...Examination of Stool Stool from patient is examined to detect: 1. Adult worms 2. Segments of tapeworms 3. Ova and Cysts of Parasites 4. Larvae 5. Trophozoites 6. WBC , RBC , Pus Cells , Macrophages etc Collection of stool sample : 1. Stool sample is to be collected in a wide mouthed leak proof container with a tight fitting lid. 2. Amount: 20 – 40 gram of solid stool or 5 – 6 tablespoonful of liquid stool .Care is to be taken to prevent contamination with urine , dirt etc . 3. Patient is to be warned not to take any medicine or medicinal substance before collection of the sample. 4. Stool sample must not be collected from bedpan containing disinfectants. 5. The container should be properly labeled with patient’s ID no., the name of the test that is desired by the clinician. 6. The stool sample is to be kept in a cool shady place but not to be frozen. 7. Stool sample is to be transported to the laboratory without any delay. Examination of stool is to be done within 30 minutes of stool sample collection (not within 30 minutes after reception of stool in the lab). Examination of stool is divided into a) Naked eye examination (Macroscopic Examination) b) Chemical examination c) Microscopic examination a) Naked eye examination (Macroscopic Examination): Consistency: whether the stool sample is formed, soft, loose or watery. Presence of blood and mucus Presence of round worm, thread worm or tapeworm proglottides Colour and smell of stool b) Chemical examination Stool is usually acidic...
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...Brief History Optical microscopy, as discussed in the introduction of the previous lab, uses a system of lenses to magnify and resolve image details usually invisible to the naked eye. Reflected light microscopy relies on the observed specimen to have a highly reflective surface, while other light microscopy techniques employ a different fundamental system. [1][10][11] In this lab, we make use of transmitted light microscopy – a practical and common technique made possible by sample illumination using a light source on the opposite side of the specimen from the objective. [2] Relatively, this technique was discovered only very recently and has by and large become just as heavily used as reflected light microscopy. The chronology of the transmitted light microscope is rooted in the evolution of the optical microscope, but branches off in 1893 when August Kӧhler began to work with sample illumination and made use of light that interfered with the sample, rather than the light being absorbed and reflected.[3] Transmitted light microscopy is heavily favored to observe biological sample and in Figure 1, we can see how light is transmitted through the sample and into an eyepiece, instead of being reflected off the surface.[4] Figure 1 Unstained (left) and stained (right) biological sample. In 1953, this technique saw a crucial jump in development and began exploring phase contrast techniques.[5] Bright-field and dark-field techniques also allowed for contrast between specimen...
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...Lab 1: Microscopy and the Metric System Purpose The purpose of this lab is to become familiar with the lighted microscope, how to prepare a wet mount, and understand taking measurements in the metric system and its conversions. Materials & Methods Materials: Part A: * Computer for videos Part B: * Tape measure with centimeters * Scale that measures grams * Thermometer that shows Celsius * Campbell Biology Book * 1 piece Orange Starburst Methods: Part A: Combined Lighted Microscope 1. Watch video on microscope 2. Answer the provided questions on the microscope Wet Mount: 1. Watch video on wet mount 2. Explain the process of creating a wet mount Part B: Width of Book: 1. Lay book flat 2. Take the measuring tape and measure the width of the book in centimeters Mass of Orange Starburst: 1. Place the scale on flat surface 2. Zero the scale and set the display to grams 3. Place the orange starburst and write down the mass in grams Meniscus: 1. Answer the provided question on Meniscus in a graduated cyclinder Temperature: 1. Set thermometer to display temperature in Celsius 2. Take room temperature by turning on the thermometer and noting temperature 3. Take body temperature by placing the thermometer on the back of your hand Results Part A: Microscopy 1) Parts of a compound microscope and their functions. a) Focal Adjustment- helps adjusts the slide into focus b) Eyepiece- the lens...
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...Some modifications of the AFM that can be made besides changing the material of the tip include using the cantilever without the tip, using different cantilevers, and analyzing samples in different environments. These changes allow the AFM to be used to monitor many different living organisms as will be further described in depth later. The AFM has advantages over both TEM and SEM in that living organism samples are not destroyed during preparations. One limitation of AFM includes the fact that scanning one sample can take several minutes while analysis of an SEM sample occurs in near real-time. Applications of AFM will continue to expand and improvements to the technique will continue to be made. Introduction to AFM Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is an imaging technique that can be used in a number of different scientific fields and under many different conditions. The basic concept of this technique is that a 3-D image is mapped out using a sharp probe tip on the end of a cantilever. A laser that is directed to the cantilever is reflected off towards a photodiode which is attached to a detector. As the cantilever “vibrates” over the sample, the detector records the height changes. AFM has many advantages,...
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...The World of the Cell Seventh Edition Wayne M. Becker Lewis J. Kleinsmith Jeff Hardin Gregory Paul Bertoni Chapter 1 A Preview of the Cell Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.. Chapter 1--Cell The basic structural and functional unit of living organisms The smallest structure capable of performing the essential functions characteristic of life The study of cells •Began with the invention of microscopes in the 17th century •Using a microscope to look at cork, Robert Hooke described little box-like compartments and named them cellulae (little rooms) in 1665 (Micrographia) •Actually, the cellulae were dead plant cells •Limited by the microscope resolution Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Developed superior lenses that had 10-fold better resolution than Hooke’s. Looked at algae, protists, minerals, fossils, animals using a microscope. First to describe bacteria: "I then most always saw, with great wonder, "an unbelievably great there wereof living that in the said matter company many very animalcules, a-swimming more nimbly than little living animalcules, very prettily a-moving. any Ibiggest sort. . . up to this time. The The had ever seen had a very strong and biggest sort. .and shot through into water (or swift motion, . bent their body the curves in going forwards. . . does through the water. The spittle) like a pike Moreover, the other animalcules were in suchspun round numbers, second sort. . . oft-times enormous like a top. that allthese were.far more in number...
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...Hyphal Nuclear position. | 400 nm of Nacodazole will have an effect on Neurospora Crassa Hyphal Nuclear position. | Variables: Fungal growth Tip | Nuclear positioning | Independent on time | Independent on time | Dependent on the distance migrated | Dependent on the distance migrated | Controls: * Observing the normal movement of Neurospora Crassa Hyphal Tip Growth without 400nm of Nacodazole. * Observing the normal Nuclear position of Neurospora Crassa Hyphal Tip Growth without 400nm of Nacodazole. Protocol : Investigation of Neurospora Crassa fungal tip growth and nuclear position. 1) From day 3, Neurospora Crassa cushions slides are required 2) Kohler Illumination set up under bright field microscopy. 3) Pick up two agar cushions without bubbles and label them as control 1 and control 2 4) Add 50 ul of growing medium to each control and place a covering slips on the. 5) For 5 minutes, put the slides inside the incubator allowing the medium to transfer into the cell 6) After, place the one of the control under kohler Illumination microscope and start observing. 7) Measure the growth distance of fungal tip growth and record it in table 1. 8) Timer was measured by minutes and microscope based on ocular units. 9) Repeat for control 2 Table 1: Measuring Neurospora Crassa fungal tip growth travel distance for starting at 0 minutes to 10 minutes as 50 ul growth medium was used. Time (min) | Growth...
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...Introduction: In this lab, my partner Jacob Hodge and I will be doing four different experiments using a microscope. The purpose of this lab is to know the proper technique of focusing and making slides. In these experiments, Jacob and I will learn the parts of a compound light microscope, the functions of those parts, and the proper use and care of the microscope. We will also learn how to clean up wet mount slides. Objects, or specimens, to be observed under a microscope are generally prepared in one of two ways. Prepared or permanent slides are made to last a long time. They are usually purchased from biological supply houses. Temporary or wet mount slides are made to last only a short time-usually one laboratory period. In the 1600’s, Anton von Leeuwenhoek discovered the life that lives in a drop of pond water. This discovery opened up a new world for biologists that could be explored only with the aid of magnification. Since Leeuwenhoek’s time, the microscope has become one of the most important tools used by biologists. Much has been learned about the nature of life and about living things with the help of the microscope. Methods & Materials: Compound light microscope prepared glass slide lens paper newspaper beaker rubbing alcohol glass slide coverslip forceps pipette scissors kim wipes dark thread light thread medicine dropper pond water The steps or procedures of the regular class procedure...
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...The most interesting thing I observed in today’s microscope lab was that I was able to view algae from a sample of pond water. The total magnification which I made the observation was 450. Been able to see algae just with the sample of pond water is amazing because whenever I see pond water I never think about what it beholds I just thought of it as water and nothing spectacular. 2. In the plant cell I observed the chloroplast organelle. My observations for the chloroplast organelle was that the shape was a circle and very tiny. I also I learned that the function of the chloroplast organelle is to conduct photosynthesis. In the animal cell I observed the nucleus. My observations for the nucleus was that the shape was a oval. When you look through the microscope it looks like a nucleus inside of the nucleus. I also I learned that the animal cell of the nucleus is to hold genetic code (DNA). 3. If I looked at bacterial cells with the microscope, I would expect to see neither one. Due to bacteria is a prokaryotic cell. Though, bacteria cells is a living thing but it’s much simpler and smaller, with no nucleus and a simpler membrane. Animal cells are the ones that consist of a nucleus and plant cells are the ones that consist of a organelles. 4. Animal cells don’t need cell walls. The function of cell walls is to formulate structure and animal cells don’t require that because they need space to move around. 5. From the seven properties of life I was able to identify...
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...Investigating Water Conserving Structures in a Range of Terrestrial Australian Plant Specimens Aim: - To make observations and draw water conserving structures present in various Australian xerophytic plants and to relate these structures to their functions. Hypothesis: It is believed that a range of xerophytic Australian plants will demonstrate water conserving structures such as rolling of the leaves, thin and long leaves, thick layer of cuticle, hairy leaves, small leaves and flowers, sunken stomates and swollen stem to adapt to their arid environment. Materials: • Leaves, stems, flowers and fruits of Casuarina, Eucalyptus, Cactus, Acacia, Hakea, Spinefex, and Banksia • Internet and BIF textbook images/drawings or prepared glass slides of xerophytes • Stereo microscope • Compound Optical Microscope • Glass slides • cover slips • mounting needle • forceps • magnifying glasses or hand lens Risk Assessments: - Extra care is needed when handling microscopes and the prepared glass slides as - breakages might occur. Place the microscope and glass slides away from the edges of the table to avoid them from falling. When handling the different types of xerophytic plants, make sure they are away from eyes, nose and face as allergies or skin irritation to plants may occur if inhaled or held for too long, always wear apron or gloves if necessary. Method: 1. Observe and draw the leaves of the xerophytic plants 2. Noticing their distinctive features including...
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...Title: Microscope Introduction: Microscopes are an instrument used to see objects that are too small for the naked eye. This new technology bought a whole new discovery to our world back in the early 1600s. The first microscope was developed by Hans Janssen and Zacharias Janssen between 1590 and 1610. Around 1673, Anton Van Leeuwenhoek made a more powerful microscope. In this present time, there is many different microscopes, which can be classified into several different classes. The most important microscopes that you mainly hear of or use are a compound microscope and an optical microscope. The first microscope you see a lot in a lab is the compound light microscope. His microscope combines the power of lenses and light to enlarge the subject being viewed. The main purpose for the compound microscope is for studying plant cells and to view bacteria and parasites. Teachers mainly use these microscopes in labs to show you objects that we can't see through our naked eye. The second most common microscope is the optical microscope, which was actually the first microscope invented. This microscope contains one or more lenses to produce an enlarged image of a sample placed in the focal plane. This microscope has refractive glass and occasionally of plastic or quartz, to focus light into the eye or another light detector. This microscope is mainly used in the more professional field of science. No matter what microscope it is, it's very important in main discoveries made over...
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...Biology 100 – K. Marr (Revised Spring 2010) Lab 2. Microscopic Observation of Cells Prelab Assignment 1. Before coming to lab, read carefully the introduction and procedures of each part of the experiment. If you and your group members are not familiar with the procedure before coming to lab, you may have difficulty completing this exercise during the lab period. 2. Answer the Prelab Questions on the first three pages of the report sheet and be prepared to hand them in at the start of your lab class. Please be aware that you need to go online to answer prelab question #3. Goals of this Lab Exercise After completing this lab exercise you should be able to..... 1. Identify the parts of a compound light microscope and use a microscope to competently examine biological samples 2. Determine the diameter of the field of view for the various objectives of a microscope 3. Accurately sketch, describe and cite the major functions of the structures and organelles of the cells examined in this lab exercise 4. Estimate the size of specimens viewed with a microscope. The Microscope The microscope is one of the principal tools of the biologist. Without the microscope, many of the great discoveries of biology would never have been made. The light compound microscope, illustrated in Figure 1, is the type of microscope most commonly used. Proper, comfortable use of the instrument demands practice. The practice afforded you in this exercise depends upon familiarity with the parts of the microscope...
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...Compound Microscope Parts A high power or compound microscope achieves higher levels of magnification than a stereo or low power microscope. It is used to view smaller specimens such as cell structures which cannot be seen at lower levels of magnification. Essentially, a compound microscope consists of structural and optical components. However, within these two basic systems, there are some essential components that every microscopist should know and understand. These key microscope parts are illustrated and explained below. STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS The three basic, structural components of a compound microscope are the head, base and arm. •Head/Body houses the optical parts in the upper part of the microscope •Base of the microscope supports the microscope and houses the illuminator •Arm connects to the base and supports the microscope head. It is also used to carry the microscope. When carrying a compound microscope always take care to lift it by both the arm and base, simultaneously. Ocular with Pointer eyepiece which magnifies image projected by objective Body Tube maintains the correct distance between the eyepiece and the objectives (usually 25 cm) Arm supports the body tube and is used to carry the microscope Coarse Adjustment a knob that makes large adjustments to the focus Fine Adjustment a knob that makes small adjustments to the focus Nosepiece holds the objectives and can be rotated to change the magnification Objective Lenses Adjustable...
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...Organisms in a Drop Of Water Edelene B. Polo BS Biology-1A July 11, 2012 A scientific paper submitted to Professor Jocelyn E. Serrano in partial fulfilment of the requirements in General Biology1, 1st Semester 2012-2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 2 ABSTRACT 4 I. INTRODUCTION 4 II. MATERIALS AND METHODS 6 A. Location and Duration of the Study 6 B. Hay Infusion 6 C. Treatments 6 D. Materials during the Experiment 7 E. Actual Experimentation 7 a. Tap Water 7 b. Water from the river stored in a room temperature 8 c. Water from the river stored in a dark room 8 F. Flow Chart of the Procedure 9 III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 16 Tap Water 16 Water from the River Stored In a Room Temperature 17 Water from the River Stored In a Dark Area 18 IV. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 19 A. Summary 19 B. Conclusion 20 BIBLIOGRAPHY 21 APPENDIX (LIST OF PLATES) 22 Plate 1.. 23 Plate 2.. 23 Plate 3.. 24 Plate 4.. 24 Plate 5. 25 Plate 6. 25 Plate 7. 26 Plate 8.. 26 Plate 9 27 Plate 10. 27 ABSTRACT The laboratory study was conducted at Room 106 in CSB3 of Bicol University College of Science, Legaspi City from July 2-5, 2012. Water sample was collected from Travesia River in Travesia, Guinobatan, Albay. Tap water was collected from the faucet at Polo’s Residence in Villa Maria Subdivision Travesia, Guinobatan, Albay. Dried Cogon grass (Imperata cylindrical) or locally known as Gogon grass was collected from Mabugos, Guinobatan...
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...Lab Manual Introductory Biology (Version 1.4) © 2013 eScience Labs, LLC All rights reserved www.esciencelabs.com • 888.375.5487 2 Table of Contents: Introduc on: Lab 1: Lab 2: Lab 3: Lab 4: The Scien fic Method Wri ng a Lab Report Data Measurement Introduc on to the Microscope Biological Processes: Lab 5: Lab 6: Lab 7: Lab 8: Lab 9: The Chemistry of Life Diffusion Osmosis Respira on Enzymes The Cell: Lab 10: Lab 11: Lab 12: Lab 13: Lab 14: Lab 15: Cell Structure & Func on Mitosis Meiosis DNA & RNA Mendelian Gene cs Popula on Gene cs 3 4 Lab Safety Always follow the instruc ons in your laboratory manual and these general rules: eScience Labs, LLC. designs every kit with safety as our top priority. Nonetheless, these are science kits and contain items which must be handled with care. Safety in the laboratory always comes first! Lab Prepara on • • Please thoroughly read the lab exercise before star ng! If you have any doubt as to what you are supposed to be doing and how to do it safely, please STOP and then: Double-check the manual instruc ons. Check www.esciencelabs.com for updates and ps. Contact us for technical support by phone at 1-888-ESL-Kits (1-888-375-5487) or by email at Help@esciencelabs.com. • Read and understand all labels on chemicals. If you have any ques ons or concerns, refer to the Material Safely Data Sheets (MSDS) available at www.esciencelabs.com. The MSDS lists the dangers, storage requirements, exposure treatment...
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...Student Name: Shania Group members: Shania and AJ Introduction: This practical was based upon Mitosis and Meiosis in both animal and plant cells. The way we will be studying this is by looking through multiple different slides closely by looking through a microscope. Hypothesis: We predict that we will be able to see a clear image of both Meiosis and Mitosis through the microscope on each slide. Equipment: • Microscope • Multiple slides with different types of Meiosis and Mitosis Method: 1. Pick a slide of your choice 2. Put it under the microscope 3. You have to make sure to start on the lowest zoom 4. Slowly change the adjustment of the zoom until you see a clear image of the subject on the slide. Results: Locust- Locust testis was the first cell we looked at through the microscope we were able to get a proper image of the locust, but it was very difficult to draw. Grasshopper- grasshopper cells were the second slide we looked at and that was quite difficult to focus on but a lot easier to draw Mouse- Mouse testis was our third slide we looked at un-like the other slides this one was the most difficult to work with because we couldn’t get a proper focus through the microscope so we tried to draw the best we could. Onion- Onion is the last and final cell we looked at through the microscope. This slide was extremely easy to focus on and easy to draw as well. Discussion: throughout this practical the task we were given was very easy to understand all though we...
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