...Md. Mostafizur Rahman Roll No.152 01 2015, 3rd Semester LLM, Department of Law Green University of Bangladesh INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS IN STATISTICS TOTAL IDP IN GLOBE IN THE YEAR 2014: 38 MILLION 6.5 M 5.7 M 3.3 M 2.9 M 2.4 M Syria Colombia Nigeria DRC Sudan 2.1 M 1.1 M Iraq Somalia Who are INTERNERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS? INTERNATIONAL LEGAL REGIME SUPREMACY OF THE STATE’S SOVEREIGNTY Position of International Law and authority in this regard is blurry and confusing. INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS As such, no binding instrument could be made in this regard. TRAIL OF AMBIVALENT INTERNATIONAL EFFORTS TO ADDRESS IDPs 1940 Greece suggested to extend International help to IDPs, but No mechanism could be made to implement the same. UN Regime ELEANOR ROOSVELT articulated power and authority of UN only to Refugees, not IDPs. 1992 UN Secretary Boutros Gali appointed Francis Deng as his representative for IDPs. He collected and reviewed scattered international provisions in regards to IDPs which is known as GUIDING PRINCIPLES ON INTERNAL DISPLACEMENT, which defines IDPs. DEFINITION OF IDPs IN THE GUIDING PRINCIPLES OF UN “Persons or group of persons> who have been forced or > obliged > to flee or > to leave their homes or habitual residence, In particular as a result of or in order to avoid the effects of• armed conflict, • situations of generalized violence • violations of human rights or • natural of human made disasters, and Who have not crossed an internationally...
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...Afro-Colombians of Colombia Afro-Colombians are a unique group of people. They’re Colombians with african ancestry. If you ask them this though you might get a different response. A large portion of Afro-Colombians view themselves as just Colombians, as it they should. Black Colombians usually don’t identify as African because they just rather use skin color to justify their races, via shades of white and black. That being said Colombian is the owner of the largest population outside of Africa and the second largest in latin america after brazil. There is a huge injustice to Afro-Colombians.Slavery may have been abolished in 1851, but Afro-Colombians are still feeling the hate as if a few years had gone by after abolition. Afro-Colombians are mainly located on the pacific coast, they are highly concentrated in areas that are mainly focus on farming, cattle herding, and mining. Because of the uses of the land that the Afro-Colombians the areas that they are often found living in terrible conditions due to the fact that the region that they live in as a whole is tragically underdeveloped. These conditions are product of the system that has shown them nothing but hatred, from past to present. Afro-Colombians originally were the majority in Colombia during slave...
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...and Malaysia is the last country to outlaw the practice of slavery. It relics over the observance of money owed by persons in a contract, housekeepers who have been captured not at their will, adoption agencies not registered by the government and operate illegally, armed forces that recruit children especially in Colombia. In Africa and other poor countries, the menace of arranged marriage still exists. The act of slavery has been publically outlawed by many countries; nonetheless there are over 35 million slaves in the world. This essay will outline the reason, challenges and solution to slavery keeping emphasis on Colombia, where an estimated 15000 children are recruited as soldiers. In Colombia, instead of children going to school and...
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...powerful illegal drug trafficking organizations operating in the United States. The Norte Valle Cartel was based off of the Valle del Cauca of Colombia, but smuggled tons of cocaine into the U.S. The estimated amount of cocaine exported weighed roughly 500 tons and racked in an estimated amount of $10 billion dollars since the mid 1990s. With the financial cushion the organization did buy many informants and influenced many high priority officials that would even give escorted security against any enemy organization that would try to rob them. The Norte De Valle Cartel was brought together after the downfall of the Cali Cartel where the former leaders who were not in custody banded together. Ramon Quintero Sanclemente was regarded as a high-ranking member of the Norte Valle Cartel and was even given a capture reward of $5 million dollars. He was also held as one of the top 10 most wanted DEA drug traffickers in the world. He was regarded as one of the last known leaders of the organization and a major Mexican drug cartel asset who helped import large amounts of top quality cocaine into the United States approximately 50 metric tons. II. FINDINGS Back in 2007, the FBI captured the Norte Valle Cartel’s kingpin Diego Montoya Sanchez. Sanchez, also known as “Don Diego,” was captured by the army in the Cartel’s stronghold in Colombia. Sanchez had been on the top ten of the FBI’s most wanted for exporting tons of cocaine to the United States. His arrest came in the midst of a...
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...Hans Hahn Summer Semester 2014 Cultural Dimensions of Geert Hofstede: Analysis of Colombia 10.06.2014 Soraya A. Suarez I. Register Number: 969800 Darmstädter Landstr. 64 60598 Frankfurt Tel: 0176- 708 59654 E-mail: sorayasuarez@gmail.com Cultural Dimensions of Geert Hofstede: Analysis of Colombia 2 Content 1. Introduction............................................2 2. Culture.................................................3 3. Colombia................................................5 4. Cultural Models and Cultural Dimensions.................9 4.1 Geert Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions.................9 4.1.1. Power Distance Index...........................10 4.1.2. Uncertainty Avoidance..........................12 4.1.3. Individualism vs. Collectivism.................13 4.1.4. Masculinity vs. Femininity.....................15 4.1.5. Long vs. Short-term Orientation................16 4.1.6. Indulgence vs. Restraint.......................17 5. Conclusion.............................................20 6. References.............................................21 Table of Figures Colombia Facts & Figures...................................6 Colombia Location, Flag and Coat of Arms...................8 Colombian Population According to Ethnocultural Identity..11 Colombian Culture through the 6-D Model...................13 Cultural Dimensions of Geert Hofstede: Analysis of Colombia 3 1. Introduction With the arise of globalization, the issues about cultural dimensions...
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...dirty energy Alternative Annual Report 2011 Contents Introduction Coal BHP Billiton in Colombia: Destroying communities for coal BHP Billiton in Indonesia: Going for Deadly Coal in Indonesia BHP Billiton in Australia: When too much in uence is never enough BHP Billiton Australia: Coal mine workers ght back - Queensland BHP Billiton Australia: BHP battle with farmers - New South Wales Oil and Gas and Greenhouse Gases BHP Billiton globally: Re-carbonising instead of decarbonising BHP Billiton in Australia: Hero or destroyer? Uranium BHP Billiton in Australia: “Wanti” uranium – leave it BHP Billiton in Australia: Irradiating the future BHP Billiton in Indonesia: Mining for REDD a false solution to climate change Solutions? Less mining, more reuse and recycling? Moving into rare earths? Footnotes BHP Global mining operations – dirty energy investments 1 3 4 7 8 10 10 11 12 13 15 18 19 20 22 Introduction “More than 30 million people were displaced in 2010 by environmental and weather-related disasters across Asia, experts have warned, and the problem is only likely to grow worse as climate change exacerbates such problems. Tens of millions more people are likely to be similarly displaced in the future by the effects of climate change, including rising sea levels, floods, droughts and reduced agricultural productivity. Such people are likely to migrate in regions across Asia, and governments must start to prepare for the problems this will create.” – Asian Development...
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...Causes and consequences of reduced biodiversity in the Amazon rainforest The Amazon Rainforest is a moist broadleaf forest that covers most of the Amazon basin in South America. The Amazon represents over half of the planet's remaining rainforests, and it comprises the largest and most species-rich tract oftropical rainforest in the world. The majority of the forest is contained within Brazil, with 60% of the rainforest, followed by Peru with 13%, Colombia with 10%, and with minor amounts in Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana. States or departments in four nations contain "Amazonas" in their names. Besides short term rubber exploitation of the Amazon rainforest in the early 20th century, the Amazon was largerly ignored in terms of economic development and deforestation until the 1960s. In the nine years from 1991 to 2000, the total area of Amazon Rainforest cleared rose from 415,000 to 587,000 km²; comparable to the size of Spain or Madagascar. Most of this lost forest has been replaced with pasture for cattle. Before 1970, the estimated remaining forest cover of the Amazon was around 4,100,000, in 2011 it was around 3,354,711. Even though the level of deforestation in 2011 decreased, the Amazon is still being deforested at a rapid rate. The main causes of deforestation of the Amazon are: * Creating huge cattle ranches * Creating soybean farms * Exploiting mineral deposits * Using wood as a fuel * Using wood for furniture...
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...Chiquita's history in Colombia is more than a century old. Its roots grow out of the United Fruit Company, notorious in Latin America as a U.S. Army backed opponent to agrarian reform and agricultural workers' unions. Though later known as United Brands in 1970, and then Chiquita in 1989, business in Latin America has continued in similar veins. In 1928, several thousand workers of Colombia's banana plantations began a strike demanding written contracts, eight-hour days, six-day weeks and the elimination of food coupons. Military forces murdered thousands of United Fruit Company Workers who were protesting. [1] Throughout the 20th century, the company was infamous for using a combination of its financial clout, congressional influence and violent refusal to negotiate with striking workers to establish and maintain a colony of "banana republics" in Latin America. Often the CIA and the US Marines provided the company's muscle, as in the case of the overthrow of the populist Guatemalan president Jacobo Arbenz in 1953. [2] In 1975, a federal grand jury accused United Brands of bribing Honduran President Osvaldo Lopez Arellano with $1.25 million, with the promise of another $1.25 million later, in exchange for reducing taxes on banana exports. Lopez Arellano was removed from power, but later investigations revealed repeated bribes carried out by the company. [3] Subpoenas were also issued regarding possible payoffs in Italy, West Germany, Panama and Costa Rica. [4] In May...
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...Unintended Pregnancy And Induced Abortion in Colombia CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES Elena Prada Susheela Singh Lisa Remez Cristina Villarreal Acknowledgments This report was written by Elena Prada and Lisa Remez, both independent consultants; Susheela Singh, Guttmacher Institute; and Cristina Villarreal, Fundación Oriéntame. Haley Ball edited the report, and Kathleen Randall supervised layout and production; both are at the Guttmacher Institute. The authors thank the following current and former Guttmacher Institute staff members for providing assistance at various stages of the report’s preparation: Fernanda Abella, Suzette Audam, Akinrinola Bankole, Ann E. Biddlecom, Patricia Donovan, Gustavo Suarez and Jonathan Wittenberg. They also appreciate the valuable input of the following external reviewers: Deborah Billings, University of South Carolina; Teresa DePiñeres, University of California, San Francisco; Sandra García, Katherine S. Wilson and Rebekah Horowitz, all of the Population Council, Mexico; Pío Iván Gómez, Universidad Nacional de Colombia; Ana Cristina González, independent consultant, Colombia; Guillermo López-Escobar, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Colombia; Axel Mundigo, Senior Fellow, Guttmacher Institute; Melanie Peña, Gynuity; María Isabel Plata, Profamilia, Colombia; Mónica Roa, Women’s Link Worldwide, Colombia; and Luis Távara, Federación Latinoamericana de Sociedades de Obstetricia y Ginecología. In addition, the project benefited from invaluable advice and...
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...The negative impacts of Tourism on Jamaica’s marine environment Introduction Tourism is the ability of the tourist to select the activities they want to indulge in when visiting a country. It is the largest and fastest growing industry in the world. Tourism is both Jamaica’s fastest growing industry and the largest foreign exchange earner. The country’s natural resources such as its golden sunshine, beaches, flora and fauna and rivers, are the primary selling points for tourists. Tourism and the environment have a very complex and interdependent relationship as it is the quality of the environment that will determine the success of the tourism industry since it is our main attraction. Agencies responsible for Jamaica’s Tourism industry include Jamaica Tourist Board (JTB) and the Tourism Product Development Company (TPDCo). The Jamaica Tourist Board is charged with a mission of marketing the tourism product so that Jamaica remains the premier Caribbean tourism destination. They position Jamaica as the most complete, unique and diverse warm weather destination in the world, which offers the best vacation value available. The Tourism Product Development Company (TPDCo), is a world class product development company contributing to a diverse, enhanced tourism product and visitor experience, resulting in an improved quality of life for all Jamaicans. Debate Three (3) arguments for: * It is the largest and fastest growing industry in the world. Tourism is both Jamaica’s...
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...The Strategic Situation of the Harley Davidson Harley Davidson is a 105 year-old company that was originally established by neighbours Arthur Davidson and William Harley; it is obvious that the name of the company was derived from the name of the two founders. Harley Davidson is into the industry of motorcycle. The growth of the said industry started from different developed countries such as the United States, France, Germany, Spain, France as well as the Great Britain. It was further developed after the World War II. Harley Davidson is one of those companies that have a long history as well as have been through several ups and downs throughout their operation. During the past operation of the company there have been many factors that have affected their image, performance, position in the market and the global industry, relationship to their customer, and their overall sales. Figure 1 PEST Analysis of Motorcycle Industry’s Past Development Figure 1 shows the four main factors that have affected the past condition of the motorcycle industry. There are four main political factors that have affected the performance of the overall industry. First is the agreement that will be implemented in order to reduce gas. It requires all the producers as well as manufacturer of different motorcycle companies to reduce pollutants by 60% and it was implemented in February 24, 2003. Another important law that is directly connected to the industry of motorcycle is the process of acquiring...
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...This article was downloaded by: [Tsinghua University] On: 19 March 2014, At: 22:22 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK The Journal of Peasant Studies Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/fjps20 Land grabbing in Latin America and the Caribbean Saturnino M. Borras Jr. , Jennifer C. Franco , Sergio Gómez , Cristóbal Kay & Max Spoor Published online: 28 May 2012. To cite this article: Saturnino M. Borras Jr. , Jennifer C. Franco , Sergio Gómez , Cristóbal Kay & Max Spoor (2012) Land grabbing in Latin America and the Caribbean, The Journal of Peasant Studies, 39:3-4, 845-872, DOI: 10.1080/03066150.2012.679931 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2012.679931 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently...
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...interact with other countries and non-state actors. Foreign policies are designed by the government through high-level decision making processes. The US has been involved in foreign affairs with Latin America for some time now. How are the US and Latin America with Foreign Affairs? Are Latin Americans’ Intellectual Properties being robbed? Are Latin American countries being restored and growing? There are many other questions to ask regarding the foreign policy issues concerning Latin America. One huge problem with Foreign Affairs/Policies is the Drug Trafficking from Latin America into the United States. Cuba is not necessarily a drug producing country but it is a transit one. In 1998 nearly 7.2 metric tons of cocaine were seized in Colombia on its way to Cuba. Also, there was a 50% increase in drug over flight, which includes people carrying drugs as mules on planes and the dropping of drugs into American water from Cuban planes heading to the States (House Government Reform Committee) Castro had once said that he did not want the United States interfering with Cuban drug relations. Most American government officials believed him to be the main cause of drug transportation in and out of Cuba. Especially since the ship that was seized with the 7.2 metric tons of cocaine was a Cuban Government vessel (House Government Reform Committee). The United States has always held Cuba closely in check about drug trafficking. The FBI, Federal Bureau of Investigations, the DEA, Drug Enforcement...
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...“SOLD IN WAR: Women Trafficking and Armed Conflicts Introduction: A universal attribute of any society, tribe, or nation is its capacity and obvious willingness to wage wars. Whether or not to vanquish, to colonize, to protect, to develop, or to with ease set up a symbolic superiority, a nation’s use of military actions performs an primary function within the definition of that nation’s identification. Whatever the marketed purpose of a war, nonetheless, it is finally a social occasion that regularly allows for the dying and suffering of each warring parties and civilians and for the exploitation of thousands of men and women, children and adults on a grand scale. The chaos and turmoil of wartime seems to carry out the worst qualities in human beings. In an article published in the University of St. Thomas Law Journal it highlights that a major tenet of the laws of war is that “civilians, and women and children in particular, are to be protected from the trials and suffering of war to the fullest extent possible”. Therefore, it is ultimately the task of each military and its members to make sure their behaviors are consistent with the specifications in International Humanitarian Law (IHL). Even though the complete avoidance of civilian deaths and suffering is not realistic, it is the responsibility of an armed force to not intentionally target civilians and to consider operations in terms of the concepts of distinction, military necessity and proportionality. By their very nature...
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...Anthropology Lecture 1 introduction Common Misconceptions with Drugs . The effect of a drug is caused solely by its pharmacological properties and effects. . Some drugs are instantly addictive . The gateway/ stepping stone theory - the use of 1 drug leads to the use of other more dangerous drugs What are drugs ? Krivanek's definition : Drugs are substances that are introduced into the body knowingly but not as food. Therefore illicit drugs, legal recreational drugs and legal but regulated pharmaceutical drugs that aren't recreational at all. - Whether if a drug is considered bad and is prohibited depends on the culture of the society in a particular period. What is culture ? The definition of culture = Through Roger keesing and Andrew Strathern's definition it is a system of shared ideas, rules and meanings that underlie and are expressed in the ways that human live. - This includes : law, beliefs, political economy, media and popular culture - this perceives ideas about what is normal and abnormal to society. " Culture is always changing and contested, not unified" Enthography as a method for studying drug use It is a process of observing, recoding and describing other peoples way of life through intimate participation the community being studied". - Participation observation, involving yourself in the life of the community , taking up the life of the other person, observing their actions, asking questions and learning what questions...
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