...true FISP and 3d FLASH sequences was 15 ml/lt. Ten patients underwent conventional enteroclysis with 1.5 lt of 20% barium sulfate enema and 22.5 ml of gadolinium. MR Enteroclysis was performed afterwards using true FISP, fat suppressed 3d FLASH and fat suppressed HASTE sequences. In all patients the proposed contrast medium acted as positive in 3d FLASH (T1w), true FISP (T2/T1 w) and as a negative in HASTE (T2w). In conclusion, a 20% barium sulfate enema with 15 ml/lt gadolinium is appropriate for conventional and MR Enteroclysis studies. Keywords: MRI, contrast medium, gadolinium, Crohn's disease, Enteroclysis Text Introduction Fast and ultrafast sequences, high performance gradient coils and dedicated abdominal phased array coils resulted in significant improvement in MR Imaging of the small bowel (SB). Resent reports indicated that MRI may be clinically useful for anatomic demonstration, identification and characterization of SB abnormalities, providing information from the bowel lumen - wall and the mesenteries (1-8). However, there is no consensus on the optimum sequences that should be used for SB imaging or on the appropriate contrast media for lumen opacification. In the present study different gadolinium concentrations within a 20%...
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...They also had a long history of running at least 5 to 20 years. Before the competition started there were three runners that presented normal lateral menisci. There was eight grade I lesions; four grade II and three grade III lesions. “One participant who underwent resection of the posterior horn of the lateral meniscus 15 years previously and presented with a graded IIIB lesion of the posterior horn of the lateral meniscus in the other knee. After running there was no signal alteration that graded differently from the initial findings”. The MRI scans of those participants that were healthy before the race with no previous muscle injuries, after the marathon the MRI scans proved that no negative long-term-effects were experienced. In contrast, those that previously had high-grade lesions of the menisci, after the marathon might be at risk of greater injury of the knee, like osteoarthritis. W. Krampla, R. Mayrhofer, J. Malcher, K.H.Kristen, M.Urban, W.Hruby. MR imaging of the knee in marathon Runners before and after compeition. March 2001, volume 30, issue, pp...
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...WELCOME HELIODISPLAY DILIP LAZAR EC-7A R.NO-17 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION REAR PROJECTION WORKING HELIOCAST INTERACTIVITY MODELS FEATURES SPECIFICATIONS PRICING FOG SCREEN PERSPECTA ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS APPLICATIONS CONCLUSION REFERENCES INTRODUCTION INTERACTIVE PLANAR DISPLAY DEVELOPED BY CHAD DYNER PRODUCED & MARKETED BY IO2 TECHNOLOGIES REAR PROJECTION In-camera special effects technique in film production Widely used for many years in driving scenes TECHNIQUE Actors stand in front of a screen A projector positioned behind the screen casts a reversed image of the background A major advance over rear projection is FRONT PROJECTION Examples James Cameron - Aliens Austin Powers film series WORKING Projects images onto a screen of microscopic particles. Microdroplets 1-10 microns in diameter. Optical tracking system for monitoring hand movements. WORKING contnd System creates a dynamic, non-solid particle cloud by ejecting atomized condensate A heliodisplay runs on particles present in the air Particles in the air are converted into nearly atom-sized particles, and are re-emitted upward Held together by surface tension and form a cloud Changing the molecular properties-qualities of the image, like brightness and sharpness, can also be changed HELIOCAST INTERACTIVITY When the Heliodisplay is connected to a PC using a standard USB cable, and with the supplied IO2 Heliocast software installed, you can use your...
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...important, one major invention changed the world by helping fuel the Industrial Revolution. Inventor Nikola Tesla created the first alternating current (A.C.) motor. This famous inventor, Nikola Tesla lived from July 10, 1856 until July 7, 1953 (Nikola Tesla Master of Lightning, 1). He spent his early childhood in Smiljan, Croatia. As the son of a minister, he frequently moved around Croatia with his family, attending several different good quality primary and secondary schools. After his father’s death, his uncles raised enough money for Tesla to move to Prague to attend college (Tesla Biography, 2). Although never officially obtaining a degree, he audited classes and obtained a college level education at the University of Prague. In 1884, he moved to the United States of America and resided in New York, New York for the rest of his life (Tesla Biography, 3). Mainly working for Thomas Edison, then Westinghouse, Nikola Tesla created many interesting inventions. Most importantly, working in his small laboratory in Manhattan, New York, he invented the alternating current (A. C.) motor, in 1892. He obtained a patent on this A.C. motor in February 25, 1896 (Tesla Patent...
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...R2 VR2 Voltage at point A VA Voltage at point B VB Voltage at point C VC | | Please solve for the total resistance of three resistors that are in parallel if the first one is 6MΩ, the second one is 0.05 GΩ, and the third one is 900 kΩ. Class Work 1 DefinitionsSine Waves - The sinusoidal waveform (sine wave) is the fundamental Alternating Current (AC) and alternating voltage waveformA wave is a disturbance | | Period (T) - The duration of one complete cycle of a wave or oscillation (measured in seconds, s) The time it takes for a wave to repeat itself (and cycle through again) Sine waves are characterized by amplitude & period; The amplitude is the max value of a voltage or current, The period is the time interval for one complete cycle The period of a sine wave can be measured between any two corresponding points on the waveform By contrast, amplitude of a sine wave is only measured from the center to the maximum point Frequency ( f ) - The number of cycles a (sine) wave completes in one second (measured in hertz, Hz) Frequency ( f ) and Period (T) are reciprocals: f= 1T T= 1f | Alternating Current (AC) | Direct Current (DC) | Amount of energy that can be carried: | Can travel long distances & provide more power | Cannot travel very far before losing energy. | Cause of direction flow of electrons: | Rotating magnet along wire | Steady magnetism along wire | Frequency: | 50Hz or 60Hz (depending upon the country)...
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...RFID Based Railway Reservation System. SUBMITTED BY: RANA DEBNATH. REGISTRATION NO: 11504051 ROLL: RD1507A21, SECTION: D1507 SUBMITTED TO: Dr. ANITA KUMARI. RFID Based Railway Reservation System. ABSTRACT : In the New era of technology all system has to be updated, Indian Railway is the 2nd largest Rail Network in India it is the backbone of public and goods transport in India. Bulk of long distance traffic is carried by the Indian Railway. RFID system at many transport system so we think to implement biometrics in our research and then decided to use fingerprint module also for the add-on for user flexibility using GSM module for Communication purpose of sending and receiving message. In our Project Research we are trying to minimize railway Reservation Fraud and give more facility to traveler and improve society. Also simplify the Reservation System in that we will take fingerprint of the person who goes for reservation/ticket booking and help a lot humanitarian by this innovative technology. Standalone module which contains Finger Print Module verify the person's identity. Using GSM before the journey message will be send to the user with information. At time of journey Ticket checker will verify fingerprint with previously stored data using standalone module as a part of verification. By this more number of paper will be saved by that can help Railway in increasing their income by saving cost of paper. No need to carry identity proof. Due to this...
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...Highly-Efficient Battery Chargers with ParallelLoaded Resonant Converters Ying-Chun Chuang e-mail:chuang@mail.ksu.edu.tw Yu-Lung Ke e-mail:yulungke@ms25.hinet.net Shun-Yi Chang e-mail:nickelayu@hotmail.com Department of Electrical Engineering, Kun Shan University, Tainan Hsien 71003, Taiwan, R.O.C. Abstract—The well established advantages of resonant converters for battery chargers, including fast response, low switching losses, easy of the control scheme, simplicity of circuit configuration, and low electromagnetic interference (EMI), among others, have led to their increasing attraction. This work develops a highly efficient battery charger with a parallel-loaded resonant converter for battery charging applications to improve the performance of traditional switching-mode charger circuits. The charging voltage can be regulated by varying the switching frequency. The switching frequency of the parallel-loaded resonant battery charger was set at continuous conduction mode (CCM). Circuit operation modes are determined from the conduction profiles. Operating equations and operating theory are also developed. This study utilizes the fundamental wave approximation with a battery equivalent circuit to simplify the charger circuit analyses and presents an efficient, small-sized, and cost-effective switched-mode converter for battery chargers. A prototype charger with parallel-loaded resonant converter designed for a 12V-48Ah battery is built and tested to verify the analytical...
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...4 Parameters and measured values 32 Meaning of the symbols 4 Hints for usage Receipt control Hints for maintenance 5 5 6 Repairing and calibration Face plate Battery Waste management 6 6 6 6 Parameter indication at UMG96S Measured value indication at UMG96S Program parameters Mean values Averaging time current (Adr.057) Averaging time power (Adr.058) Minimum and maximum values Net frequency (Adr.063) Real energy Current transformer (Addr. 600) Voltage transformer (Addr. 602) Harmonics (Addr.221) Measured value rotation Measured value indications Indication profile (Addr. 060) Indication profile (Addr. 604) User password (Addr.011) Delete energy (Addr.009) Field rotation (Addr. 277) LCD Contrast (Addr. 012) Time detection Serial number (Addr. 911) Software Release (Addr. 913) Hardware expansion (Addr. 914) Serial interfaces Interface selection (Addr. 062) Modem operation (Addr. 070) MODBUS RTU Realised functions RS232 interface (Option) RS485 interface Profibus DP (Option) Profibus profiles Inputs and outputs Pulse output Pulse valence Digital output Limit supervision Analogue output (Option) Digital input (Option) Memory Data memory (Option) Data memory (056) Service Product description 6 7...
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...Phase Contrast Microscopy Phase Contrast Microscopy, first described in 1934 by Dutch physicist Frits Zernike, is a contrast-enhancing optical technique that can be utilized to produce high-contrast images of transparent specimens, such as living cells (usually in culture), microorganisms, thin tissue slices, lithographic patterns, fibers, latex dispersions, glass fragments, and subcellular particles (including nuclei and other organelles). In effect, the phase contrast technique employs an optical mechanism to translate minute variations in phase into corresponding changes in amplitude, which can be visualized as differences in image contrast. One of the major advantages of phase contrast microscopy is that living cells can be examined in their natural state without previously being killed, fixed, and stained. As a result, the dynamics of ongoing biological processes can be observed and recorded in high contrast with sharp clarity of minute specimen detail. The phase-plate increases the phase difference to half a wavelength. Destructive interference between the two sorts of light when the image is projected results in the specimen appearing as a dark object. The phase contrast microscope uses the fact that the light passing through a transparent part of the specimen travels slower and, due to this is shifted compared to the uninfluenced light. This difference in phase is not visible to the human eye. However, the change in phase can be increased to half a wavelength by a transparent...
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...MINISTRY OF POWER AND MINERAL RESOURCES OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN APPROVED by Prikaz No 189 of the Minister of Power and Mineral Resources of the Republic of Kazakhstan, as of August 26, 2004.) REGULATIONS ON ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN (PUE) Astana, 2003 TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION 1: GENERAL REGULATIONS 10 CHAPTER 1.1: GENERAL 10 SCOPE, TERMS AND DEFINITIONS 10 GENERAL REGULATIONS FOR INSTALLATION OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT 11 CONNECTION OF ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS TO THE POWER STATIONS 13 COMMISSIONING OF ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS 14 CHAPTER 1.2 POWER SUPPLY AND POWER SYSTEMS 14 SCOPE, DEFINITIONS 14 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 14 CATEGORIES OF POWER CONSUMING DEVICES AND RELIABILITY OF POWER SUPPLY 15 VOLTAGE LEVELS AND CONTROLS, REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION 16 CHAPTER 1.3 SELECTION OF CONDUCTORS: HEATING, CURRENT DENSITY AND CORONA DISCHARGE CONDITIONS 16 SCOPE 16 SELECTION OF CROSS-SECTION OF CONDUCTORS: HEATING 17 MAXUIMUM CONTINUOUS CURRENTS FOR WIRES, CORDS AND CABLES IN RUBBER OR PLASTIC INSULATION 18 MAXIMUM CONTINUOUS CURRENTS FOR CABLES IN IMPREGNATED PAPER INSULATION 22 MAXIMUM CONTINUOUS CURRENTS FOR BARE WIRES...
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...as the one percent? Is the remaining ninety nine percent of the nation lazy and incompetent? In my opinion it is a rare circumstance that there is a correlation between hard work and “getting ahead”, but if we work hard and stay true to our passions we are always getting ahead by our own terms. There was a Serbian man born on July 10th, 1856, whose long life boyhood dream was to harness the power of Niagra Falls. He worked his entire life laying the foundation that makes our entire technological existence possible and until recently hasn’t received any credit whatsoever publicly for his accomplishments. The power that surges through the computer as I sit and type this paper is created by an induction motor and delivered by using AC (alternating current) technology that was invented by this man. The transistor that allows me to download information and refresh...
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...SOLAR CHARGER A great kit for self-sufficiency It' SOLAR CHARGERS: 1. SOLAR CHARGER - this page - using a ZTX 851 transistor 2. Solar Light 3. Power Supply 5v Solar - Circuit 1 4. Power Supply 5v Solar - Circuit 2 5. Solar Charger - Push Pull circuit Some products are not yet available for 12v operation but inverters are available from 100watts to 4kw. The aim of this project is to cater for the other end of the range. We are looking at charging a 12v battery, using the cheapest set of solar cells and the cheapest inverter. This also means the cheapest 12v battery - a 1amphr (1AHr) gell cell or 6v cells salvaged from old analogue mobiles! THE PROBLEM The problem with charging a battery from a solar panel is the SUN! It doesn't shine all the time and clouds get in the way! Our eyes adjust to the variations in the strength of the sun but a solar panel behaves differently. As soon as the sun loses its intensity, the output from a solar panel drops enormously. No only does the output current fall, but the output voltage also decreases. Many of the solar panels drop to below the 13.6v needed to charge a 12v battery and as soon as this occurs, the charging current drops to ZERO. This means they become useless as soon as the brightness of the sun goes away. Our project cannot work miracles but it will convert voltages as low as 3.5v into 13.6v and keep delivering a current to the battery. Obviously the current will be much lower than the maximum, when the sun...
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...energy from huma/mechanical energy or pedal power with the use of our Bicycle Charger. A Pedal Powered generator provides a method of generating electricity by means of a modified exercise bike for use in energy storage and running portable devices. Human.mechanical energy is converted by a belt-liked cloth to a bike dick brake. The energy created by the DC generator can be stored in various types of lead-acid batteries. Energy stored in battery form can act as a supplemental energy source for battery banks that may already bu used for wind, hydro and photovoltaic systems. Also, energy that is stored within the lead-acid battery can be utilizrd as DC current for use in DC appliances such as those found in automotive mobile homes. If Alternating Current (AC) appliances are in place then an inventer must be used to transfer the 12 volts of DC current into the standard 110 volts of AC current for usage by these appliances. Pedal power is the source of getting energy from humans. It can be described as the transfer of energy generated through the movement of human feet and hands in some cases. Humans used the pedal power to impel bicycles for centuries. In the primeval time all the machinery was manual and required the physocal energy to run them. This use of pedal power proved to be really helpful to perform even hard labor tasks. Pedal power was the base of the industry for many years. The idea of pedal power generators emerged from the wind turbines. Recent trend towards the...
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...10 cms. ● High current(500mA or more). METHODS There are different methods by which power can be transmitted wirelessly. Some of them would be ● Using Inductive Coupling for short range. ● Resonant Induction for mid range. ● Electromagnetic wave power transfer for high range. TRANSMITTER MODULE ● The transmitter module of our project is made up of a D.C. power source, an oscillator circuit(royer oscillator in our case) and a transmitter coil. ● The D.C. power source provides a constant D.C. voltage to the input of the oscillator circuit. There, this D.C. power is converted to a high frequency A.C. power and is supplied to the transmitter coil. ● The transmitter coil, energized by the high frequency A.C. current, produces an alternating magnetic field. ROYER OSCILLATOR FREQUENCY MODIFICATION ● The oscillator runs at the frequency determined by the inductance of the coil and the capacitor value ● The operating frequency is the familiar formula for resonance. ● W=1/sqrt(LC) ● F= 1/(2 × π × sqrt(LC)). SIMULATION RESULTS SIMULATION RESULTS RECEIVER MODULE ● The receiver module of our project is made up of a receiver coil, a rectifier circuit and a voltage regulator IC. ● An A.C. voltage is induced in the receiver coil. The rectifier circuit converts it to D.C. and the voltage regulator IC helps to...
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...Physics 114 AC Circuits. Oscilloscope Alvaro Alvarez Partner: Shaine Powers Group 1 Ta: Salman 4/1/14 Abstract: In the experiment AC Circuits. Oscilloscope, the main objective was to use a signal generator (SG) to create a sine wae and using an oscilloscope we had to bserve the various components of a sine waves and there relationships; the component RMS, amplitude, period and frequency. Another objective was to use the RLC circuit to determine the resonant frequency. In order to complete these ojectives the circuit was first set up as in figure 1 and RMS, period, frequency and amplitude were calculated and measured. The experimental amplitude was 0.875Vac, the frequency was 1001Hz, and the period was one second. The difference beween the theoretical frequcy from the signal generator was compared to the experimental frequency giving a 0.1% error. For the second part of the lab the RLC circuit was set up (figure 2) and from there the resonant frequency was found for this was done three times (table 1). After this the voltage drop was measured in the range of 800-300Hz; the different frequencies withc corresponding average power that dissipated in the resistor was inputted into GA (table 2,). From there the power vs frequency graph was plotted. and finally the theoretical angular frequency 1.0846 x 104rad/sec was compared to the experimentally found frequency of 1.0820 x 104rad/sec, giving a 0.24% error. Objective: In experiment number nine “AC Circuits. Oscilloscope”...
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