...National Income in India, Concept and Measurement General Economics National Income • National income is the money value of all the final goods and services produced by a country during a period of one year. National income consists of a collection of different types of goods and services of different types. General Economics: National Income in India, Concept & Measurement 2 National Income • Since these goods are measured in different physical units it is not possible to add them together. Thus we cannot state national income is so many millions of meters of cloth. Therefore, there is no way except to reduce them to a common measure. This common measure is money. General Economics: National Income in India, Concept & Measurement 3 Basic Concepts in National income • Gross domestic product • Gross domestic product at constant price and at current price • Gross domestic product at factor cost and Gross domestic product at market price General Economics: National Income in India, Concept & Measurement 4 Basic Concepts in National income • • • • Net domestic product Gross national product Net national Product Net national product at factor cost or national income General Economics: National Income in India, Concept & Measurement 5 Gross Domestic Product • Gross domestic product is the money value of all final goods and services produced in the domestic territory of a country during an accounting...
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...|CONTENTS | |THEORY COURSE: | |Title sheet [Program, Course Code - Course Name, Credit Structures, Pre-Requisite and Co-Requisite, Instructor’s Web-Link | |Address (Moodle), Name of Instructor, Division, and School] | |Official Time Table of the course | |Approved course syllabus signed by Instructor & Program chair | |Objective and Outcome Mapping | |Lesson Plan | |Assessment Scheme and Schedule | |Model Question Paper (Semester End Examination (SEE)) | |Lectures Slides, Tutorials and other Learning Resource provided (See Annexure 1) | |Assignments / Course Projects ...
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...7 NATIONAL INCOME PART I : National Income Accounting I. Concepts & Meaning of National Income II. Measurement of National Income III. Relevant Concepts of National Income IV. Factors Affecting National Income V. Uses of National Income Statistics VI. Limitations of National Income * * * I. Concepts & Meaning of National Income National income is a measure of the total flow of earnings of the factor-owners through the production of goods & services. In a simple way, it is the total amount of income earned by the citizens of a nation. All incomes are based on production. In this sense, national income reflects the level of aggregate output. The term national income carries at least 2 meaning in economics. The total value of the level of aggregate output is called Gross National Product or G.N.P. G.N.P. is a measure of the total market value of all final goods & services currently produced by all the citizens of a nation within a period, usually a year. There are a few points important here: * It measures how much people produce. * It counts current production only. * It counts the level of output with a market value. * It relies on the market prices of goods & services as a measure. II. Measurement of National Income There are mainly 3 approaches...
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...C10-13 May 30, 2014 President, Tenth National Bank From: Student Subject: Removal of Asbestos and purchase of office building This is in regards to the removal of asbestos from the buildings owned by Tenth National Bank and the cost for the eradication of the project. The buildings are property, and are considered important components of a company’s assets. I researched assets in accordance to FASB Statements of Financial Accounting Concept No. 6, par. 25 states that assets are probable future economic benefits obtained or controlled by a particular entity as a result of past transactions or events. Also, Concept No. 6, par. 26 states does the asset have the essential characteristic that it embodies a probable future benefit that involves a capacity, singly or in combination with other assets, to contribute directly or indirectly to future net cash inflows. Tenth National Bank knowingly knew prior to the purchase of the office building that it contained asbestos. Perhaps, the estimated $2 million is a cost to prepare the office building for its headquarters for the use in the normal course of business. However, as Concept No. 6, par. 6 states: will the asset embody a probable future benefit that with contribute to the future cash flows. Under these assumptions, I recommend the $2 million should be capitalized to the cost of the office headquarters. Tenth National Bank did not know prior to purchase of the shopping mall that it contained asbestos. There are a few...
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...This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from the National Bureau of Economic Research Volume Title: Input-Output Analysis: An Appraisal Volume Author/Editor: Volume Publisher: Princeton University Press Volume ISBN: 0-870-14173-2 Volume URL: http://www.nber.org/books/unkn55-2 Publication Date: 1955 Chapter Title: Interindustry Economics and National Income Theory Chapter Author: Herman Liebling Chapter URL: http://www.nber.org/chapters/c2870 Chapter pages in book: (p. 291 - 320) Interindustry Economics and National Income Theory HERMAN I. LIEBLING DIVISION OF INTERINDUSTEY ECONOMICS, BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS A. Frameworks of Comparison Within the limits of the broad concepts underlying interindustry and national income accounting, the substance of this paper deals with, first, criteria of social accounting and, second, differences in analytic approach required by the specialized structure of differently composed social accounting systems. A pattern of interindustry flows of goods and services may, of course, be developed independently of considerations of social accounting or of measures of output for the economy—the two objectives of the national income system. This paper, however, seeks to evaluate the two systems of accounts, in the light of the considerations noted above, in terms of (1) similarities and differences between types of activities and transactions included, (2) the relationship of the respective sector accounts, and (3) the types of analysis...
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...CARIBBEAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL Caribbean Advanced Proficiency Examinations Economics Syllabus Effective for examinations from May/June 2010 Correspondence related to the syllabus should be addressed to: The Pro-Registrar Caribbean Examinations Council Caenwood Centre 37 Arnold Road, Kingston 5, Jamaica, W.I. Telephone Number: (876) 920-6714 Facsimile Number: (876) 967-4972 E-mail address: cxcwzo@cxc.org Website: www.cxc.org Copyright © 2008, by Caribbean Examinations Council The Garrison, St. Michael BB 11158, Barbados CXC A20/U2/08 This document CXC A20/U2/08 replaces CXC A20/U2/03 issued in 2003. Please note that the syllabus was revised and amendments are indicated by italics and vertical lines. First Issued 2003 Revised 2008 Please check the website www.cxc.org for updates on CXC’s syllabuses. CXC A20/U2/08 Contents RATIONALE ........................................................................................................................................... 1 AIMS ....................................................................................................................................................... 2 SKILLS AND ABILITIES TO BE ASSESSED ....................................................................................... 2 PRE-REQUISITES OF THE SYLLABUS .............................................................................................. 3 STRUCTURE OF THE SYLLABUS ..............................
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...Section A: Fundamentals of Accounting (60 Marks) 1. Theoretical Framework: (i) Meaning and Scope of Accounting, (ii) Accounting Concepts, Principles and Conventions, (iii) Accounting Standard – concepts, objectives, benefits, (iv) Accounting Policies and (v) Accounting as a measurement discipline – valuation principles, accounting estimates. 2. Accounting Process: Books of Accounts leading to the preparation of Trial Balance, Capital and revenue expenditure, Capital and revenue receipts, Contingent assets and contingent liabilities, Fundamental errors including rectifications thereof. 3. Bank reconciliation Statement. 4. Inventories: Basis of inventory valuation and record keeping. 5. Depreciation Accounting: Methods, computation and accounting treatment of depreciation, Change in depreciation methods. 6. Preparation of Final Accounts for Sole Proprietors. 7. Accounting for Special Transactions: (a) Consignments, (b) Joint Ventures, (c) Bills of exchange and promissory notes, (d) Sale of goods on approval or return basis. 8. Partnership Accounts: Final accounts of partnership firms – Basic concepts of admission, retirement and death of a partner including treatment of goodwill. 9. Introduction to Company Accounts: Issue of shares and debentures, forfeiture of shares, re-issue of forfeited shares, redemption of preference shares. Section B: Mercantile Law (40 Marks) 1. The Indian Contract Act, 1872: An overview of Sections 1 to 75 covering the general nature of contract...
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...INTRODUCTION The Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement (CAPS) for Economics outlines the nature and purpose of the subject Economics. This guides the philosophy underlying the teaching and assessment of the subject in Grade 12. The purpose of these Examination Guidelines is to: • • Provide clarity on the depth and scope of the content to be assessed in the Grade 12 National Senior Certificate (NSC) Examination in Economics. Assist teachers to adequately prepare learners for the examinations. This document deals with the final Grade 12 external examinations. It does not deal in any depth with the School-Based Assessment (SBA). This guideline should be read in conjunction with: • • • The National Curriculum Statement (NCS) Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement (CAPS): Economics The National Protocol of Assessment: An addendum to the policy document, the National Senior Certificate: A qualification at Level 4 on the National Qualifications Framework (NQF), regarding the National Protocol for Assessment (Grades R–12) The national policy pertaining to the programme and promotion requirements of the National Curriculum Statement, Grades R–12 Copyright reserved Please turn over Economics 4 Examination Guidelines 2. ASSESSMENT IN GRADE 12 2.1 DBE/2014 FORMAT OF THE PAPERS CLASSIFICATION OF TOPICS FOR THE GRADE 12 ECONOMICS QUESTION PAPERS FINAL EXAMINATION PAPERS ECONOMICS GR.12 PAPER 1 150 MARKS - PAPER 2 1½ HOURS 150 MARKS...
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...Introduction Leading and decisive role in the formation and development of the economic structure of any modern society is government regulation, carried out under the authority of the chosen policy. One of the most important mechanisms that allow the state to carry out economic and social regulation is financial mechanism- the financial system of the society, the main element of which is the state budget. Through the financial system the state forms centralized funds and influences the formation of decentralized funds, providing the opportunity to carry out functions of state authorities. The state budget, as the main means of mobilization and expenditure of resources of the state gives to political power a real opportunity to influence the economy, to encourage the development of priority sectors of the economy, provide social support to vulnerable population groups. Budget – an important prerequisite and a mean of reproduction process. By means of the budget conditions for implementation of social programs, ensuring safety of environment, stimulation of scientific and technical progress, maintenance of defense capacity, and performance of other state functions are created. Relevance of this course work is that the central place in the financial system of any country is the state budget – the largest pool of money that the government uses to finance its activities. At the expense of the state budget the army, police, non-productive sphere, apparat of state administration...
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...sterile class. Malthus, Sismondi and Marx in the 19th century dealt with macroeconomic problems. Walras, Wicksell and Fisher were the modern contributors to the development of macroeconomic analysis before Keynes. Certain economists, like Cassel, Marshall, Pigou, Robertson, Hayek and Hawtrey, developed a theory of money and general prices in the decade following the First World War. But credit goes to Keynes who finally developed a general theory of income, output and employment in the wake of the Great Depression. Contents: Nature of Macroeconomics Difference between Microeconomics and Macroeconomics Dependence of Microeconomic Theory on Macroeconomics Dependence of Macroeconomics on Microeconomic Theory Macro Statics, Macro Dynamics and Comparative Statics Transition from Microeconomics to Macroeconomics Stock and Flow Concepts 1. Nature of Macroeconomics:________________________________________ Macroeconomics is the study of aggregates or averages covering the entire economy, such as total employment, national income, national output, total investment, total consumption, total savings, aggregate supply, aggregate demand, and general price level, wage level, and cost structure. In other words, it is aggregative economics which examines the interrelations among the various aggregates,...
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...many Households, firms, and markets at once. * Macroeconomists address diverse questions: * Why is average income high in some countries while it is low in others? * Why do prices rise rapidly in some periods of time while they are more stable in other Periods? * Why do production and employment expand in some years and contract In others? * What, if anything, can the government do to promote rapid growth in Incomes, low inflation, and stable employment? * These questions are all macroeconomic in nature because they concern the workings of the entire economy. * Because the condition of the overall economy profoundly affects all of us, changes in economic conditions are widely reported by the media. Indeed, it is hard to pick up a newspaper without seeing some newly reported statistic about the economy. The statistic might measure the total income of everyone in the economy (GDP), the rate at which average prices are rising (inflation), the percentage of the labor force that is out of work (unemployment), total spending at stores (retailsales), or the imbalance of trade between the united states and the rest of the world (the trade deficit). All these statistics are macroeconomic. Rather than telling us about a particular household or firm, they tell us something about the entire economy. Meaning and Concepts of National Income (NI) * Consumption is the final aim of the all economic activity .But it must be preceded by production distribution...
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...and Greece due to finance crisis which in turn affect other nations, in this case, Singapore. In fact, the article briefly explained how aggregates like national income and output have affected US and Greece economy, which in turn affected Singapore. It will be further discussed whether this mentioned global crisis will affect Singapore inflation, causing a rise in unemployment rate and the slowing of GDP growth for emerging markets. Summary of the article The article comments on how two of Singapore’s trading partners, mainly US and Greece, are hurting themselves with their debt problems and the impact of their problems on Singapore economy. It briefly describes what US debt ceiling is and the heavy borrowing of Greek government which has greatly contributed to the global debt crisis. It also explains on US debt problem and other aftershocks if the debt ceiling is not rise. Moreover, it explains the debts that Greece had incurred and what will happen if Greece defaults on its debts. Lastly, it further highlighted that the Singapore economy is affected by the two countries’ debt problems. Identify and discuss on the economics concepts and models that will be suitable for analysing the news article Macroeconomics model is concerned either with the economy as a whole or with major aggregates such as national income and output, price inflation, total consumption, investment spending and also, the unemployment rate which make up the economy (Stonecash, Gans & King Mankiw...
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...Development Introduction When the concept of international development was initially developed in the post-World War II era, the countries of the First World had 65 percent of the world’s income with only 20 percent of its population, while the Third World was home of 67 percent of the world’s population but had only 18 percent of its income. People embraced the word development as a desirable objective of postwar economic policy in the late 1940s. "Development" was not precisely defined, but it was taken to mean improved economic opportunity by increasing production of goods and services in a long-term way, through capital formation. In short, it was associated with economic growth. In the 1960s the association of development with economic growth came under increasing criticism by authors such as Dudley Seers, Gunnar Myrdal, Paul Streeten, Hollis Chenery, Mahbub ul Haq and institutions like the International Labour Organisation (ILO). They pointed out that developing countries did not experience much change in the living conditions of the masses of the poor in spite of the impressive growth figures in the post-World War II period and came to the conclusion that development involves more than economic growth and changes in economic structures. Other critics like Amartya Sen went even further and challenged the too narrow focus on the economic dimensions of development alone. Amartya Sen (1999) explained the concept of development focusing on the concept of freedom. He sees...
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...i) Concept of public finance The concept of public finance deals with the budgeting techniques of the income and expenditures of a public sector organization, normally a government or federal organization. Public finance is also termed as government finance and is an important sector of economics . The concept of public finance focuses on these relationships and functions may be considered special as they include: Procuring public goods, arranging and funding various transfers (particularly in the social area), directing entities existing in the economy towards socially desirable behaviours; for instance through taxes, penalties, subsidies and other stimuli and charges. In order to arrange the funding of the above-mentioned areas, there is a fiscal system (public budgeting system) whose aim is to collect the required amount of public revenue. Public revenue serves, at various levels of public budgets (governmental, regional and local), to fund public expenditures. Public expenditures, public revenue and particularly taxes may be considered to be the fundamental elements of public finance. Important terms derived from these three elements include deficit, public debt, budgetary policy and fiscal policy. The development of public finance is connected with economic mechanisms that should ideally lead to the effective and fair allocation of limited resources. ii) Major economic functions of any government in the world Governments have in charge different functions for different...
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...UNIT I NATIONAL INCOME AND MACROECONOMICS 1 National Income National Income is defined as the sum total of all the goods and services produced in a country, in a particular period of time. Normally this period consists of one year duration, as a year is neither too short nor long a period. National product is usually used synonymous with National income. Alfred Marshall in his ‘Principle of Economics’ (1949) defines National income as “The labour and capital of a country, acting on its natural resources, produce annually a certain net aggregate of commodities, material and immaterial, including services of all kinds…..and net income due on account of foreign investments must be added in. This is the true net National income or Revenue of the country or the national dividend.” Irving Fisher defined national income as “The national dividend or income consists solely of services as received by the ultimate consumers, whether from their material or from human environments. Thus, a piano or an overcoat made for me this year is not a part of this year’s income, but an addition to capital. Only the services rendered to me during this year by these things are income.” Central Statistical Organization defines National income as “National Income is the sum of factor income earned by the normal residents of a country in the form of wages, rent, interest and profit in an accounting year.” Concepts of National Income There are different concepts of National Income, namely; GNP...
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