Free Essay

Copper Ions’ Impact on Green Vegetables’ Growths and Cancer Resistances

In:

Submitted By lilyluo1998
Words 1032
Pages 5
Copper ions’ impact on green vegetables’ growths and cancer resistances
High school affiliated to Renmin University of China
Senior 1 The team of cruciate flowers
Team members:Baihe Luo, Weihang Wu, Chenyue Wang , Jiayin Wang
Adivisor: Baojin Zhou

Summary
Using nutrient solution contain the different quantity of copper ions water planting cruciferous vegetables(Chinese cabbage,flowering cabbage) for a period of time, observe their growth, and detect the copper accumulation in the body and the quantity of thioglycoside, to explore the growth of the copper ions in the green vegetables, and the accumulation of copper ions in the green vegetables and its relationship with thioglycoside contents in the body.

Paper keywords: copper ions, cruciferae, Chinese cabbage, flowering cabbage, cumulative, thioglycoside, cancer.

I.Introduction
On June 25th, 2013, news reported that heavy metal pollution of vegetables in Pearl River Delta was worrying. Excessive heavy metals not only affect the plants’ normal growth, but also accessed into the food chain by getting through enrichment of plants’ bodies, and affected human health. Vegetables’ heavy metal pollution is already a common topic, the crowd grew pale,and were very concerned about the contaminated vegetables will bring huge healthy hidden trouble. At the same time, according to the World Health Organization, the numer of the global cancer patients increase more than 14 million each year, and China has become the most serious country affected by the cancer all over the world. Also, the national cancer registry released every minute six people were diagnosed with cancer. With the advent of high incidence of cancer, in recent years, the word "LiuGan" in Chinese also gradually hots up. Scientists have found out thioglycoside is the key factor that affects the ability of the cruciferous vegetables’cancer resistance.
我们将蔬菜重金属污染和硫苷联系起来,发现重金属和抗癌健康方面还是有研究的空间。于是我们选取了农药中相当常见的易进入土壤并对蔬菜造成污染的重金属二价铜离子,与十字花科中具有代表性的小白菜和菜心,试图通过一些对比实验,来探究植物生长情况,外界铜离子含量,植物吸收铜离子含量和青菜中硫苷含量的关系。
铜离子虽然是植株生长过程中不可缺少的微量元素,但是过量的铜会使植株生长缓慢,根部萎缩,茎叶过于纤瘦,叶片缩小、颜色变淡失绿,叶绿素含量减少,甚至使细胞畸形,水分代谢、光合作用、呼吸作用等各项生理代谢发生紊乱。对于十字花科的蔬菜,也会使具有抗癌效果的硫苷含量锐减。铜离子的危害不仅体现在植物生长过程中,更大的隐患是废水废渣,农药化肥中的铜离子进入植物后残留在植株内,进而进入人体。人类食入生长较差的蔬菜的同时,也食入了过量的铜离子。一个健康的人日需要铜量为0.8毫克,过多的摄入甚至对人体产生毒害。
由于现代工业农业的排放,农药、化肥的过量使用,土壤受到不同程度的重金属污染。全世界平均每年排放铜340万吨,我国受重金属污染也很严重。据统计,全国总耕地的1/5受重金属污染,1200多万吨农产品重金属含量超标。在果树种植过程中使用的波尔多液,用量极大,导致一些果园及附近土壤铜含量显著增加。同时,在饲养业,铜的杀菌作用让很多养猪场使用富含铜的饲料,生产高铜有机肥料在蔬菜种植中使用。由此可见,铜已经是重金属污染中占极大比例的一部分。
目前在蔬菜重金属和抗癌研究方面已有一定的成果。在重金属方面,特定重金属对特定蔬菜生长影响的表观研究方面,得出了不少特定重金属有碍特定蔬菜生长的结论;特定重金属在特定蔬菜中的运送通路等也有研究,发现了重金属与一些营养物质的通路相似或相同。在硫苷方面,已经有了硫苷是影响十字花科蔬菜抗癌能力的关键因素的结论,并且一些特殊的硫苷,如萝卜硫苷和油菜硫苷,其对于健康的影响程度已有了较为明确的结果。在二者联系方面,目前有很多的实验正在进行,通常也是像我们的课题一样,选取特定的重金属,研究其对特定的蔬菜的影响。而我们采用多种植物多个梯度的方向,通过对比比较得出更为明确的结论。
我们的目的是培养生长在不同铜离子梯度的十字花科蔬菜,观察青菜的生长状况,通过检测蔬菜体内铜的累积与硫苷的数量,得到铜对植物生长影响和植物吸收铜离子的比例的初步结论。再通过成熟的植物内含硫苷量的数据,比较在铜离子浓度不同的环境下生长的植物所含硫苷量的变化情况,得出铜离子对具有抗癌效果的硫苷的影响结论。从而在科学领域可以为进一步挖掘重金属和蔬菜抗癌性的关联的研究做一个参考,在社会领域也能让人们对蔬菜重金属污染的影响多一个方面的认知,使人们更为深刻的体会到重金属的人类健康的威胁。

二、文献综述
在尽量不伤根的情况下利用镊子尾部将幼苗小心的插入已挖好的洞中,用混合介质将幼苗根部掩埋,掩埋过程中土质要保持疏松,珍珠岩保持完整便可,然后缓慢的拿出镊子,并 将剩余部分用介质填平,一般直经为8cm的小花盆移植1-2株幼苗便可,当幼苗移植完成后, 利用滴管滴1-2滴营养液于根部所在土壤位置的表面。
——《拟南芥实验室的常用种植方法》刘金亮
对于自然土壤上生长的不同品种青菜地上部和地下部铜的含量表现出显著正相关;而在土壤铜胁迫条件下 ,则表现出显著负相关,同时铜耐性品种较敏感品种在根部积累较多的铜,而其地上部的铜含量则相对较少.根系和下胚轴对Cu处理的反应要比萌发本身敏感.种子的萌发受铜处理的影响不大,500μmol/l Cu<'2+>并不抑制青菜种子萌发,但是在种子萌发后,其根长和下胚轴的伸长受Cu的处理影响显著.青菜对铜有较强的运输能力,随着铜处理浓度的增加,青菜地上部的含铜量增加.
——《铜离子对水培青菜幼苗生长的影响》单广福
许多重金属重金属(如Cu、Zn等)都是植物的必需微量元素,对植物的生长发育起着十分重要的作用,但是当土壤中重金属过量、超过某一临界值时,就会对植物产生胁迫作用,轻则导致其体内代谢过程紊乱,生长发育受到抑制,重则导致植物死亡,改变植物群落结构。
重金属进入植物细胞后,可以通过各种方式影响植物的生理生化活动,导致植物体内一系列的生理生化过程失调,引起植物水分缺乏,严重影响蒸腾作用;降低氮素的吸收和硝酸还原酶活性,阻碍蛋白质合成,改变氨基酸组成,加速蛋白质分解,导致氮素代谢和碳水化合物代谢紊乱,对植物产生直接的毒害作用。
——《土壤重金属的植物污染化学》(陈英旭著 科学出版社)
用浓硝酸与高氯酸混酸消解植物叶,其中铜、锌及锰含量较高,可直接用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定;铅、镉及铬含量较低 ,用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定;铅和镉含量甚微 ,受基体及共存 元素干扰严重 ,用标准加入法消除干扰。
——《原子吸收光谱法测定植物叶中微量重金属》王喜全
Cu、Hg能够显著抑制ICTS(小组成员注:即异硫氰酸酯,硫苷的代谢产物,具有抗癌性能)的活性。
——《异硫氰酸酯的产生、化学性质及测定方法》姜子涛,张清峰,李荣

综上,文献对我们实验中蔬菜生长的控制、Cu2+营养液梯度的选定、检测的方法等方向性问题起到了导向作用。最终结合我们所学的知识,我们选择了蛭石栽培和温室条件来控制蔬菜生长环境,用原子吸收光谱法测定植物体内铜含量,用液相色谱法测定硫苷。

三、研究方法及过程
(一)实验准备
1、实验植物
小白菜(品种:四季黄金叶)种子约40粒,菜心(品种:四季菜心)种子约40粒。种子来源于中国农业科学院蔬菜花卉研究所。
2、实验环境
限定植株在22摄氏度光照充足的校内温室生长。
3、实验容器
直径20cm的育苗盘,15cm*8cm*6cm的塑料试剂盒,烘干用培养皿。
烘干仪器型号:。
4、Cu2+含量测试
采用原子吸收光谱法对蔬菜体内的Cu2+含量进行测试(北京有色金属研究院)。
仪器型号:,精度:1~100µg的微量重金属,需要的检测液不少于1ml。
5、硫苷含量测试
采用反相高效液相色谱法对蔬菜体内的硫苷含量进行测试。

(二)实验操作
1、蔬菜种子萌发
将种子均匀地播撒在厚约为1cm的无营养蛭石上,随时观察发芽情况,视蛭石干湿不定期浇水。约一周半后小白菜苗平均长至5cm,能够看到两篇子叶中间有真叶的小芽,移栽至厚约3.5cm的无营养蛭石上,发芽阶段结束。
2、Cu2+环境加注
配制了无土栽培溶液霍格兰氏液(Hoagland Solution,1950)①。
选定0µmol/L,3µmol/L,6µmol/L,12µmol/L四个梯度作为营养液中Cu2+(除植物生长必需以外)的浓度,在营养液中二次一定量稀CuSO4溶液来达到浓度。
在植株发芽阶段结束后开始加含有Cu2+的营养液,以达到在植物生长环境中加注Cu2+的目的。
3、开始实验
将菜苗移栽至较深的塑料盒,每种蔬菜每一小组2盒,两种蔬菜各四小组一共16盒,每盒约4-5株菜苗。移栽完蔬菜苗后在每天或隔天的中午,视蛭石干湿情况加入20-70ml不等的溶液,同种蔬菜一个小组对应一种Cu2+营养液的梯度,所有小组每天浇入的营养液量相等。
每次加营养液时记录加注量和植株生长情况。等到植株长成第二对真叶时将其从蛭石基质中取出,清洗,烘干箱分别以45摄氏度和90摄氏度烘烤,次日取出研磨处理以供检验。

(三)检测参数设置
1、Cu2+检测
(1)植物样品的溶液化处理(如图0-1所示)
植株样品应于烘干箱内(型号:HPG-9075)以90摄氏度烘烤至全干,研磨成粉末。
(以下数量以一个小组为准)称取0.15g植物叶粉末于50ml的烧杯中,加入浓硝酸2.5ml,于电炉上加热约40分钟,再加入高氯酸加热至近干,冷却后加入4m盐酸1ml溶解残渣,滤去不溶物,用稀盐酸洗涤残渣和滤纸,移入10ml容量瓶中,定容。

图0-1
(2)仪器检测条件
Cu的最佳测定条件:波长324.8λ/nm,灯电流7.5I/mA,燃烧器高度7.5h/mm,光谱通带1.3Δλ/nm。乙炔流量0.3qv/(L·min-1),空气流量1.6qv / (L·min -1)。干燥温度、灰化温度、原子话温度和清残温度无特定要求。(盐酸、硝酸、高氯酸及盐酸高氯酸混合酸对铜的检测无影响。各元素测定不受其他共存元素的影响。)

图一 仪器检测条件设置

2、硫苷检测
(1)硫苷提取液处理(如图0-2所示)
植株样品应于烘干箱内以45摄氏度烘烤至全干,研磨成粉末。
用70%甲醇水溶液提取硫苷。

图0-2
(2)仪器检测过程
在阴离子交换树脂上纯化并酶解脱去硫酸根,反相C18柱分离,紫外检测器检测硫代葡萄糖苷。

(四)实验特点
1、从植株开始不依靠种子内的营养起就加注了标准的Cu2+环境,采用基质无营养并且统一,实验环境控制严格,结果更为严谨。
2、植株的生长和加注的情况详细记录,过程真实可靠,具有一定的参考意义。
3、以常见蔬菜及其显著的抗癌特性,还有常造成污染的铜作为实验点,对实际生活的反映更为明显。

四、实验结果分析与讨论
(一)实验结果
1、种植阶段

图二 小白菜Cu2+加注记录

生长记录:开始加注Cu2+时株苗平均长至5cm。由于环境、操作,以及铜对其生长过分抑制等问题,小白菜在十二月中旬开始陆续出现死亡情况,12月30日全部死亡。

图三 小白菜生长情况记录

图三-2 菜心Cu2+加注记录

菜心生长情况良好,最终顺利用于检测。

图四 菜心生长情况记录

2、检测阶段
图五 检测液配制情况

图六 仪器工作曲线

图七 仪器工作谱线形状

图八 仪器检测三维形状

图九 Cu2+检测结果

(硫苷检测近似于结果的,能拽上也拽上)

(二)结果分析与讨论
1、种植阶段:
注:以下表格中,呈现的是每个梯度所有的植株铜离子的总给量,也就是所有浇进去的营养液中铜离子的总含量,其中包括营养液配方中原有的植物必需的铜离子,以及为了进行梯度实验额外添加的铜离子。
表格横轴括号中的数字便是数据,单位是µmol。

图十 小白菜Cu2+分析柱状图
图十一 菜心Cu2+分析柱状图
其中菜心最终是送去检测的,我们需要计算一下平均质量下的菜心所给予的铜离子的量。计算方法是:
每克干燥菜心被给予的Cu2+(µmol/g)=总给量(µmol) / 干燥样本总克数(g)
最终计算出的数据我们又绘制了一副柱状图:

从上面的图表,结合先前的数据记录表格,可以看出并计算出,在Cu2+的给予上,每一个梯度的给予量是呈指数型函数增长的。在单位质量上的菜心被给予量中,由于每个梯度样本质量的差距不大,极差基本在0.1g左右,所以计算出来后与总给予量的对比并不明显,也是基本呈指数型函数分布。

生长方面,从生长记录的表格,即图三和图四中,我们可以看出植株的一些宏观生长对比。考虑到个体的特殊性,我们先讨论整体生长情况。在整体上,0和3梯度的两个小组生长情况略好于后两个小组,无论是植株的健康程度还是存活的数量。在检测前取出基质观察根系后,可以发现,越后面的小组植株根越短。至于后两个小组出现的个别植株明显强壮,我们推断是因为植物整体生长情况过差,部分植物停滞生长留出了更多的资源供个别植株生长,这属于个体因素,在植株对铜的吸收上不会造成过大的影响。

2、检测阶段:
检测阶段的数据有很多,不过对结论分析最为重要的数据,是每个梯度的样品中Cu2+的浓度,由于数据间差距较小,我们把它绘制成折线图:

图十二 样品Cu2+浓度
从以上表格可以看出,在趋势上,菜心被给予的铜离子和所吸收的铜离子趋势基本一致,都呈指数型函数的趋势,个梯度间的差基本按照梯度浓度0、3、6、12的翻倍而翻倍。
但是,植株体内所有的铜均来自营养液,无其它因素,所以各梯度间的吸收率差别很大。我们将给予和吸收的两组数据放在一起对比,再绘制一个吸收率的折线图,便可一目了然。
图十三 吸收浓度与给予浓度的对比
吸收率需要把给予浓度换算一下,单位统一成µg/g。计算得到的数据是:梯度一1089.3568,梯度二7216.1088,梯度三13136.1488,梯度四24935.0656。再用吸收浓度除以给予浓度算得吸收率(保留四位有效数字)。图十四 吸收率折线图
可以看出,吸收率随着给予浓度的增长下降。对此,我们的分析是:在梯度1中,Cu仍为植物生长所必需,所以吸收率较高。一旦有了额外添加的铜离子,便再难以吸收。所以后面三个梯度的吸收率急剧下降。

3、硫苷检测
硫苷的检测只有初步较为模糊的结果,目前还没有精确的数据。从检测方所提供的消息来看,目前能够大体得知三四小组的硫苷浓度比一二组有较为微小的降低。

(三)小结
首先,根据文献的指导,我们的四个梯度的铜离子浓度不少于植物生长必需浓度,也不超过致死量(其中第四小组的浓度较为接近致死量)。
1、Cu2+对植株生长的影响
在植株不死亡,且Cu2+不少于其生长必需的情况下,生长基质中的Cu2+越多,菜心与小白菜的生长越受到抑制甚至危险。其宏观表现为:植株生长缓慢,茎叶瘦弱,容易倒伏,难以对抗虫害,根系生长抑制等。
2、Cu2+在植物体内的累积规律
菜心所吸收的Cu2+,在植株不死亡,且Cu2+不少于其生长必需的情况下,随着被给予的Cu2+增多而增多,但是菜心对铜的吸收有一定的限度,即耐受限度,接近限度时吸收率开始大幅降低,吸收减慢。同时根据我们的数据可以推测,32µg/g左右的吸收浓度是其吸收率开始大幅降低的起点,并且我们推测菜心最终耐受的吸收浓度不超过40µg/g或在其左右。
3、Cu2+对植物体内硫苷的影响
在大体趋势上,植物所吸收的Cu2+越多,其体内剩余的硫苷越少。相应地,抗癌性能会一定程度上减弱。

四、结论与展望
(一)结论应用
1、在生产种植菜心、小白菜时,应尽量选择铜含量较少的土壤或者其它基质。并且尽量少用波尔多液一类的含铜量高的农药,以避免残余铜进入土壤。这样可以使生产出的蔬菜更为健康强壮。
2、尽管在数据上单位质量菜心铜累积浓度差距并不大,但一个人长期食用含铜多的蔬菜,这个差值是会大量累积的。因此在种植业上,应当对环境中的铜提出一个限制的标准,避免蔬菜体内积累过多的铜,使人们食用到重金属含量过高的不健康蔬菜。
3、对于追求蔬菜养生、蔬菜抗癌的人,在菜心食用上,可以尽量选择生长环境优良严控的蔬菜,例如专门的有机栽培等,长期吃这样的蔬菜抗癌效果会有少许提升。

(二)研究存在的不足与展望
实验中最大的问题就是就是种植的小白菜全部死亡
与浇溶液相关的因素:
1、平日浇水过于不规律,导致蛭石时而过干,时而过稀,菜苗生长环境极不稳定。
2、以上述梯度3回渗现象为例,出现此类情况无法处理完全,仍有回渗溶液残留,使得蛭石间没有空隙,植株根部不能获得氧气。
3、依然是蛭石不吸水造成的,蛭石稀软,植株根基不稳定,造成植株倒伏。
4、有可能没有吸收、出现回渗的溶液蒸发后蛭石中残存的养分浓度过高,高于植物体内盐类浓度,导致植株无法吸水而萎缩甚至干死。
与其他外界环境相关的因素:
1、最初在教室里培育时温度过低,植株生长缓慢甚至冻死。
2、菜苗培育期间时常出现磕绊现象(在教室里尤为明显:过往的同学时常不小心把菜苗折断)。
3、周末和节假日不能照顾菜苗。
4、温室有时温度过高,阳光过于充足,水分蒸发快,植株有干死的情况(尤其是经过周末以后)。
5、实验本身确定的梯度中,梯度3、4的处理浓度是能够明显抑制植株生长的㈡,甚至可能导致少量植株死亡,这个是难以避免的。
6、为了防止药物带来的其他影响,出现虫害我们统一没有处理,这也是难以避免的因素。
在后来菜心的种植中我们吸取了教训,虽然菜心生长也出现了少许问题,但到最后存活的菜心依然给我们提供了足够的样本。
另外的问题就是时间的掌控,在种植阶段由于环境因素和铜对其生长的抑制,所用的时间远远超过了预算,结果硫苷的检测很遗憾没有获得精确的数据结果,只有大概趋势。
我们展望是能够将来获得精确的硫苷数据,结合人类食用蔬菜的量进行差值计算,然后获得更为客观精确的抗癌效果差距。

五、收获与体会
通过这次课题研究,我们体验了学术研究的设计与进行,也了解了一些学术研究的思路、实验操作的要领。同时我们体会到了小组合作的重要性,并在研究的种种意外和困难中挑战自我。

六、致谢
感谢对我们课题研究起到帮助与指导作用的人:
周保金老师
中国农业科学院蔬菜花卉研究所 武剑导师

七、参考文献
1、《拟南芥实验室的常用种植方法》刘金亮(西北师范大学,生命科学学院,730070)
2、《铜离子对水培青菜幼苗生长的影响》单广福(河南教育学院人口与生命科学系,河南郑州,450014)
3、《北京市菜地土壤和蔬菜中铜含量及其健康风险》郑袁明,宋波,陈同斌,黄泽春,雷梅,廖晓勇,陈煌,郑国砥(1.中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所环境修复研究中心,北京,100101 2.中国科学院研究生院,北京,100039)
4、书籍《土壤重金属的植物污染化学》(陈英旭著 科学出版社)
5、《原子吸收光谱法测定植物叶中微量重金属》王喜全(1.东北大学资土学院, 沈阳 110004 ;2.鞍山科技大学化工学院环境工程系,鞍山 114051)
6、《A multi-element study on metallophytes from mineralized areas in Botswana using ICP-AES and ICP-MS》Bonang B. M. Nkoan , Grethe Wibetoe , Walter Lund & Nelson Torto(1、Department of Chemistry, University of Botswana, Private Bag UB 00704, Gaborone, Botswana 2、Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, PO Box 1033, N-0315 Oslo, Norway)
7、《使用微波消解和石墨炉原子吸收光谱同步测定植物中的 Pb、Cd、Cr、Ni和 Cu》Manfred Leyrer
8、《异硫氰酸酯的产生、化学性质及测定方法》姜子涛,张清峰,李荣(天津商学院食品科学与工程系,天津,300134)

八、附录
①霍格兰氏营养液配方

Similar Documents

Premium Essay

Balanced Diet

...------------------------------------------------- Overview[edit] Nutritional science investigates the metabolic and physiological responses of the body to diet. With advances in the fields of molecular biology, biochemistry, genetics, the study of nutrition is increasingly concerned with metabolism and metabolic pathways: the sequences of biochemical steps through which substances in living things change from one form to another. The human body contains chemical compounds, such as water, carbohydrates (sugar, starch, and fiber), amino acids (in proteins), fatty acids (in lipids), and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). These compounds in turn consist of elements such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, iron, zinc, magnesium, manganese, and so on. All of these chemical compounds and elements occur in various forms and combinations (e.g. hormones, vitamins, phospholipids, hydroxyapatite), both in the human body and in the plant and animal organisms that humans eat. The human body consists of elements and compounds ingested, digested, absorbed, and circulated through the bloodstream to feed the cells of the body. Except in the unborn fetus, the digestive system is the first system involved in obtaining nutrition. In a typical adult, about seven liters of digestive juices enter the digestive tract.[citation needed] These break chemical bonds in ingested molecules, and modulate their conformations and energy states. Though some molecules are absorbed into the bloodstream...

Words: 8834 - Pages: 36

Free Essay

Carbohydrates

...Carbohydrates Carbohydrates: Good Carbs Guide the Way ------------------------------------------------- Top of Form What Are Carbohydrates? Carbohydrates are found in a wide array of foods—bread, beans, milk, popcorn, potatoes, cookies, spaghetti, soft drinks, corn, and cherry pie. They also come in a variety of forms. The most common and abundant forms are sugars, fibers, and starches. The basic building block of every carbohydrate is a sugar molecule, a simple union of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Starches and fibers are essentially chains of sugar molecules. Some contain hundreds of sugars. Some chains are straight, others branch wildly. Carbohydrates were once grouped into two main categories. Simple carbohydrates included sugars such as fruit sugar (fructose), corn or grape sugar (dextrose or glucose), and table sugar (sucrose). Complex carbohydrates included everything made of three or more linked sugars. Complex carbohydrates were thought to be the healthiest to eat, while simple carbohydrates weren’t so great. It turns out that the picture is more complicated than that. The digestive system handles all carbohydrates in much the same way—it breaks them down (or tries to break them down) into single sugar molecules, since only these are small enough to cross into the bloodstream. It also converts most digestible carbohydrates into glucose (also known as blood sugar), because cells are designed to use this as a universal energy source. Fiber is an exception. It...

Words: 22143 - Pages: 89

Free Essay

Hsc Chemistry Notes

...Chemistry Notes 2010 Core Module 1: Production of Materials Contextual Outline Humans have always exploited their natural environment for all their needs including food, clothing and shelter. As the cultural development of humans continued, they looked for a greater variety of materials to cater for their needs. The twentieth century saw an explosion in both the use of traditional materials and in the research for development of a wider range of materials to satisfy technological developments. Added to this was a reduction in availability of the traditional resources to supply the increasing world population. Chemists and chemical engineers continue to play a pivotal role in the search for new sources of traditional materials such as those from the petrochemical industry. As the fossil organic reserves dwindle, new sources of the organic chemicals presently used have to be found. In addition, chemists are continually searching for compounds to be used in the design and production of new materials to replace those that have been deemed no longer satisfactory for needs. This module increases students’ understanding of the implications of chemistry for society and the environment and the current issues, research and developments in chemistry. 1.1 Construct word and balanced formulae equations of all chemical reactions as they are encountered in this module: • Acid reactions: o acid (aq) + base (aq)  salt (aq) + water (l) o acid (aq) + active metal (s)  salt (aq) + hydrogen (g)...

Words: 34562 - Pages: 139

Free Essay

Dried Leaves as Charcoal

...Science & Technology Information Center Master List of Investigatory Project 01 Investigatory projects I. Pyrolisis of plastic wastes materials for the production of plywood substitute II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. Marang (Artocarpus ordorotissimus) peelings as hardiflex – like Ethyl alcohol from ripe banana peelings Rat killer extract from tuble roots Fuel briquettes from dried banana leaves and waste papers Coconut sheath substitute of abaca fiber Commercial glue from Talisay resin Butter derive from marang (Artocarpus odoratissima) seed Marang seeds as alternative source for commercial flour 02 Investigatory projects I. II. III. IV. V. Compendium of investigatory studies Basic geological concepts Maps and compass Rocks and fire Fungus Puccinia graminis as mycoherbicide 03 Investigatory projects I. II. III. IV. Sea cucumber (Cucumaria miniamata) as a potential source of leather Fiberglass from Apitong sap (Dipterocarpus grandiflorus) Rat killer extract from tuble roots Tetrodotoxin from bile of puffer (Sphoeroides maculates) as a potential source of stem borer pesticide V. VI. VII. VIII. Glue out of cigarette filer and acetone Roof sealant out of Styrofoam and gasoline Radical pesticide from garongin Chaetomorpha aerea a potential source of biogas 04 Investigatory projects I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. Sawdust as an alternative source for corkboard Woodcraft from banana peduncle Lumber from carabao manure Herbal leaves produced herbal ointment The wonder...

Words: 5133 - Pages: 21

Free Essay

Investigatory Project

...Science & Technology Information Center Master List of Investigatory Project 01 Investigatory projects I. Pyrolisis of plastic wastes materials for the production of plywood substitute II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. Marang (Artocarpus ordorotissimus) peelings as hardiflex – like Ethyl alcohol from ripe banana peelings Rat killer extract from tuble roots Fuel briquettes from dried banana leaves and waste papers Coconut sheath substitute of abaca fiber Commercial glue from Talisay resin Butter derive from marang (Artocarpus odoratissima) seed Marang seeds as alternative source for commercial flour 02 Investigatory projects I. II. III. IV. V. Compendium of investigatory studies Basic geological concepts Maps and compass Rocks and fire Fungus Puccinia graminis as mycoherbicide 03 Investigatory projects I. II. III. IV. Sea cucumber (Cucumaria miniamata) as a potential source of leather Fiberglass from Apitong sap (Dipterocarpus grandiflorus) Rat killer extract from tuble roots Tetrodotoxin from bile of puffer (Sphoeroides maculates) as a potential source of stem borer pesticide V. VI. VII. VIII. Glue out of cigarette filer and acetone Roof sealant out of Styrofoam and gasoline Radical pesticide from garongin Chaetomorpha aerea a potential source of biogas 04 Investigatory projects I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. Sawdust as an alternative source for corkboard Woodcraft from banana peduncle Lumber from carabao manure Herbal leaves produced herbal ointment The wonder...

Words: 5133 - Pages: 21

Premium Essay

Nanotechnology Applications for Clean Water Solutions for Improving

...NaNotechNology applicatioNs for cleaN Water Micro & NaNo TechNologies series editor: Jeremy ramsden Professor of Nanotechnology Microsystems and Nanotechnology Centre, Department of Materials Cranfield University, United Kingdom the aim of this book series is to disseminate the latest developments in small scale technologies with a particular emphasis on accessible and practical content. these books will appeal to engineers from industry, academia and government sectors. for more information about the book series and new book proposals please contact the publisher, Dr. Nigel hollingworth at nhollingworth@williamandrew.com. http://www.williamandrew.com/MNt NaNotechNology applicatioNs for cleaN Water edited by Nora savage Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency and (in alphabetical order) Mamadou Diallo Materials and process simulation center, Division of chemistry and chemical engineering, california institute of technology Jeremiah Duncan Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison anita street Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency and Center of Advanced Materials for the Purification of Water with Systems, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign richard sustich N o r w i c h , N Y, U S A copyright © 2009 by William andrew inc. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying...

Words: 90139 - Pages: 361

Premium Essay

Occupational Hygine

...(teratogenic effects, fetotoxic effects),  Effects on children, grandchildren, etc. (inheritable genetic effects)  Decrease in life span,  Change in mental condition resulting from stress, traumatic experiences, exposure to solvents.  Effects on the ability to accommodate additional stress Following are some processes that can be hazardous for the health of workers 1. Abrasive blasting; abrasive blasting operations can create high levels of dust and noise. Abrasive material and the surface being blasted may contain toxic materials (e.g., lead paint, silica) that are hazardous to workers. Silica sand (crystalline) can cause silicosis, lung cancer, and breathing problems in exposed workers. Coal slag and garnet sand may cause lung damage similar to silica sand (based on preliminary animal testing). Copper slag, nickel slag, and glass (crushed or beads) also have the potential to cause lung damage. Steel grit and shot have less potential to cause lung...

Words: 17882 - Pages: 72

Free Essay

Global Warming

...Physical Chemistry Understanding our Chemical World Physical Chemistry Understanding our Chemical World Paul Monk Manchester Metropolitan University, UK Copyright  2004 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England Telephone (+44) 1243 779777 Email (for orders and customer service enquiries): cs-books@wiley.co.uk Visit our Home Page on www.wileyeurope.com or www.wiley.com All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP, UK, without the permission in writing of the Publisher. Requests to the Publisher should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England, or emailed to permreq@wiley.co.uk, or faxed to (+44) 1243 770620. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Other Wiley...

Words: 233668 - Pages: 935

Premium Essay

Cure Your Tooth

...Mantesh TABLE OF CONTENTS Cure Tooth Decay Book Description Foreword By Timothy Gallagher D.D.S. President of the Holistic Dental Association Introduction 100% Real Dental Healing Testimonials Leroy from Utah Ms. Steuernol from Alberta , Canada Mike from Ashland , Oregon Pioneering Tooth Cavity Remineralization CHAPTER 1 DENTISTRY'S INABILITY TO CURE CAVITIES Reaffirm Your Choice to Cure Your Cavities The Real Cause of Cavities Remembering Your Connection Fear of the Dentist How Conventional Dentistry Works Micro-organisms Conventional Dentistry’s Losing Battle Against Bacteria The Failure of Conventional Dentistry Chapter 1 References CHAPTER 2 DENTIST WESTON PRICE DISCOVERS THE CURE Lack of Nutrition is the Cause of Physical Degeneration The Healthy People of the Loetschental Valley, Switzerland Modern Swiss were Losing Their Health The Healthy People of the Outer Hebrides Gaelics on Modern Foods are Losing Their Health Genetics and Tooth Decay Aborigines of Australia Nutritive Values of Diets Compared Fat-soluble Vitamins and Activators Mantesh Why Tooth Decay with Modern Civilization? Weston Price's Tooth Decay Curing Protocol Dr. Price's Protocol Summarized Chapter 2 References CHAPTER 3 MAKE YOUR TEETH STRONG WITH FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS How Teeth Remineralize 101 Hormones and Tooth Decay Cholesterol The Miracle of Vitamin D Vital Fat-Soluble Vitamin A Cod Liver Oil Heals Cavities Weston Price’s Activator X More Fat-Soluble...

Words: 66501 - Pages: 267

Free Essay

Environmental Studies

...Environmental Studies For Undergraduate Courses Erach Bharucha Textbook for Environmental Studies For Undergraduate Courses of all Branches of Higher Education Erach Bharucha for University Grants Commission Natural Resources i Preliminary Pages.p65 1 4/9/2004, 5:06 PM Credits Principal author and editor – Erach Bharucha Unit 1 – Erach Bharucha Unit 2 – Erach Bharucha, Behafrid Patel Unit 3 – Erach Bharucha Unit 4 – Erach Bharucha Unit 5 – Shamita Kumar Unit 6 – Erach Bharucha, Shalini Nair, Behafrid Patel Unit 7 – Erach Bharucha, Shalini Nair, Behafrid Patel Unit 8 – Erach Bharucha, Shambhvi Joshi Case Studies – Prasanna Kolte Co-ordination and compilation – Behafrid Patel Textbook Design – Narendra Kulkarni (Mudra), Sushma Durve Manuscript review and editing – Chinmaya Dunster, Behafrid Patel Artists – Sushma Durve and Anagha Deshpande CD ROM – Jaya Rai and Prasanna Kolte © Copyright Text – Erach Bharucha/ UGC, 2004. Photographs – Erach Bharucha Drawings – Bharati Vidyapeeth Institute of Environment Education and Research All rights reserved. Distributed by University Grants Commission, New Delhi. 2004. ii Environmental Studies for Undergraduate Courses Preliminary Pages.p65 2 4/9/2004, 5:06 PM Vision The importance of Environmental Studies cannot be disputed. The need for sustainable development is a key to the future of mankind. The degradation of our environment is linked to continuing problems of pollution, loss...

Words: 125061 - Pages: 501

Premium Essay

Lalalal

...1 UNIT 1 Living Things and Their Environment DRAFT April 29, 2014 Photo Credit: http://www.flyingfourchette.com/2013/05/25/around-ubud/ 2 UNIT 1: Living Things and Their Environment Introduction At this point, students have already learned in Grade 8 how the body breaks down food into forms that can be absorbed through the digestive system and then transported to each cell, which was on the other hand discussed in Grade 7 to be the basic unit of life. The learners have also discovered that cells divide to produce new cells by mitosis and meiosis. They have understood that meiosis is an early step in sexual reproduction that leads to variation. Students have been introduced to genetics to be able to appreciate evolutionary differences among species. Learners have also found out that biodiversity is the collective variety of species living in an ecosystem, and by studying the ecosystem; they have come across the various cycling of materials and energy transformation. DRAFT April 29, 2014 All modules in Grade 9 Unit 1-Living Things and Their Environment present student-centered activities that will allow the learners to discover and develop concepts that they may consider useful to their everyday life. At the end of each lesson, key concepts are provided for the students to grasp ideas and information that they will remember even after they have left school. Instructional activities are designed to build up the students’ knowledge, understanding, skills, and ability to transfer...

Words: 68324 - Pages: 274

Premium Essay

Health Promotion and Prevention

...NINTH EDITION Burton’s MICROBIOLOGY FOR THE HEALTH SCIENCES Paul G. Engelkirk, PhD, MT(ASCP), SM(AAM) Biomedical Educational Services (Biomed Ed) Belton, Texas Adjunct Faculty, Biology Department Temple College, Temple, TX Janet Duben-Engelkirk, EdD, MT(ASCP) Biomedical Educational Services (Biomed Ed) Belton, Texas Adjunct Faculty, Biotechnology Department Temple College, Temple, TX Acquisitions Editor: David B. Troy Product Manager: John Larkin Managing Editor: Laura S. Horowitz, Hearthside Publishing Services Marketing Manager: Allison Powell Designer: Steve Druding Compositor: Maryland Composition/Absolute Service Inc. Ninth Edition Copyright © 2011 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, © 2000 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, © 1996 Lippincott-Raven, © 1992, 1988, 1983, 1979 JB Lippincott Co. 351 West Camden Street Baltimore, MD 21201 Printed in the People’s Republic of China All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S. government employees...

Words: 118758 - Pages: 476

Free Essay

Swn Jdkjkjje Jne

...Employment News 31 May - 6 June 2014 www.employmentnews.gov.in 21 UNION PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION EXAMINATION NOTICE NO. 09/2014-CSP (LAST DATE FOR RECEIPT OF APPLICATIONS : 30/06/2014) DATE :31.05.2014 CIVIL SERVICES EXAMINATION, 2014 (Commission’s website-http://upsc.gov.in) F. No. 1/5/2013-E.I(B) : Preliminary Examination of the Civil Services Examination for recruitment to the Services and Posts mentioned below will be held by the Union Public Service Commission on 24th Aug., 2014 in accordance with the Rules published by the Department of Personnel & Training in the Gazette of India Extraordinary dated 31st May, 2014. (i) Indian Administrative Service. (ii) Indian Foreign Service. (iii) Indian Police Service. (iv) Indian P & T Accounts & Finance Service, Group ‘A’. (v) Indian Audit and Accounts Service, Group ‘A’. (vi) Indian Revenue Service (Customs and Central Excise), Group ‘A’. (vii) Indian Defence Accounts Service, Group ‘A’. (viii) Indian Revenue Service (I.T.), Group ‘A’. (ix) Indian Ordnance Factories Service, Group ‘A’ (Assistant Works Manager, Administration). (x) Indian Postal Service, Group ‘A’. (xi) Indian Civil Accounts Service, Group ‘A’. (xii) Indian Railway Traffic Service, Group ‘A’. (xiii) Indian Railway Accounts Service, Group 'A'. (xiv) Indian Railway Personnel Service, Group ‘A’. (xv) Post of Assistant Security Commissioner in Railway Protection Force, Group ‘A’ (xvi) Indian Defence Estates Service, Group...

Words: 47693 - Pages: 191

Free Essay

Whirlpool

...Employment News 11 - 17 February 2012 www.employmentnews.gov.in 21 Union Public Service Commission EXAMINATION NOTICE NO. 04/2012-CSP DATED 11.02.2012 (LAST DATE FOR RECEIPT OF APPLICATIONS : 05.03.2012) CIVIL SERVICES EXAMINATION, 2012 (Commission's website - http://www.upsc.gov.in) F. No. 1/4/2011-E.I(B) : Preliminary Examination of the Civil Services Examination for recruitment to the Services and Posts mentioned below will be held by the Union Public Service Commission on 20th May, 2012 in accordance with the Rules published by the Department of Personnel & Training in the Gazette of India Extraordinary dated 4th February, 2012. (i) Indian Administrative Service. (ii) Indian Foreign Service. (iii) Indian Police Service. (iv) Indian P & T Accounts & Finance Service, Group ‘A’. (v) Indian Audit and Accounts Service, Group ‘A’. (vi) Indian Revenue Service (Customs and Central Excise), Group ‘A’. (vii) Indian Defence Accounts Service, Group ‘A’. (viii) Indian Revenue Service (I.T.), Group ‘A’. (ix) Indian Ordnance Factories Service, Group ‘A’ (Assistant Works Manager, Administration). (x) Indian Postal Service, Group ‘A’. (xi) Indian Civil Accounts Service, Group ‘A’. (xii) Indian Railway Traffic Service, Group ‘A’. (xiii) Indian Railway Accounts Service, Group 'A'. (xiv) Indian Railway Personnel Service, Group ‘A’. (xv) Post of Assistant Security Commissioner in Railway Protection Force, Group ‘A’ (xvi) Indian Defence Estates Service, Group ‘A’. (xvii) Indian Information...

Words: 50586 - Pages: 203

Premium Essay

Future of Technology

...THE FUTURE OF TECHNOLOGY OTHER ECONOMIST BOOKS Guide to Analysing Companies Guide to Business Modelling Guide to Business Planning Guide to Economic Indicators Guide to the European Union Guide to Financial Markets Guide to Management Ideas Numbers Guide Style Guide Dictionary of Business Dictionary of Economics International Dictionary of Finance Brands and Branding Business Consulting Business Ethics Business Strategy China’s Stockmarket Globalisation Headhunters and How to Use Them Successful Mergers Wall Street Essential Director Essential Economics Essential Finance Essential Internet Essential Investment Essential Negotiation Pocket World in Figures THE FUTURE OF TECHNOLOGY THE ECONOMIST IN ASSOCIATION WITH PROFILE BOOKS LTD Published by Profile Books Ltd 3a Exmouth House, Pine Street, London ec1r 0jh Copyright © The Economist Newspaper Ltd 2005 All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the publisher of this book. The greatest care has been taken in compiling this book. However, no responsibility can be accepted by the publishers or compilers for the accuracy of the information presented. Where opinion is expressed it is that of the author and does not necessarily...

Words: 128899 - Pages: 516