...The trade unions flyers that were distributed, reinforced the tension and hatred that citizens were experiencing during this time frame. The flyers were a simple form of manipulation, controlling citizens in order to meet their agenda. The Chinese Exclusion Act symbolized the concession that Asians were not welcome in the United States. By prohibit Chinese immigration, the United States government isolated a specific ethnic population and simply pronounced their intolerance for the Chinese and Asian community. The federal government’s behavior coincided with the public’s reflection, creating the perfect storm for discrimination, injustice, and criminal behavior. The Chinese Exclusion Act gave power to trade unions (who distributed these flyers) and granted them opportunity to persecute the undesired...
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...3/16/2016 3/16/2016 Tabatha Romero Tabatha Romero Autonomy Intro to Radiography Spring 2016 Autonomy Intro to Radiography Spring 2016 In the article “Autonomy vs. Beneficence” by Steve Pantilat, MD, “Autonomy is the ‘personal rule of the self that is free from both controlling interferences by others and from personal limitations that prevent meaningful choice.’ Autonomous individuals act intentionally, with understanding, and without controlling influences” (Pantilat, Steve). In a different article “Supporting Patient Autonomy: The Importance of Clinician-patient Relationships” by Vikki A. Entwistle, it is stated “a principle of respect for autonomy is also invoked in discussions about confidentiality, fidelity, privacy and truth-telling, but is most strongly associated with the idea that patients should be allowed or enabled to make autonomous decisions about their health care.” In Health Care Autonomy can be a blessing and also a hardship, depending on the situation in which one is acting on their autonomy right. When a patient is using autonomy the physician must make sure that the patient knows the effects of their choice, they have to be choosing from themselves personally and not an outside source pressuring them or influencing them, the physician themselves have to respect the patient in the decision they make, and lastly the physician has to stay with in the code of ethics. The importance...
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...Academy of Management Journal 2013, Vol. 56, No. 5, 1465–1486. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/amj.2011.0180 WHEN POWER MAKES OTHERS SPEECHLESS: THE NEGATIVE IMPACT OF LEADER POWER ON TEAM PERFORMANCE LEIGH PLUNKETT TOST University of Michigan FRANCESCA GINO Harvard University RICHARD P. LARRICK Duke University We examine the impact of the subjective experience of power on leadership dynamics and team performance and find that the psychological effect of power on formal leaders spills over to affect team performance. We argue that a formal leader’s experience of heightened power produces verbal dominance, which reduces team communication and consequently diminishes performance. Importantly, because these dynamics rely on the acquiescence of other team members to the leader’s dominant behavior, the effects only emerge when the leader holds a formal leadership position. Three studies offer consistent support for this argument. The implications for theory and practice are discussed. Organizations make extensive use of teams when structuring and allocating work projects. Given the increasing prevalence of teams in modern organizations and the complexities involved in group dynamics, questions about how to ensure high levels of collective learning and effective decision making, along with other key determinants of team performance, have captured extensive attention from researchers and practitioners alike (Martin & Bal, 2006). One important area of inquiry into team effectiveness...
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...REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10667 * Philippine Competition Act * Established to look into anti-competitive agreements and abuses of dominant position as well as review mergers and acquisitions. * A national competition policy that seeks to promote free and fair competition in trade, industry and all commercial economic activities. * The Philippine Competition Commission. * United States’ Antitrust Laws PROHIBITED ACTS * Anti-Competitive Agreements Agreements between or among competitors where they limit their price of goods to be sold. Another thing is where they fix the price at an auction including bid manipulation and other forms of bidding * Abuse of Dominant Position Constricts the competition between existing entities with their use of power or dominance over the first-hand players in the industry such that they lessen or lower their prices in order to gain more (predatory acts) * Anti-Competitive Mergers and Acquisitions These are movements or acts referring to the tactics usually practiced by big players in the market to extensively prevent, restrict or lessen and manipulate competition. PENALTIES * Chapter IV of the Republic Act under the 1987 Philippine Constitution Administrative fines for the violation of Sections 14 and 15 under Chapter III and also Sections 17 and 20 under Chapter IV of the Act. * Section 29(b) Failure to Comply With an Order of the Commission: An entity which fails or refuses to comply with a ruling, order...
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...Management is the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals and objectives using available resources efficiently and effectively. Key Points · Management comprises planning, organizing, staffing, leading or directing, and controlling an organization (a group of one or more people or entities) or effort for the purpose of accomplishing a goal. · In for-profit work, the primary function of management is the satisfaction of a range of stakeholders. · In the public sector of countries constituted as representative democracies, voters elect politicians to public office, who then hire managers and administrators. · Since organizations can be viewed as systems, management can also be defined as human action, including design, to facilitate the production of useful outcomes from a system. Overview Management in all business and organizational activities is the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals and objectives using available resources efficiently and effectively. Management comprises planning, organizing, staffing, leading or directing, and controlling an organization (a group of one or more people or entities) or effort for the purpose of accomplishing a goal. Resourcing encompasses the deployment and manipulation of human resources, financial resources, technological resources, and natural resources. Since organizations can be viewed as systems, management can also be defined as human action, including design, to facilitate the production of...
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...Handbook for Teacher Reasearch, From Design to Implementation, Glasgow: McGraw-Hill (1-39) The distance between theory and practice is greater in practice than in theory. The nature of research 4 traditional kinds of empirical research: • Scientific and positivistic methodologies • Naturalistic and interpretive methodologies • Methodologies form critical theory • Feminist educational research The search for truth • The search for understanding the nature of the phenomena it presents to the human senses: • Experience • Reasoning • Research • Experience • Understanding the world through personal experience: common sense knowing, the way of lay people basing on haphazard events and in loose, uncritical manner, without controlling extraneous source of influence • Reasoning Three types: • Deductive reasoning: Syllogism, formal logic without...
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...Does leadership exist in management? In order to find this out you need to look at management as a whole and leadership as a whole. Leadership is defined as, the position of function of a leader, a person who guides or directs a group. Another common meaning is the process that involves attempts to influence other people in obtaining organizational goals. Given these definitions, you can see that leadership can be anywhere. A person doesn’t need to hold a certain position in a company or organization to be considered a leader; it’s not a job title. There are several types of leadership, laissez-faire, autocratic (authoritarian), participative (democratic), transactional, and transformational. Laissez-faire leadership, when translated, means leave do or hands off. This form of leadership allows subordinates more freedoms to complete their tasks. The employees make decisions instead of the managers. Autocratic or authoritarian leadership is a type of leadership where a leader acts as the dictator. All decision will come from the leader with little to no input from subordinates. Autocratic leadership is highly effective. These leaders are highly motivated, knowledgeable, and feel fulfilled when they achieve something on their own. Participative or democratic leadership involves cooperation by all members of a group or team to get things done. This type of leadership allows leaders to work closer and together with their subordinates. Advantages of participative leadership are...
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...My Review Organization: - A collection of people who work together and coordinate their actions to achieve a wide Varity of goals. Organizational Behavior:- Is the study of factors that have an impact on how people and group act, think, feels and respond to work and origination, and how organization respond to their environments. 3 levels of analysis of OB:- 1- Organizational level 2- Group level 3- Individual level. Role: - Is a set of behaviors or tasks a person is expected to perform because of the position she or he holds in a group or organization. Management:- IS the process of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling an organization’s human, financial and material resources to increase its effectiveness Personality: - Is the pattern of relatively enduring ways that person feels thinks and behaves. Attraction: - Individuals with similar personalities tend to be attracted to an organization. Selection: - Hired by the organization Attrition: - Individual with other types of personalities tends to leave the organization. The big five personality’s traits:- 1- Extraversion: - (they are the positive people and so social) personality trait that predisposes individuals to experience positive emotional states and feel good about themselves and the world around them. 2- Neuroticism: - (Negative affectively) personality trait that reflects people’s tendency to experience negative emotional states, feel distressed and generally view themselves...
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...Money Talks … to Online Opinion Leaders What Motivates Opinion Leaders To Make Social-Network Referrals? MENGZE SHI Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto mshi@rotman.utoronto.ca ANDREA C. WOJNICKI Independent marketing consultant Andrea.Wojnicki@ gmail.com This study investigated the effectiveness of intrinsic versus extrinsic motivations for consumers’ online social-network referrals, specifically across “opinion leaders” and “non–opinion leaders.” The authors utilized a unique dataset that matched a survey with an online field experiment. The empirical results indicated “money talks”—that is, online referral rates were higher when extrinsic rewards were conferred. Notably, the effect of an extrinsic reward was significantly stronger among opinion leaders. In this paper, the authors highlight the significance of reputational concerns and referral motivations in this context. Opinion leaders may have developed a reputation of intrinsically motivated referrals across their social networks, shielding them from potential loss of social capital associated with extrinsic rewards. INTRODUCTION Given the commercially and academically documented impact of social networks in the marketplace, many marketers seek to harness the power of consumer referrals or word of mouth (WOM), whether it be online through social media (Kaiser, Kröckel, and Bodendorf, 2013) or offline. In the quest to inspire consumers to talk, some marketers offer rewards (i.e., discounts or gift certificates)...
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...-Who's in charge of internal control --> management (SOX) -Management has to sign off to show internal control is working -Everything over $10,000 needs a signature (stamps) ACFE (association of certified fraud examiners --> results from misconduct of employees, managers, and executives) definition of occupational fraud - "use of one's occupation for personal enrichment through the deliberate misuse or misapplication of the employing org's resources or assets." Fraud - A generic term that embraces all the multifarious means that human ingenuity can devise, which are resorted to by one individual, to get an advantage over another by false representation. No definite and invariable rule can be laid down as a general proposition in defining fraud, as it includes surprise, trickery, cunning, and unfair ways by that another is cheated. The only boundaries defining it are those that limit human knavery. Financial Statement Fraud - The intentional misstatement of financial statements through omission of critical facts or disclosures, misstatement of amounts, or misapplication of accepted accounting principles. ======================================================================= Types of occupational fraud and abuse: 1. Asset misappropriation (91.5%) - theft or misuse mostly committed by employees where cash is the most targeted asset 2. Corruption (30.8%) 3. Fraudulent statements (10.6%) Six Types of Fraud: 1. Employee Embezzlement (most common, taking...
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...Satyam scam- Accounting Fraud (MBA III B) Submitted to:- Submitted by:- Dr. Urvashi Ghai Varun Sachdeva(124) Khyati Mathur(123) INDEX S.No. | Topics | Page No. | 1 | Satyam Scam- Introduction | 3 | 2 | Factors responsible for Fraud | 6 | 3 | Lessons learnt from Scam | 8 | 4 | Guide to Predetermine Manipulations | 9 | 5 | References | 12 | Introduction to the Scandal Mr. Ramalinga Raju and the Satyam Scandal On January 7, 2009, Mr. Raju disclosed in a letter to Satyam Computers Limited Board of Di- rectors that “he had been manipulating the company’s accounting numbers for years”. Mr. Raju claimed that he overstated assets on Satyam’s balance sheet by $1.47 billion. Nearly $1.04 billion in bank loans and cash that the company claimed to own was non-existent. Satyam also underreported liabilities on its balance sheet. Satyam overstated income nearly every quarter over the course of several years in order to meet analyst expectations. For example, the results announced on October 17, 2009 overstated quarterly revenues by 75 percent and profits by 97 percent. Mr. Raju and the company’s global head of internal audit used a number of different techniques to perpetrate the fraud. “Using his personal computer, Mr. Raju created numerous bank statements to advance the fraud. Mr. Raju falsified the bank accounts to inflate the balance sheet with balances that did not exist. He inflated the income statement by claiming interest income from the fake bank accounts...
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...How to Critically Analyse Psychological Research Table of Contents The Theory 2 The Research Rationale 2 The Participants 2 The Design and Procedure 2 1. Research method 2 2. Lab vs field research 2 3. Demand characteristics 3 4. Experimenter bias 3 6. Social desirability 3 7. Validity of the experimental manipulation 3 8. Stimulus sampling 4 9. Reliability and validity of measures of the independent and/or dependent variables 4 10. Confounding variables in 4 11. Order of items/events 4 The Statistical Analyses 5 1. Excluded participants 5 2. Missing data 5 3. Validity and reliability of dependent variables 5 4. Sufficient statistical power 5 5. Statistical assumptions 6 6. Correct use of inferential statistics 6 7. Correct interpretation of analyses 6 8. Alternative analyses 6 The Discussion 6 1. Alternative explanations 6 2. Cause-effect ambiguities 6 3. Third variable 7 4. Mediators and moderators 7 5. Replication 7 6. Interaction or main effect?: 7 Place the Research in the Context of Similar Research 8 Suggestions for Future Research 8 Inappropriate Criticisms 8 1. Criticizing the article rather than the research 8 2. Ethical criticisms 8 3. Incomplete criticisms 8 4. Criticisms of the reliability or effectiveness of methodology that produced the predicted results 9 5. Random allocation of participants to conditions 9 How Not to Use this Document! 10 Structuring a Critical...
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...Episodic memory in animals, Are they capable of mental time travel? Sarah-Jane Fahed American University Of Beirut Mental Time Travel in animals Episodic memory is a type of declarative memory, it’s the memory for personal events and is distinguished from semantic memory: memory for facts. What characterizes episodic memory is that it involves mental time travel also termed “Chronesthesia”: it is the capacity to mentally project oneself in the past to remember events that took place and projecting oneself to try and predict the future. It is commonly thought to be specific to humans but some studies have been done to research this specific type of memory and see if it can be attributed to animals. The study of episodic memory in non-humans led to many contradictory results and depends on how it is defined. The main focus of this paper is to study the different researches done on the Chronesthesia component of episodic memory in animals: mental time travel to the past and to the future and show their limitations. Tulving originally defined episodic memory in terms of the kind of information it appears to store: what where and when something happened (the www criterion) and later added the concept of autoneotic awareness to the definition (as cited in Suddendorf & Corballisb, 2007): the sensation that a memory was personally experienced In their book Missing Link in Cognition: Origins of Self-Reflective Consciousness Terrace...
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...ATTITUDES AND SOCIAL COGNITION The Dark Side of Creativity: Original Thinkers Can Be More Dishonest Francesca Gino Harvard University Dan Ariely Duke University Creativity is a common aspiration for individuals, organizations, and societies. Here, however, we test whether creativity increases dishonesty. We propose that a creative personality and a creative mindset promote individuals’ ability to justify their behavior, which, in turn, leads to unethical behavior. In 5 studies, we show that participants with creative personalities tended to cheat more than less creative individuals and that dispositional creativity is a better predictor of unethical behavior than intelligence (Experiment 1). In addition, we find that participants who were primed to think creatively were more likely to behave dishonestly than those in a control condition (Experiment 2) and that greater ability to justify their dishonest behavior explained the link between creativity and increased dishonesty (Experiments 3 and 4). Finally, we demonstrate that dispositional creativity moderates the influence of temporarily priming creativity on dishonest behavior (Experiment 5). The results provide evidence for an association between creativity and dishonesty, thus highlighting a dark side of creativity. Keywords: creativity, ethics, morality, moral flexibility, unethical behavior Evil always turns up in this world through some genius or other. —Denis Diderot (1713–1784) The ability to generate...
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...115). The guidelines are supposed to help protect people from disparity in sentencing based on outside circumstances that should not play a role in sentencing. The goal is to have similar offenses with similar circumstances sentenced in the same way in order to diminish disparity. There is a debate as to whether or not sentencing disparity is as big of an issue as some people think. Many people think that a form of sentencing guidelines were already in place in the court systems and that no new ones were needed. The normal sentencing rate had already been established and most judges stayed within those before these new strict guidelines came out (Koons-Witt 2009 p. 279-280). Some judges feel that the guidelines were unwarranted and too controlling, that many offenses already had a standard sentence that was known and followed throughout the system, however the research has tried to prove otherwise. The biggest disparity among sentencing is normally based on an offender’s race, social class, or gender (Leonadr-Kempf and Sample 2001 p. 117). Biases still effect the justice system in several different ways. When looking at past cases, there is a clear difference in sentencing when it came to gender, race and even social status. These factors should not be taken into consideration when sentencing an offender but unfortunately, they are. The guidelines were intended to make sentencing equal for every kind of offender so that the punishment wouldn’t be unjust compared to other similar...
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