...ASSESSMENT OF MACROECONOMIC Name: Zihan Wang(Hans) Class: A3 Date: 2013-05-28 Title Explain the government's various macroeconomic objective and their importance to UK economic. Is it possible for government to achieve all these objective at the same time? Individuals, governments, firms and nations make selection on apportion rare resources to fulfil their unlimited desire which is economic concern about. Economics can generally be resolved into: microeconomics and macroeconomics. Microeconomics centralizes particular market and segments of economy such as individual consumer behaviour, supply and demand in individual markets, externalities arising from production and consumption and the theory of firms. However, macroeconomics is the concentration of the overall economy behaviour which is looking at ‘aggregate’ variables such as aggregate demand, national output and inflation. ‘Aggregate demand is the demand for the gross domestic product (GDP) of a country,’ the level of national output can be determined by AD which places a leading role. Aggregate demand is represented by this formula: Aggregate Demand (AD) = C + I + G + (X-M). ‘C’ means Consumers' expenditures on goods and services. ‘I’ expresses investment spending by companies on capital goods. ‘G’ indicates government expenditures on publicly provided goods and services. ‘X’ signifies exports of goods and services and ‘M’ presents imports of goods and services. Moreover, macroeconomics is also concerned...
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...Interactions between sovereign debt management and monetary policy under fiscal dominance and financial instability Hans J Blommestein and Philip Turner1 Abstract Serious fiscal vulnerabilities arising from many years of high government/GDP ratios have created new and complex interactions between public debt management and monetary policy. Although their formal mandates have not changed, recent balance sheet policies of many central banks have tended to blur the separation of their policies from fiscal policy. The mandates of debt management offices have usually had a microeconomic focus (viz, minimising longer-term borrowing costs, while limiting refunding risks). Such mandates have usually avoided any explicit macroeconomic policy dimension but some major policy overlaps are latent. What is needed is a policy framework for all official actions that affect the maturity structure of government debt in the hands of the public. This requires more analysis of the macroeconomics of government debt management. A full debate about the allocation of functional responsibilities would have to take account not only of the economics, but also of political and institutional constraints. There are operational advantages in having in place appropriate governance arrangements that serve to forestall short-sighted policies and hold specific institutions accountable for their mandates. Keywords: Monetary policy, central banks, policy design and consistency, policy coordination, debt management...
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...Essay Plans Macroeconomic Policy Introduction Macroeconomic policies refer to policies directed at stabilising the aggregate level of economic activity or output. The fundamental rationale for government macroeconomic intervention is to stabilise fluctuations in the business cycle. Through the conduct of such ‘counter cyclical’ or ‘stabilisation’ policies the government seeks to achieve three major objectives. • Economic growth that is sustainable in delivering rising real incomes whilst minimising inflationary pressures and the current account deficit as a percentage of GDP; • Internal Balance, which is characterised by full employment and price stability; • External Balance, which involves financing import expenditure with export income, stability of the exchange rate, and minimising the levels of net foreign liabilities and net foreign debt as a percentage of GDP. Other objectives include ensuing that the benefits of economic growth are enjoyed by all groups of the population through an equitable distribution of income, as well as ensuring that economic growth and development is ecologically sustainable such that it meets the needs of present generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Macroeconomic policies operate on the demand side of the economy since changes in the settings or stances of fiscal and monetary policies will impact on the growth of aggregate demand. • If AD exceeds AS at the full employment...
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...Introduction In this assignment, multiple contents of micro and macro economics have been discussed. In the first part, the threats & opportunities and their impacts are discussed in the context of Unilever. Then the content of free market economy and necessity of government’s intervention has been discussed along with objectives of fiscal policies. Then at the last part, the movements and shift supply-demand curves have been discussed in addition, the price elasticity of demand. Answer of Part-1 Threats and opportunities are related to external environment. For Unilever, threats may come from suppliers, government, labor union, environmentalists, consumers union etc. They may find the following opportunities and threats (Definition of SWOT, Rapid Business Intelligence Success). For example, * Economy - Strength of Currency. * Market - Growth/Decline, Fashion Trend * Legislation - Pollution, Product Liability, Energy, Healthcare * Technology - Substitutes, New Tools, Artificial Intelligence * Environment - Recycling, Increased Testing, Protection * Society- various groups create some bottlenecks How the above elements works for Unilever Devaluation of local currency will increase the price of raw materials as well as raises the fuel cost and all other costs related to production. Hence, production cost rises, resulting in price increase. The consumers may behave negatively to this price increment and this will create a threat for Unilever in...
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...income per head and improving on the general welfare of Africa following the average growth in real per capita income of about 3.8 % per annum between 1967 and 1970 (Mbanga, 2008). In the early 1970s, developing countries borrowed to finance their current account deficit. Such borrowing was geared towards boosting the level of economic growth and development. By 1980s, the developing countries’ debt had accumulated and the international financial institutions from this period started to provide both technical and financial debt-management assistance to debtor countries. However, this effort still aimed at fostering economic growth, was also equally meant to reduce both debt burdens and poverty level of these...
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...The purpose of this essay is to fully understand macroeconomic by analysing these questions. All these issues are related to the concept of inflation. First of all, it will give a definition of inflation and list the measures of inflation. Then, it provides what is the difference between cost-push inflation and demand-pull inflation. Next, an explanation of conflict between the objectives of full employment and price stability is represented. Finally, it is to explain that stagflation pose a problem for demand management policies. Inflation is an increase in the general (average) price level of goods and services in an economy. Inflation has positive and negative effects. It is noted that inflation is not a growth in price of any specific goods and services in the economic over a period of time. When the price level increases, fewer products are purchased. Inflation can affect the purchasing power of money, the real interest rate and investment and business decisions making Deflation is the opposite of inflation. Neither inflation nor deflation does mean all prices of all goods and services in the economy rise/decrease during a given period (Layton, Robinson &Tucker, 2012, p308). The consumer price index (CPI), an index that measures the monthly changes in the average price of consumer goods and services, is the most common measure of inflation, although it is not a perfect measure of inflation (Layton et al., 2012, p310). The formula can be expressed: CPI = cost...
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...Chapter 01 Limits, Alternatives, and Choices Multiple Choice Questions 1. Economics is the study of: A. increasing the level of productive resources so there is maximum output in society. B. increasing the level of productive resources so there is a minimum level of income. C. how people, institutions, and society make choices under conditions of scarcity. D. the efficient use of scarce resources paid for at the minimum level of cost to consumers and businesses. 2. The primary focus of the study of economics is with: A. expanding the production of goods and services. B. equalizing the distribution of consumer income and wealth. C. making the most efficient use of scarce productive resources. D. reallocating resources from consumption to production in the economy. 3. The general concern of economics is with the study of the: A. degree of competition in stock and bond markets in the economy. B. efficient use of limited productive resources to satisfy economic wants. C. issue of equality in the distribution of income and wealth among households. D. budget deficits in the domestic economy and trade deficits in the international economy. 4. Which of the following is not a central focus of the "economic perspective"? A. Scarcity and choice. B. The scientific method. C. Purposeful behavior. D. Marginal analysis. 5. The term scarcity in economics refers to the fact that: A. economic wants are limited and resources are...
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...well as economic analysis? Introduction Though Central Bank is viewed as one of the primary mechanisms of macroeconomic stabilization there are a number of arguments about other areas of Central Bank’s involvement. This paper will explore the different areas, including the role of Central Bank in effecting monetary policy and intervening body in exchange rate trades, Central Bank as a Last Lender Resort (LLR), and Central Bank as a regulatory body of the financial sector. Prior to further discussion, it is important to stress that the role of Central Bank and the scope of its involvement may vary due to the effect of different legislations and the presence of various stakeholders. Thus, US Central Bank does not act as a regulatory body of the financial sector (Driffill et al., 2005), whereas the intervention activity of Japan Central Bank requires the approval of other governmental bodies (Fujiwara, 2005). This paper discusses the importance of Central Bank's publications of economic forecasts and other information related to Central Bank's views of the further state of macroeconomic trends. The discussion shows that this information is highly important for other market players and forecasting agencies as it reduces the information asymmetry. The role of Central bank in macroeconomic stabilization Chandavarkar (1996 cited in Geraats, 2002) claims that macroeconomic stabilization is the pivotal role of the Central Bank. The stabilization duties include such aspects as the...
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...Chapter 01 Limits, Alternatives, and Choices Multiple Choice Questions 1. Economics is the study of: A. increasing the level of productive resources so there is maximum output in society. B. increasing the level of productive resources so there is a minimum level of income. C. how people, institutions, and society make choices under conditions of scarcity. D. the efficient use of scarce resources paid for at the minimum level of cost to consumers and businesses. 2. The primary focus of the study of economics is with: A. expanding the production of goods and services. B. equalizing the distribution of consumer income and wealth. C. making the most efficient use of scarce productive resources. D. reallocating resources from consumption to production in the economy. 3. The general concern of economics is with the study of the: A. degree of competition in stock and bond markets in the economy. B. efficient use of limited productive resources to satisfy economic wants. C. issue of equality in the distribution of income and wealth among households. D. budget deficits in the domestic economy and trade deficits in the international economy. 4. Which of the following is not a central focus of the "economic perspective"? A. Scarcity and choice. B. The scientific method. C. Purposeful behavior. D. Marginal analysis. 5. The term scarcity in economics refers to the fact that: A. economic wants are limited and resources are...
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...Chapter 01 Limits, Alternatives, and Choices Multiple Choice Questions 1. Economics is the study of: A. increasing the level of productive resources so there is maximum output in society. B. increasing the level of productive resources so there is a minimum level of income. C. how people, institutions, and society make choices under conditions of scarcity. D. the efficient use of scarce resources paid for at the minimum level of cost to consumers and businesses. 2. The primary focus of the study of economics is with: A. expanding the production of goods and services. B. equalizing the distribution of consumer income and wealth. C. making the most efficient use of scarce productive resources. D. reallocating resources from consumption to production in the economy. 3. The general concern of economics is with the study of the: A. degree of competition in stock and bond markets in the economy. B. efficient use of limited productive resources to satisfy economic wants. C. issue of equality in the distribution of income and wealth among households. D. budget deficits in the domestic economy and trade deficits in the international economy. 4. Which of the following is not a central focus of the "economic perspective"? A. Scarcity and choice. B. The scientific method. C. Purposeful behavior. D. Marginal analysis. 5. The term scarcity in economics refers to the fact that: A. economic wants are limited and resources are...
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...the implications of a significant reduction in barriers to the trade and services for the global economy. 3)a) In 2002 the unemployment rates in Spain, France and Italy were significantly higher than in the UK. Examine the factors which might explain why the UK's unemployment rate was lower in these countries. b) To what extent might the pursuit of full employment conflict with other macroeconomic objectives? ------------------------------------------------- Exemplar: 1)a) 'The competitiveness of the Uk's manufacturing sector has declined in recent years'. Discuss the factors which may have affected the international competitiveness of UK goods. b) Evaluate the methods by which the UK's international competitiveness could be increased. 2)'Trading blocs are becoming increasingly important to the world economy' a) Discuss the benefits to a country belonging to a trading bloc. b) To what extent might the policies of the WTO conflict to those of trading blocs? ------------------------------------------------- June 02 1a) Examine the factors which have led to an increase in interdependence between countries in the world economy. b) Assess the impact on the global economy of the continued use by trading blocs of measures which restrict free trade. 2a) Examine the impact of falling oil prices on the economies of the European Union. b) Evaluate the potential costs and benefits to the UK economy of a decision to join the euro. 3a) Examine the factors which might...
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...The New Growth Path: Miracle or Mirage? pg. 1 The New Growth Path: Miracle or Mirage? The South African government has embarked on a series of economic programmes to achieve job growth and redistribution goals. The New Growth Path is the latest: it sets an ambitious target of creating five million jobs by 2020. The Path contains some good dimensions, but remains largely a set of slogans: “green economy;” “knowledge based economy.” It raises some scepticism as far as its workability unless some targeted policies are identified, prioritized and followed through including coordinated monetary and fiscal policies, skilled workforce development, and targeted sector development. Precisely how important the various elements are is not detailed. South Africa: the Unemployment, Inequality and Poverty Challenge South Africa’s unemployment rate is one of the highest in the world: according to the International Labour Organization, which adopts a narrow definition of unemployment being “decent work”, in 2006 South Africa’s unemployment rate was over 25%, close to double the highest unemployment rate of middle income economies which is Poland (13.8%) and much higher than many of its Latin American comparators such as Chile, Mexico and Argentina (ILO, 2008). Also noteworthy is that these unemployment rates differ greatly by age: the unemployment rate of African youth (15-34 years) stood at 52.7% in 2010 (Dimant et al., 2010). South Africa also registered an increase of income inequality...
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...didn’t had real data about the financial and economic conditions and EU ignored it. EU also accepted heavy debts by many countries at the time of crisis. Banking Sector Problem- The banking sector was collapsed when it got involved in the global financial chain which dragged down in 2007 financial crisis. The Banks were in a weak position because of the financial instruments of high risk will collapse in the debt crisis scenario and as the money they had was used for financing Government budget deficit rather than doing its important role of providing the money to Businesses and households which could have given them return for their ending amount. Rating Agencies- Tensions in bond market and increasing bond yields, difficulty in raising money by the government due to low trust of the creditors had after rating agencies continued downgrading the troubled euro nations because of the risk arising from the debt crisis. Political Conflict Different ideologies of the parties created conflicts between European decision makers. Germany and other rich nations refused any decisive method solving the debt scenario. Germany even after the changes in the parliament, slicked to its austerity-led-strategy to deal with the financial crisis even if, it would have...
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...Finance to bring together researchers and policymakers are indeed welcome. 2. With growing financial openness, globalisation and liberalisation, financial stability issues have come to the forefront. These issues have ranged from discussions on basic issues of the definition of financial stability itself to issues of measurement, issues of choice of instruments to achieve the objective of financial stability and even issues on the degree of activism that central banks should adopt in pursuing this objective. 3. Traditionally, it has been believed that monetary stability leads to financial stability. However, as the events of the 1990s show, it need not necessarily be the case. While there are complementarities between these two objectives, especially in the long run, the same need not hold in the short-run. A stable macroeconomic environment - low and stable inflation, sustained growth and low interest rates - can generate excessive optimism about the future economic prospects and often the risks are downplayed. Accordingly, episodes of financial instability often have their origins in environment of macroeconomic stability. Thus, macro economic stability need not necessarily always place an economy in financial stability in the medium/long term and central banks, therefore, now bestow a...
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...October/November 2013 series for most IGCSE, GCE Advanced Level and Advanced Subsidiary Level components and some Ordinary Level components. Page 2 Mark Scheme GCE AS/A LEVEL – October/November 2013 Section A Syllabus 9708 Paper 42 1 (a) In what type of market structure is Unilever likely to be operating? Explain your answer. [3] It is a large multinational company so the size would indicate that it is in an imperfectly competitive market. This means it has some control over its price decisions, that it has branded products, which implies that it advertises. Allow 1 mark for market economy/mixed economy/diversified market provided there is an explanatory reason. (b) Why might it be thought that there could be a conflict between Unilever’s stated objective and its policy concerning its suppliers? [5] It has an aim of doubling its size. This might indicate that it hopes to achieve economies of scale. However, elements of their business would seem to be towards perfect competition and against the idea of...
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