...(2005) computer-based tutorials have advantages such as students can interact with embedded questions then easily give feedbacks. * Laird (1985) by stimulating the senses, especially the visual sense, learning can be enhanced. * Computer assisted instruction – is an integrated module for the development and evaluation of the learning scheme of the users on the material provided. * * computer-assisted instruction (CAI), a program of instructional material presented by means of a computer or computer systems. The use of computers in education started in the 1960s. With the advent of convenient microcomputers in the 1970s, computer use in schools has become widespread from primary education through the university level and even in some preschool programs. Instructional computers are basically used in one of two ways: either they provide a straightforward presentation of data or they fill a tutorial role in which the student is tested on comprehension. If the computer has a tutorial program, the student is asked a question by the computer; the student types in an answer and then gets an immediate response to the answer. If the answer is correct, the student is routed to more challenging problems; if the answer is incorrect, various computer messages will indicate the flaw in procedure, and the program will bypass more complicated questions until the student shows mastery in that area. There are many advantages to using computers in educational instruction. They provide...
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...language other than the main one spoken in your home, or other than the main language that most of your subjects were taught in when you went to school.To be considered a foreign language, the language has to be a language used by humans - so it can't be a computer language like C++ or Java. But if you're a native English speaker, it could be Spanish, or French, or Russian, or Mandarin, etc. Or yes, often, it can be ASL. A foreign language is a language indigenous to another country. It is also a language not spoken in the native country of the person referred to or other than the main language that most of your subjects were taught in when you went to school. In recent years, computer-assisted language learning has been integrated into foreign language education and computer programs with varying levels of interactional relationship between computer and the language learner have been developed. Language learning aids such as foreign language writing aid and foreign language reading aid, targeted at the specific language skills of foreign language learners, are also alternative instruments available for foreign language learners. Instructional courseware can be defined as “software developed for the purpose of providing instruction” (Gibbs, Graves, & Bernas, 2001). The term ‘courseware’ was introduced by SCORE! Educational Centers, the pioneering developer that coined the term by combining the words 'course' and 'software'. It was originally used to term any computerized packages...
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...them. This article is by no means intended as an article pro-RISC or pro-CISC. You draw your own conclusions … CISC Pronounced sisk, and stands for Complex Instruction Set Computer. Most PC's use CPU based on this architecture. For instance Intel and AMD CPU's are based on CISC architectures. Typically CISC chips have a large amount of different and complex instructions. The philosophy behind it is that hardware is always faster than software, therefore one should make a powerful instructionset, which provides programmers with assembly instructions to do a lot with short programs. In common CISC chips are relatively slow (compared to RISC chips) per instruction, but use little (less than RISC) instructions. RISC Pronounced risk, and stands for Reduced Instruction Set Computer. RISC chips evolved around the mid-1980 as a reaction at CISC chips. The philosophy behind it is that almost no one uses complex assembly language instructions as used by CISC, and people mostly use compilers which never use complex instructions. Apple for instance uses RISC chips. Therefore fewer, simpler and faster instructions would be better, than the large, complex and slower CISC instructions. However, more instructions are needed to accomplish a task. An other advantage of RISC is that - in theory - because of the more simple instructions, RISC chips require fewer transistors, which makes them easier to design and cheaper to produce. Finally, it's easier to write powerful optimised compilers...
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...1) In summer 1998, what is the position of the Enterprise Server Group (ESG) in its industry? How has it evolved? Why? HP, an international manufacturer of instrumentation, healthcare, computer and communication products, started up with initial investment of only $538 in the year 1939.It grew to more than $43B in sales and $3.1B in net profits in 1997.In 1997, HP formed Enterprise Server Group to focus on enterprise computing. ESG’s products were built based on proprietary RISC microprocessors and UNIX operating systems. ESG produced scalable, high performance computing systems, which were the backbone of corporate information networks, network servers and mainframes. Customers depended on ESG to run their businesses and to Web-enable their IT infrastructures. Around the world, ESG installed more than 1.3 million UNIX systems and in year 1997, while the total market estimated to be worth more than $60B.Since 1993, HP had been the number one position in UNIX server vendor by revenue with its HP-UX product line. In summer 1998, there was tremendous pressure on Jim Davis, manager of ESG due to the downfall in the revenues and profits. The company had the opportunity to show improved results by strategizing its technology implementation decisions. There was an issue where Davis was to recommend whether HP should continue with the proprietary UNIX based Performance Architecture (PA) based on RISC microprocessor or shift resources...
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...package (DIP) -Flip chip-PGA (FC-PGA) package -Pin grid array (PGA) Central Processing Unit (CPU)? -Interprets and carries out basic instructions that operate a computer. -Also called the processor. Components of the CPU? -Control Unit -Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU) -Register Control Unit? -Directs and coordinates operations in computer. Control unit repeats four basic operations: -Fetch-obtain program instruction or data item from memory. (Taking Out From Memory) -Decode-Translate instruction into commands. (Understand It) -Execute-Carry out command. (Writing out It) -Store-Write result to memory. (Write the Result) Machine Cycle? -Four operations of the CPU comprise a machine cycle. -Also called instruction cycle. -Instruction time (I-time)-time taken to fetch and decode -Execution time (e-time)-time taken to execute and store. (I-time) (E-time) Fetch Decode Execute Store (Completed 1 Instruction) CPU’s Speed measured? -According to how many millions of instructions per second (MIPS) it can process. Two designs used for the CPU? CISC (complex instruction set computing) -Support large number of instructions -CPU executes complex instructions more quickly. RISC (reduced instruction set computing) -Supports smaller number of instructions -CPU executes simple instructions more quickly....
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...MICROCONTROLLER A microcontroller is a computer present in a single integrated circuit which is dedicated to perform one task and execute one specific application. It contains memory, programmable input/output peripherals as well a processor. Microcontrollers are mostly designed for embedded applications and are heavily used in automatically controlled electronic devices such as cellphones, cameras, microwave ovens, washing machines, etc. Types of Microcontroller: Microcontrollers are divided into categories according to their memory, architecture, bits and instruction sets. So let’s discuss types of microcontrollers:- Bits: 8 bits microcontroller executes logic & arithmetic operations. Examples of 8 bits micro controller is Intel 8031/8051. 16 bits microcontroller executes with greater accuracy and performance in contrast to 8-bit. Example of 16 bit microcontroller is Intel 8096. 32 bits microcontroller is employed mainly in automatically controlled appliances such as office machines, implantable medical appliances, etc. It requires 32-bit instructions to carry out any logical or arithmetic function. Memory: External Memory Microcontroller – When an embedded structure is built with a microcontroller which does not comprise of all the functioning blocks existing on a chip it is named as external memory microcontroller. For illustration- 8031 microcontroller does not have program memory on the chip. Embedded Memory Microcontroller – When an embedded structure is...
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...Have you ever wondered how using a computer actually accomplishes tedious tasks? Tasks including connection to the internet, moving a file from one location to another, or having the ability to use a video application that helps interact with family in remote locations. If the needs of a computer were adequate enough to produce one specific function, such as typing, than the technologies we have now would not exist. The computers of today need to perform expeditious data processing for extensive data tasks. That’s approximately three billion calculates per second on just your average household computer. (Tymann 2008). This is all accomplished by programmable chip sets known as central processing units. Programmable codes within the central processing units are known as complex instruction set computing and reduced instruction set computing. Technologies in the present and the future depend on these architectures for expedited growth, without them society will halt in technological advances. These computing architectures provide the foundations of computer processing, although each having their specific advantages, disadvantages, pros, and cons. Information technology is rapidly growing, providing users and businesses a means to share digital data. Businesses gear towards investing money in all aspects of information technology systems to provide services for their customers. Users use computers as a means to communicate with family or watch the latest movie over the internet...
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...PT2 M. GILMORE July 11, 2015 Advanced Risk Machine (ARM) is a reduced instruction set computing architecture design for simplicity And low-power applications this processor was originally designed for microcomputers, but they are found now In 90 percent of all RISC-based processing devices such as tablets, smartphones, PDAs, hand held gaming consoles Calculators etc. This is a excellent choice for devices such as smartphones and tablets because of it low power and The ability to scale down the frequency of the CPU. The ARM architecture is commonly found as a 32 bit Instruction set, known as ARMv7, this was originally designed by ARM holdings and is the most common Architecture use for mobile devices. Intel desktop CPU use Land Grid Array (LGR) sockets, this type socket offer better power distribution and Less chance to damage the CPU. It use lands that protrude and touch the CPU’s contact points some example Of Intel sockets are 775, 1155, 1156, 1366 note all CPU and socket must be compatible. AMD desktop CPU uses the Pin Grid Array (PGA) sockets the CPU are covered with pins on majority of the Underside these pins are place in pin hole on the socket and the CPU is lock into place by retaining arms 940, am2, am2+, am3, am3+,and Fm1 these are example if AMD sockets There are some similarities and differences between each processor type the similarities is that they execute Instruction or programs. The Intel and AMD processor are very much similar the only different...
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...presents two instructions set architectures, particularly the CISC and the RISC, which have been developed as computer architects aimed for a fast, cost-effective design. Included in this paper are the arguments made for each architecture, and of some performance comparisons on RISC and CISC processors. These data are collected from various papers published concerning the RISC versus CISC discussion. INTRODUCTION: The advent of microprocessor and strides in integrated circuit technology improved the performance of computer system at roughly 35% per year. Mass production of lower cost microprocessors has increased the share of microprocessor based computer in the market. This new architecture of microprocessor based computers has become a true success after two major changes in computer marketplace. One is elimination of programming at the assembly language level which eliminated the need for object-code compatibility. So any architecture could reuse the source code written in higher level languages. The second is the creation of standardized vendor-independent operating systems like UNIX and its clones like Linux which lowered the cost and risk of bringing out a new architecture. The open standard of systems eased the new computer architecture introduction. The above improvements helped evolve computer architecture from general microprocessor based architecture to a new set of architectures called RISC architectures. RISC stands for Reduced Instruction Set Computer (employ...
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...Topic: - Study of various RISC and CISC processors ABSTRACT:- This term paper presents two instructions set architectures, particularly the CISC and the RISC, which have been developed as computer architects aimed for a fast, cost-effective design. Included in this paper are the arguments made for each architecture, and of some performance comparisons on RISC and CISC processors. These data are collected from various papers published concerning the RISC versus CISC discussion. INTRODUCTION: - RISC, or Reduced Instruction Set Computer is a type of microprocessor architecture that utilizes a small, highly-optimized set of instructions, rather than a more specialized set of instructions often found in other types of architectures. Though it may seem less effective for a computational task to be executed with many simple instructions rather than a few complex instructions, the simple instructions take fairly the same amount of time to be performed, making them ideal for pipelining. CISC is an acronym for Complex Instruction Set Computer and are chips that are easy to program and which make efficient use of memory. Since the earliest machines were programmed in assembly language and memory was slow and expensive, the CISC philosophy made sense, and was commonly implemented in such large computers as the PDP-11 and the DEC system 10 and 20 machines HISTORY:- The first RISC projects came from IBM, Stanford, and UC-Berkeley in the late...
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...A Tale of Two Processors: Revisiting the RISC-CISC Debate Ciji Isen1, Lizy John1, and Eugene John2 1 ECE Department, The University of Texas at Austin ECE Department, The University of Texas at San Antonio {isen,ljohn}@ece.utexas.edu, ejohn@utsa.edu 2 Abstract. The contentious debates between RISC and CISC have died down, and a CISC ISA, the x86 continues to be popular. Nowadays, processors with CISC-ISAs translate the CISC instructions into RISC style micro-operations (eg: uops of Intel and ROPS of AMD). The use of the uops (or ROPS) allows the use of RISC-style execution cores, and use of various micro-architectural techniques that can be easily implemented in RISC cores. This can easily allow CISC processors to approach RISC performance. However, CISC ISAs do have the additional burden of translating instructions to micro-operations. In a 1991 study between VAX and MIPS, Bhandarkar and Clark showed that after canceling out the code size advantage of CISC and the CPI advantage of RISC, the MIPS processor had an average 2.7x advantage over the studied CISC processor (VAX). A 1997 study on Alpha 21064 and the Intel Pentium Pro still showed 5% to 200% advantage for RISC for various SPEC CPU95 programs. A decade later and after introduction of interesting techniques such as fusion of micro-operations in the x86, we set off to compare a recent RISC and a recent CISC processor, the IBM POWER5+ and the Intel Woodcrest. We find that the SPEC CPU2006 programs are divided between...
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...Subject: The use of the ARM processor as an instruction tool for Computer Architecture Class Journal Article Title: Arms for the Poor: Selecting a Processor for Teaching Computer Architecture Author: Alan Clements Site: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5673541 When an individual chooses to become a teacher, professor, or some sort of instructor, he or she will become subject to one of the most primitive questions ever asked in the history of civilization: “Why?” However, generally speaking when a student asks the question “Why?” it is not for a genuine thirst for knowledge or explanation. It is not like a child who wants to know why the sky is blue, or why dogs can’t talk. A students real interpretation of the question why is more like: “Why is this important?”, or “Why do we have to learn this?”, or the big one (according to Algebra teachers), “Will I ever use this again in the real world?” A computer architecture professor is different from other professor (besides obviously being smarter ;) ), when having to answer this question. Unlike Algebra, which is pretty well established and unlikely to change operations in the next 10 years, Computer Architecture is a rapidly evolving industry and has the very good possibility to look completely different in the year 2022. So a computer architecture professor is faced with a difficult answer to the question. One answer could be “Yes you have to learn it, because it appears on the final and I will...
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...Running Head: System Integrity and Validation SYSTEM INTEGRITY AND VALIDATION Kudler Fine Foods (KFF) DEBORAH OKAI ACC 542 – ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEMS December 16, 2013 DAVID PHILLIPS Running Head: System Integration and Validation BRIEF This brief will focus on computer assisted audit tools and techniques (CAATTs) for the audit process and documentation of Kudler Fine Foods (KFF). The purpose of the CAATTs is to facilitate and quicken the audit process for KFF’s accounts receivable, payable, inventory, and payroll systems. Preface KFF has implemented internal controls on its accounting and information systems. It has also targeted four areas of the business system for audit purposes – accounts receivable (AR), accounts payable (AP), inventory, and payroll. Considering the fact that KFF’s business is run on computers, it would be ideal to run the audit process using computer assisted audit tools and techniques (CAATTs). This would increase the efficiency of the audit process. In today’s world of advancing technology and corporate accounting scandals, I think the best technique for auditing KFF would be in the form of continuous auditing. An example is the embedded audit module. This is a procedure where the audit data is collected at the same time as when the client is performing its business operations. The audit module will give the auditor online access to KFF’s data whenever needed....
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...Managerial Applications Of Information Technology (MIS 535) Course Project Proposal Integration of VoIP Services and Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL) Software for Real-Time Coaching Submitted by: Group – B Jeffrey Ortiz, Group Leader Abdul Raheem Mohammed Md Abdullah Al Mamun Roushan Chowdhury Nigat Rahinour Khan Mohammed Rahman Faculty: Sunil Samanta Table of Contents Contents Abstract 2 Company Background 3 Business Problem 4 High Level Solution 5 Benefits of Solution 6 Revenue from New Translation Department 7 Cost Reduction 7 Financial Benefit Analysis: 8 Business Process Changes 10 Technology Used 11 High-Level Implementation Plan 12 Summary, Conclusions & Recommendations 13 References 15 Abstract The main objective of this project is to propose a technological solution which will provide Rosetta Stone Inc. a platform where it can be not only a High Performance Organization but also an organization which can lead the industry of language learning to another level. The objective is to create a new bit of software based on VoIP and Video Conferencing for the tutors and students to interact in a live session. The project is focused on the Research and Development Department of Rosetta Stone Inc. where the new service will be developed. Implementation of this service will require the use of relational database management system (RDBMS) in a cloud. The intent is to use PostgreSQL, an open-source database which is...
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...Multiple Choice Quizzez 10,12, 13, and 14 Multiple Choice Quiz (See related pages) Results Reporter | | Out of 10 questions, you answered 9 correctly with a final grade of 90% | | | | | | 9 correct (90%) | | | | 1 incorrect (10%) | | | | 0 unanswered (0%) | | | Your Results: | The correct answer for each question is indicated by a . | ------------------------------------------------- Top of Form | 1 CORRECT | | Mike is responding to a survey about his experience using a pizza delivery service. One set of questions on the survey asks questions such as "How satisfied are you with your overall experience?" The survey response options provided are Strongly Agree to Strongly Disagree. Which of the following sources of error in communication research is present in this example? | | | A) | measurement questions | | | B) | observers | | | C) | interviewers | | | D) | participants | | | E) | all of the above | | | | | | | | 2 CORRECT | | Which of the following can create interviewer error? | | | A) | an unwillingness to participate | | | B) | participant faulty recall | | | C) | the falsification of answers | | | D) | social desirability responding | | | E) | all of the above | | | | | | | | 3 CORRECT | | Individuals are more motivated to respond to surveys when _____. | | | A) | the topic is salient | | | B) | incentives are offered | | | C) | respondents...
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