...Policing has always been a very difficult topic to discuss specially when the public are the ones that get affected the most. Over the years there has been many different strategies to be able to deter crime and to be able to clean the streets of New York. However, not every approach that has been implemented has been a success for instance the intelligence-led policing model. There is also the Compstat model which has also been implemented and has made better results in different aspects in policing. Although, I think Compstat has a better approach than the intelligence led policing. Compstat is a combination of management philosophy and organizational management tools for police departments. Compstat focuses on organizational strategies that...
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...Predictive Policing Mitchell S. Zellner Dr. Kimberly Anthony, Ph.D. CIS 500 April 15, 2012 In the half past century, four policing models of law enforcement have been employed in order to prevent and reduce crime rates. The four policing models are called professional-policing era model, community policing model, intelligence-led policing (ILP), and predictive-policing model. Professional era model started in the 1960s where the strategy focus was on random patrol, rapid response, and reactive investigation. The highest priority was on rapid response time. Although this model was considered successful, there were major drawbacks. The social interaction between law officials and citizens was non-existent. Law enforcement agents had become totally dependent on technology rather than involving citizens to assist with problem solving. This model was replaced with the community policing model. This model began around the 1990s where it focused on partnership, problem solving, and prevention. The goal was to reestablish ties between law enforcement agencies and their respective communities. Together the two parties could implement strategies that would examine and resolve any major issues or concerns in the community, but most importantly regain the trust between the two entities. The 9/11 terrorist attack on the United States led to the emergence of the ILP. The Patriot Act in combination with the forming of the Homeland Security Agency was a direct result of the attacks....
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...Predictive Policing: Fighting Crime Using Information Technology Andrew E. Carrington III Strayer University Abstract The days of a police department’s dependency on random patrol techniques alone to fight crime are a thing of the past. Police departments across the United States have begun to use a strategy known as COMPSTAT (computer statistics). COMPSTAT is an extremely successful crime analysis and law enforcement management process developed by the New York Police Department. COMPSTAT uses Geographic Information Systems to map the locations of where crimes occur. The application of information technology has enabled countless police departments across the United Stated to reduce crime. This method known as predictive policing has led to a decrease in several crimes such as automobile thefts, robberies, and burglaries. Predictive Policing: Fighting Crime Using Information Technology Using statistics and analytical data to predict criminal activity has become standard practice in several police departments throughout the United States. This type of policing is known as predictive policing. Police and the use of information technology (IT) have received interest from a wide research community. One advantage of the predictive policing and the information systems are they allow for the police to respond to the crime much faster. Predictive policing also involves threats and weaknesses as the transition is attempted to bridge the gap between traditional policing methods...
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...5/2/2012 Police Innovations American policing over the last three decades has gone through many changes and innovations. Police and researchers try to create innovations in order to prevent or reduce crime. Following the white flight and the development of suburban towns, police started to switch from their standard practices to improve their procedures. This paper will explain and compare ten police innovations in order to show how police officers and researchers work to reduce crime. These innovations include problem-oriented policing, community policing, “broken windows” policing, Compstat, hot spots policing, “pulling levers” policing, evidence-based policing, third party policing, Intelligence-led policing, and predictive policing. In addition, it will contain a personal recommendation of which reform police agencies should implement. The paper will explain specific examples on how this reform will be helpful to police agencies. Police and scholars work to enhance reforms vigorously in order to decrease crime, assist with community needs, and prevent further delinquency. Certain police reforms provide more decision-making power to the individual beat officer, and problem-oriented police gives vast amounts of discretion to them. Problem oriented policing (POP) is a logical way of looking at the problem in policing. The POP reform works to understand and analyze crime and policing tactics to try to prevent the crime or at least manage to slow the frequency of the crime...
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...perpetrators. Predictive policing, or programs such as COMPSTAT, is taking data from disparate sources, analyzing them and then using the results to anticipate, prevent and respond more effectively to future crime. “The predictive vision moves law enforcement from focusing on what will happen and how to effectively deploy resources in front of the crime, thereby changing outcomes,” writes Charlie Beck, chief of the Los Angeles Police Department (Predictive Policing: The Future of Law Enforcement, NIJ, 2012). Community policing is the practice that emphasizes foot patrols that allow officers to develop relationships on their beats and thereby lets the community help set law enforcement priorities. Both practices show police presence and patrolling in the communities, however, programs like COMPSTAT that use statistical data only gives part of the picture. Even though the application of IT in policing can help to reduce crime in targeted areas based on the data provided, any data-driven approach to a problem results in the lack of understanding of an issue as a whole. Community policing offers the officers the opportunity to understand the “why” of crime rather than the simple “what, where and how often” that the COMPSTAT data offers. It requires change from traditional to strong strategically set methods combined with better intelligence. This initially led to the innovation of predictive policing in 1994 by NYPD. This paved way for evolution of COMPSTAT (Computer Statistics)...
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...The CompStat Model According to University of Maryland, CompStat was established in 1994 as a data management model in N.Y.P.D (New York Police Department). Over the years the model has been credited with increasing the quality of life and decreasing the crime rates in New York City and other cities. Its success has seen other states across the U.S to widely embrace it (Weisburd and Mastrofski, 2003). In this light, this paper seeks to discourse constructs of policing and their performance, in regard to traditional and contemporary strategic frameworks used by New York and Los Angeles Police Department. CompStat is defined as a management process within a performance model that analyzes crime data in a timely manner in order to identify crime patterns and solve the problems (Weisburd and Mastrofski, 2003). Based on the framework, responses are implemented through rapid use of resources which in this case the deployment of law enforcers. In addition, the framework encompasses an accountability structure that ensures the crime data analysis is acted upon, and consequently, the responses correctly implemented. The assessment also identifies the effectiveness of the CompStat model in reducing the levels of crime in the city (Weisburd and Mastrofski, 2003). The four strategies that guide the implementation of the framework include; timely and accurate intelligence, effective plan tactics of the law enforcers, rapid deployment, and a follow-up assessment. The N.Y.P.D and the...
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...Assignment 1: Predictive Policing marta dawit CIS 500 October 15, 2013 Predictive policing is the application of logical techniques particularly measureable technique to identify likely goal for police interference crime or successfully past crimes by making statistical predictions. The use of statistical and geospatial analyses to forecast crime levels has been around for decades. Since having happened not long years, however, there has been a surge of interest in diagnostic tools that draw on very large data sets to make predictions in reinforce of crime prevention. These tools constantly increase police departments’ confidence on information technology (IT) to collect, maintain, and analyze those data sets, however. These analytical tools, and the IT that supports them strongly, are largely developed by and for the commercial world. In addition Most Universities and technology companies have created computer programs IT based on private-sector models of forecasting consumer behavior. Businesses use predictive analytics to determine sales plans. For example, take one of the bigger company like BJS analyzes weather patterns to determine what it stocks in stores, bottled water, overstocking duct tape, and strawberry Pop-Tarts before major weather events. The first two items are expected, but the Pop-Tarts represent a non-obvious relationship. These relationships are uncovered through statistical analyses of previous customer purchases during similar major weather events...
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...police departments’ performance to reduce crime versus random patrols of the streets. Information Technology and Performance optimization of Police department Increase in crime rate, which is widespread demands policing to be proactive rather than reactive. It requires change from traditional to strong strategically methods combined with better intelligence. This initially led to the innovation of predictive policing in 1994 by NYPD. NIJ defines Predictive Policing as “taking data from disparate sources, analyzing them and then using the results to anticipate, prevent and respond more effectively to future crime” This paved way for evolution of COMPSTAT (Computer Statistics) which used all crime related data as its input to anticipate a crime. (Willis, J., et al, 2004) Traditional methods include random patrolling which has limited ability to identify crime because patrolling entire location may not be possible. This would involve additional Police personnel and lot of time. Accurate anticipation, timely targeted action and reduce resources for random patrolling turns into achievable goals. 2. Describe how COMPSTAT, as an information system (IS), implements the four (4) basic IS functions: Input - Data gathering process which is building block of COMPSTAT comprises of information compiled from variety of sources like police incidents, arrest reports, suspect debriefing, telephone calls, and field interview reports. Pushing the inputs to Incident Reporting System...
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...storing, retrieving, analyzing raw data and transforming it into information in a timely and efficient manner. This paper focuses on law enforcement agencies and the implementation of Information Technology to optimize their ability to predict and reduce crime through predictive policing. Predictive policing is the usage of statistical information and analytical techniques used to identify potential offenders and crime hot spots and aid in crime prevention. Predictive policing allows law enforcement agencies to become less reactive and more proactive by predicting and preventing crime before it happens. Predictive policing is attracting increasing attention from law enforcement agencies around the country as departments struggle to fight crime at a time when budgets are being slashed (Goode, 2011). An innovation technology in predictive policing is a computer statistic or comparative statistic model known as COMPSTAT. COMPSTAT is a multifaceted dynamic approach to crime prevention, quality of life improvement, and personnel and resource management. COMPSTAT is an information system that identifies established and emerging crime trends for the efficient use of resources to target those trends. The COMPSTAT system represents one method of utilizing and making effective use of existing computerized data. The process revolves around periodic meetings in which senior police officials and area commanders discuss crime trends and what police strategies and tactics are being used to address...
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...information pitfalls, and allows for faster and easier access to relevant information. Predictive policing focuses on developing, managing, and operating an integrated information infrastructure; thus avoiding one of the largest IT pitfalls of any organization: having information isolated with departments. Information needs to be cross-functional and readily accessible. Multiple information sources need to be merged into police analytical systems. Lack of information sharing can prevent effective data-analysis and hinder investigations. Keywords: CompStat, Predictive Policing, Information Systems, ISIT, networking, infrastructure, data analysis, crime prevention, criminal justice Compare and contrast the application of information technology (IT) to optimize police departments’ performance to reduce crime versus random patrol of the streets. To effectively compare and contrast the application of Information Technology (IT) in optimizing police departments’ performance related to crime reduction versus random street patrols, it is important to understand what information technology police have available. ‘Predictive Policing’ refers to “any policing strategy or tactic that develops and uses information and advanced analysis to inform forward-thinking crime prevention” (Morgan, Predictive Policing Symposium: The Future of Prediction in Criminal Justice, 2009). Predictive policing focuses on: (1) integrating information and operations, (2) seeing the big picture, (3) cutting-edge...
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...criminal justice system has evolved since ancient times, with new forms of punishment, added rights for offenders and victims, and policing reforms. These developments have reflected changing customs, political ideals, and economic conditions. In ancient times through the Middle Ages, exile was a common form of punishment. During the Middle Ages, payment to the victim (or the victim's family), known as wergild, was another common punishment, including for violent crimes. For those who could not afford to buy their way out of punishment, harsh penalties included various forms of corporal punishment. These included mutilation, branding, and flogging, as well as execution. Though a prison, Le Stinche, existed as early as the 14th century in Florence, Italy,[18] incarceration was not widely used until the 19th century. Correctional reform in the United States was first initiated by William Penn, towards the end of the 17th century. For a time, Pennsylvania's criminal code was revised to forbid torture and other forms of cruel punishment, with jails and prisons replacing corporal punishment. These reforms were reverted, upon Penn's death in 1718. Under pressure from a group of Quakers, these reforms were revived in Pennsylvania toward the end of the 18th century, and led to a marked drop in Pennsylvania's crime rate. Patrick Colquhoun, Henry Fielding and others led significant reforms during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.[19] [edit] Modern policeThe first modern...
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...MANAGING CRIME AND QUALITY OF LIFE USING COMPSTAT: SPECIFIC ISSUES IN IMPLEMENTATION AND PRACTICE By Dr. Vincent E. Henry* I. INTRODUCTION The highly effective management model or paradigm that has come to be known as Compstat was first developed within the New York Police Department in 1994 as a process for managing crime and quality of life in New York City. Compstat was developed in response to a very specific set of immediate needs confronting the NYPD at that time: the compelling need to bring spiralling rates of crime and disorder to within manageable bounds and to refocus the NYPD on its primary mission of effectively ensuring public safety by reducing crime and violence. Since its introduction in early 1994, Compstat has proven to be highly effective in achieving the goals for which it was initially intended. Over time it has also evolved and grown from a basic and fairly rudimentary process involving the collection and analysis of crime data as well as a mechanism for ensuring accountability and information-sharing into a more complex, more nuanced, and eminently more effective management paradigm. As Compstat grew and changed over time, so too did the issues and problems challenging the NYPD. As crime and public disorder offences declined to within more manageable limits, the agency had the luxury of turning its attention to a range of other management problems and issues. While reducing crime and disorder and increasing public safety have never lost their prominence...
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...500 Assignment 1 Predictive Policing CIS 500 Assignment 2: 4G Wireless Networks CIS 500 Assignment 3 Mobile Computing and Social Networking CIS 500 Assignment 4 Data Mining CIS 500 Term Paper Mobile Computing and Social Networks CIS 500 Assignment 1 Predictive Policing Click link Below To Download: http://strtutorials.com/CIS-500-Assignment-1-Predictive-Policing-CIS5001.htm In 1994, the New York City Police Department adopted a law enforcement crime fighting strategy known as COMPSTAT (COMPuter STATistics). COMPSTAT uses Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to map the locations of where crimes occur, identify “hotspots”, and map problem areas. COMPSTAT has amassed a wealth of historical crime data. Mathematicians have designed and developed algorithms that run against the historical data to predict future crimes for police departments. This is known as predictive policing. Predictive policing has led to a drop in burglaries, automobile thefts, and other crimes in some cities. Write a four to five (45) page paper in which you Compare and contrast the application of information technology (IT) to optimize police departments’ performance to reduce crime versus random patrols of the streets. Describe how COMPSTAT, as an information system (IS), implements the four (4) basic IS functions Input Processing Output Feedback Determine how information systems have allowed police departments that implement tools such as COMPSTAT to respond to crime faster...
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...The policing originated in 1982 when criminologists George Kelling and James Wilson wrote an article titled "Broken Windows" in the "Atlanta Monthly." In their article, the authors equated crime to a neglected broken window in need of repair. When the window is left unrepaired, it is subjected to vandalism as it sends a message that the building owners and the police cannot control minor crimes (Brandon & Kelling, 2015). In the same way when minor crimes like begging, vandalism and graffiti are left unchecked by those concerned in authority, then the situation produces a community surrounding where crimes will prevail. Criminals will feel that as they can get away with minor crimes they can also get away with committing serious offenses. The...
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...Police Operations Name Police Operations Law enforcement agencies throughout the country are active in numerous activities and operations. Law enforcement at all three levels varies in labels, operations, authority, and jurisdiction. It’s interesting to consider that the different levels of law enforcement don’t necessarily cooperate with each other. Considering that all the levels of law enforcement have the same overall goal and face the same crimes, weapons, and technology advances, then it’s understandable that they actually should cooperate with each other. The Dangers of policing Danger is something that all police officers must face at some point in their career. In particular, the greatest danger for police officers is physical harm. At any given time, a police officer is at risk to be attacked or assaulted from a criminal. Then, there are the added dangers when officers lack sufficient backup. However, officers are trained to measure situations so they he/she does not go into a situation without the sufficient support or knowledge. Regardless, there still exist those situations in which an ordinary police procedure can escalate quickly. For example, a traffic cop can stop somebody for a traffic violation then have to face a violent or threatening individual when trying to issue a ticket. Furthermore, there are dangers at a lower scale than physical harm. There are dangers related to stress and issues in the personal lives of...
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