium it can be assumed that win% for team 1 will equal the win% for team 2. Knowing these givens and the equation given, profits for team 1 can be found as followed: π1 = Vw1 – t1 → V(2-g)/4 π1 = (500)(2-.5)/4 π1 = 187.5 The profit can then be plugged back into the initial equation to determine team 1’s investment: π1 = Vw1 – t1 The win percentages for both teams will be .5 because .5 + .5 = 100% in a symmetric model 187.5 = 500(.5) – t1 t1= 62.5 Since this is a symmetric model, it is assumed that the investments and profits for team 1 will equal team 2’s investments and profits. π1 = π2 187.5 = π2 t1 = t2 62.5 = t2 2. For model 1, profits are larger when g=1/2 because the investments made by both teams are lower and therefore π1 = Vw1 – t1 will result in higher profits. The reason team 1 and team 2’s investments will be lower is because there is less incentive to invest when the advantage for investing goes down, as it does with a lower sensitivity parameter. A lower g (sensitivity parameter) means that teams need to investment less to yield a higher win%. The following graph shows the difference in profits for g=1 and g= ½: 3. To calculate the Nash equilibrium for an asymmetric...
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...Analysis - Prince Sports, Inc. Quick and fast changes in an environmental market place such as social growth (globalization and the growth of social networks), economic instability (crises), industrial progress, fast growing competitive world and firm marketing regulatory mainly have an effect on the work of most of marketing companies or marketing and brand image divisions of the companies. In order to put into practice a winning marketing plan or a boost in sales and customer awareness companies have to stay in pace with the new marketing environment and take into thought every likely detail that might help out or ruin the image of a company or product. This case study will examine the marketing principle and vision in the background of Prince Sports, Inc. The main emphasis of the case study is Prince Sports, Inc segmentation and positioning. Prince Sports is a racquet sports company, their brands includes Prince (tennis, badminton, and squash), Viking (platform/paddle tennis), and Ektelon (racquetball). Its whole line of tennis products alone is quite remarkable: more than 150 racquet models; greater than 50 tennis strings; in excess of 50 footwear models; and numerous sorts of bags, attire and additional accessories. (Marketing, Eleventh Edition, Kerin, p.239). With the rise of the interest to tennis among different demographics Prince Sports perceived a necessity to target every possible type of consumer. Being in business from 1970 Prince Sports, Inc noticed the...
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...What NCAA Sport requires its participants to have the skills of so many different athletes? What athletes need to have the ability to flip his or her own weight, be super flexible, and even be able to pick up another human being at least 20 feet off the ground. Cheerleaders are these athletes who have to do all of things, but do not get recognized as an actual sport. In a huge arena filled with thousands of screaming fans, hundreds of anxious athletes, and thousands of some overly involved parents; and a huge national title at stake describes the weekly scenario for a competitive cheerleader. Many people like to say that cheerleading could never be a sport because all they do is cheer on other male-dominated sports right? Yet, this is not...
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...Introduction The advent of revenue sharing and salary caps has revolutionized the business of professional sports. The National Football League implemented these concepts in order to promote competitive balance. Theoretically, revenue sharing is supposed to encourage equal distribution of wealth so as to not concentrate top-talent players to the teams with the most resources. In so doing, its practice should work to ensure that there is equal competition among small and large market teams. Also, by enacting a salary cap, larger market teams are prevented from monopolizing talent. Through a series of collective bargaining agreements and lawsuits, there has been a movement in the NFL toward benefiting both the players and owners. The NFL is the most successful professional sports league in the country. This is in large part due to its ability to run efficiently as a business and promote competition as a sport. In this paper, we examine the historical significance of the progressive collective bargaining agreements and how its changes have effected players and owners of teams in the league. We also examine the components of revenue-sharing and the salary cap implemented through the NFL’s CBA and their significance in promoting competitive balance. Historical Analysis of the Salary Cap and CBA The National Football League has undergone many changes since its inception in the 1920s. Early in the development of the National Football League, there was competition among teams in...
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