...Problem Identification David is convinced that his boss wants to fire him. He will not meet 6-month and 12-month sales plan unless he uses creative accounting. Root Cause Analysis There is relationship conflict between David and his boss. Some elements did not fit with each other (open system). Carter had his own favorite, so promoting David created political situation (individual–informal organization, work–informal organization). Promotion rules were faulty, as David was promoted without his boss consent and basing on one presentation (work-formal organization). Above mentioned are situational factors in MARS model. Looking at abilities David had little agreeableness expressing his displeasure with flight booking and making impression of being pompous. Although very assertive, hid did not talk to Carter to explain political situation. David also did not have clear role perception as subordinate to Carter. He did not submit requested information or did it in unsatisfactory way, e.g. status of Meryll Lynch. He did not inform the office, where he was, if he changed plans. It made his position weaker to question Carter’s sales plans. After talking to clients, he believed Carter was too optimistic or even had fabricated forecasts to get promoted. Solution Building David should start obeying rules (call the office and inform about his whereabouts, deliver information Carter asks for, hand in assignments...
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...Biodiversity 1 The following is a paper discussing the earth’s biodiversity between Capuchin monkeys and domestic ferrets, scorpion flies and grasshoppers, Lapland longspur and ivory-billed woodpeckers and the sea urchins and jellyfish. Under the mammal category, I chose to research Capuchin monkeys and ferrets. Capuchin monkeys are small, weighing between 3 to 9 pounds with varying fur, but commonly colored dark brown with cream or light tan coloring around their face, neck and shoulders. Capuchin monkeys are classified under the primates’ order because, for one, they carry the adaptation for climbing trees and walking on two or four limbs. Capuchin monkeys are in the same order as lemurs and mountain gorillas. Domestic ferrets are long, slender bodied animals with brown, black, white or mixed colored fur. The average length of a ferret is 20 inches which includes a 2 inch tail and weighs between 1.5 and 4 pounds. Ferrets are a part of the carnivore order and the reason they are classified as such is because they are meat-eating animals. They are joined in this order with animals such as polecats and weasels. One characteristic Capuchin monkeys and ferrets share is their abilities to adapt to living in different environments such as captivity. A second characteristic is that both types of animals can be considered a nuisance to their...
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...a) Definicion de calentamiento global. La noción de calentamiento global permite referirse a dos cuestiones relacionadas: por un lado, se trata de un fenómeno observado en el promedio de la temperatura de las últimas décadas, que sube de manera sostenida; por otra parte, es una teoría que, a partir de distintas proyecciones, sostiene que la temperatura seguirá creciendo en el futuro a causa de la acción del hombre. Los niveles de la radiación UV-B en la atmósfera han aumentado significativamente en las últimas décadas. Los investigadores han encontrado que la radiación UV-B puede matar a los anfibios directamente, causar efectos secundarios, tales como tasas de crecimiento retardadas, disfunción inmune y trabajar en conjunto con los contaminantes, los patógenos y el cambio climático, potenciando su declive. b). Problema e hipótesis El problema consiste en determinar porque ocurre: La muerte de anfibios Blanqueamiento de los corales Aumento de los niveles del océano Incremento en el numero de e intensidad de los huracanes. Una hipótesis valida para estos puntos es que el calentamiento global ha creado diversos fenómenos climáticos así como el gran hoyo en la capa de ozona por el cual, entran los rayos del sol directamente y con todo su poder golpeando los polos y derritiéndolos haciendo que los océanos aumenten su nivel , también el exceso de dióxido de carbono ocasiona la “lluvia acida la cual debe ser la causante de la muerte de anfibios y el blanqueamiento de los corales...
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...Article Astronomy December 2010 Vol.55 No.35: 4010–4017 doi: 10.1007/s11434-010-4197-x SPECIAL TOPICS: Experimental measurement of growth patterns on fossil corals: Secular variation in ancient Earth-Sun distances ZHANG WeiJia1,3,4*, LI ZhengBin2,3 & LEI Yang1 1 2 Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; 3 State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems & Networks, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; 4 Committee of Yuanpei Honors Program, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China Received June 3, 2010; accepted July 22, 2010 In recent years, much attention has been given to the increase in the Earth-Sun distance, with the modern rate reported as 5–15 m/cy on the basis of astronomical measurements. However, traditional methods cannot measure the ancient leaving rates, so a myriad of research attempting to provide explanations were met with unmatched magnitudes. In this paper we consider that the growth patterns on fossils could reflect the ancient Earth-Sun relationships. Through mechanical analysis of both the Earth-Sun and Earth-Moon systems, these patterns confirmed an increase in the Earth-Sun distance. With a large number of well-preserved specimens and new technology available, both the modern and ancient leaving rates could be measured with high precision, and it was found that the Earth has been leaving the Sun...
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...Answer: Stony corals are a remarkable group of animals that inhabit tropical marine waters around the world and form vast colonies known as coral reefs. Coral reefs often resemble rock formations or even plants but such resemblances are only superficial. Coral reefs are in fact made up of many tiny animals known as coral polyps. Each coral polyp is an individual animal and the individual polyps coexist as part of a larger colony of polyps. Coral reefs provide habitat for an immense diversity of other organisms including fishes, marine mammals, marine turtles, and invertebrates. Stony corals inhabit marine habitats where the water is quite clear, the temperature remains within the range of 18°C-29°C, and the salinity of the water is in the range of 32ppt-42ppt. A stony coral colony begins as a single free-swimming founder coral polyp that attaches itself to a hard substrate such as submerged rocks. The founder polyp replicates itself repeatedly through asexual reproduction, producing a colony. The colony consists of a base which is attached to the reef substrate, a growing edge zone (where new coral polyps are produced), and an upper surface that is exposed to light that filters down through the water. Stony corals are so named because of the stone-like skeleton that forms within their bodies. This hard skeleton is made up of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and is the substance that gives a coral reef much of its structure. Over time, stony coral polyps lift up from their base...
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...It is clearly the case that variations in levels of biodiversity are highly influenced by physical factors. The climate of a region has a massive impact on the levels of biodiversity, as this determines what flora and fauna can survive. Sunlight, temperature, water and CO₂ are all limiting factors for plant growth. Places with very few limiting factors, such as a tropical rainforest, have high biodiversity because the conditions are good, meaning many plants can grow there because they do not need to be specialised. These conditions are also favourable to many animal species, due to resources being widely available and many niches to be occupied. This leads to high biodiversity because of little competition between species. On the other hand, places with a lot of limiting factors, the Arctic for example, means plants and animals have to be specialised to survive, therefore biodiversity is low due to harsh conditions. The altitudinal range of an area also influences biodiversity. This is because different climates occur at different altitudes, meaning if there is a large range of elevations, there will be conditions that suit many different species of animals and plants so biodiversity is higher. One example of this is the Himalayas where biodiversity is high. Endemism is another physical factor, this increases biodiversity and is affected by the location of an area. For example, islands, such as the Galapagos Islands, are more likely to have endemic species because of isolation...
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...Las Colonias de coral, son genéticamente más diversas de lo que se estimaba Fecha: 10 de Junio del 2015 Los organismos coralinos son genéticamente más diversos de lo que se estimaba. Esta, es la conclusión propuesta por biólogos de la Ruhr-Universitat Bochum, que han llevado a cabo estudios de la variabilidad genética, en colonias individuales de distintas especies de corales. Maximilian Schweinsberg miembro de Department of Animal Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity comenta, que de cualquier manera se debe esperar que esta variabilidad compense las pérdidas de corales debido al cambio climático. Schweinsberg menciona que la inestabilidad climática y los cambios en el ecosistema afectan en gran medida a las colonias coralinas. En colaboraciones junto a otros investigadores, se publicó este artículo en la revista Molecular Ecology. La base de esta adaptación es la diversidad genética. Estas colonias individuales, se conforman por millones de pólipos. Hasta la fecha, se ha asumido que los corales se originan a través de la proliferación de una larva y son, por tanto, genéticamente idénticos. En comunidades aisladas, los investigadores encontraron pólipos genéticamente diferentes. Sin embargo, es incierta la frecuencia en que ocurre este fenómeno. La variabilidad genética puede ser causada por dos procesos: mutaciones genéticas espontaneas en secciones de colonias individuales coralinas, o por distintas uniones de corales durante su etapa de desarrollo. En el primer caso...
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...Using examples, assess the relative importance of human and physical factors in influencing levels of biodiversity. (15) Biodiversity refers to the variety of genes, species and eco-systems in an area. Levels of biodiversity can be influenced by both physical and human factors. Physical factors such as the climate type as well as the age of an area can have a significant impact on the levels of diversity found in that area. Human factors such as deforestation, urbanisation as well as the protection of certain eco-systems carried out by humans can have an impact on the area whether it is negative or positive. The climate of a region may have a huge impact on levels of biodiversity as this determines what flora can survive. Factors such as temperature, water and CO₂ are all limiting factors for plants, places with very few limiting factors such as a tropical rainforest, have high biodiversity because the conditions are good, meaning many plants can grow such as the Atlantic forest, where there are over 20,000 plant species adapted in that specific area. Places with a lot of limiting factors, the levels of biodiversity is low due to harsh conditions. The altitudinal range of an area also has an effect on the levels of biodiversity, the conditions that suit different eco-systems will differ as some are more adapted to thrive in colder environments compared to others who thrive in warmer environments. The age of an area also plays a part in influencing levels of biodiversity as...
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...countries rely solely on this fishing practice for income, in which they chase these tropical marine species and spray them with a cyanide solution to stun them and aid in their capture. These fish are then put into bags and exported to places like North America and Europe where they are sold for premium prices. However, many of these fish are harmed by the cyanide solution and do not even survive the trip, making the mortality rates very high, nearly forty percent (Pflug, 66.) The process of cyanide fishing is used to capture fish and invertebrates, but is damaging to many corals and juvenile reef species. This practice is becoming much more common in the Philippines, which was the first country to use the cyanide technique, where much of the reefs are destroyed from harvesting corals and cyanide fishing. Over three thousand tropical fishermen in the Philippines expose miles of coral reefs to cyanide, killing the coral polyps and bleaching the reef. Until strict regulations are put in place to protect the reefs and their inhabitants, cyanide fishing will continue to devastate reefs and kill marine life the world over. The new trend in Hong Kong and other major Asian cities are restaurants that have large fish tanks where the customers can pick the fish they want to eat and have it prepared however they would like. The new demand for live tropicals has caused a dramatic increase in cyanide fishing, putting much more strain on South Pacific marine habitats. This profitable fish trade...
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...arid areas, and glaciers to melt causing floods. With the temperatures predicted to be up one hundred degrees Fahrenheit worldwide over the next one hundred years, threatening extinction for thousands of plant and animal species. Because of agriculture clearing, and aggressive logging over the past 30 years almost half of the world’s forests have disappeared. Land has been altered for forestry, farming, pastures, roads, industry, and houses. The amount of land altered for our use totals half of the world’s total land. Habitats are threatened by human growth, everywhere on Earth oceans are overfished causing extinction for some species already. Rising temperatures has caused Coral Bleaching, coral reefs are home to thousands of species, and protects the shorelines of some islands. Half of the world’s coral reefs and islands whose shorelines they protect will be gone, as will thousands of animal species. The Earth is covered by 70% of water, but only 2.5 of it is fresh water, needed for irrigation, drinking, and every day use, because of overuse, and contamination. Governments can encourage a reduction on the demand of a degraded ecosystems services bringing about a change in habits. Decision-making...
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...THE CORAL TRIANGLE by A. Wong Coral reefs are among the most productive of all the eco-systems. The intricate homes that coral animals build create magical underwater structures that attract a variety of sea life. Thousands of fish of many different varieties dart in and out of these elegant corals. A tropical coral reef underwater rivals the diversity of a tropical rain-forest on land. These reefs are a tremendous source of natural wonders and resources. The Philippines, Malaysia and New Guinea mark the corners of a triangle which is the cradle of evolution for the coral kingdom. More then 400 species of coral are in the reefs that encircle the 7000 plus islands of the Philippines. Its land area is only 1/5 of its water realm. Not all of these islands are inhabited. Those which can support human population are filled to overflowing. In these small islands there is usually no other way to make a living except through the surrounding reef. For the Philippines, with its problems in population and economy, fishing is very important. However, some fishermen resort to extreme measures such as Dynamite Fishing because it is quick and effective. Dynamite fishing is both illegal and rampant in the Philippines. The devastating effects of a single dynamite blast so a fisherman can feed his family with enough to spare to sell can cause damages to coral reefs that would take them 40 years to recover. The reefs are filled with a variety of sea life - exotic fishes with myriad...
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...Coral reefs occupy only 0.2% of the ocean floor, yet they are the most biologically diverse marine ecosystems known today, and support over 25% of all marine organisms (Yip). Due to the massive amount of marine species that populate coral reef habitats, maintaining healthy reefs is crucial for the continuation of marine biodiversity. In past years, the increase of mortality rates in coral has been caused by a number of factors, including wide-spread stress and disease. In the Indo-Pacific, coral reefs have been declining at a rate of approximately 2% per year for the last 20 years (Yip). Coral reef fish biodiversity is crucial for the sustainability of the coral reef ecosystem, as well as for the ability of the coral reefs to provide services...
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...Protect Coral Reefs Those who love to snorkel or dive know how beautiful coral reefs are up close. These vibrant ecosystems are the homes and breeding grounds of multiple sea creatures. However, due to pollution and human activity, about 20% of coral reefs in the world have been damaged beyond repair. The bright side is, if we all take action today, we can still protect the remaining reefs in our oceans. Scientists and conservation groups are working double time to use their expertise in saving our seas and coral reefs. Even if you aren't an expert, you can still do a lot to join the movement. 1. Cut your carbon footprint. Climate change is a leading cause of coral reef deaths. Lessen your amount of carbon emissions by walking,...
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...------------------------------------------------- Issues by region ------------------------------------------------- A NOAA (AOML) in situ pCO2 sensor (SAMI-CO2), attached to a Coral Reef Early Warning System station in Discovery Bay, Jamaica, utilized in conducting ocean acidification studies near coral reef areas [edit]Australia Main article: Environmental threats to the Great Barrier Reef The Great Barrier Reef is the world's largest coral reef system.[46][47][48][49] The reef is located in the Coral Sea. A large part of the reef is protected by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Particular environmental pressures include runoff, salinity fluctuations, climate change, cyclic crown-of-thorns outbreaks, overfishing, and spills or improper ballast discharge. [edit]Southeast Asia See also: Southeast Asia coral reefs Southeast Asian coral reefs are at risk from damaging fishing practices (such as cyanide and blast fishing), overfishing, sedimentation, pollution and bleaching. Activities including education, regulation and the establishment of marine protected areas help protect these reefs. [edit]Indonesia Indonesia is home to one third of the world's corals covering nearly 85,000 square kilometres (33,000 sq mi) and one quarter of its fish species. Indonesia's coral reefs are located in the heart of the Coral Triangle and have fallen victim to destructive fishing, tourism and bleaching. Data from 414 reef monitoring stations in 2000 found that only 6% are in excellent condition...
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...Recipe for rescuing our reefs The colourful world supported by coral reefs is under threat as oceans absorb greater quantities of carbon dioxide, says Rod Salm. In this week's Green Room, he says we must accept that we are going to lose many of these valuable ecosystems, but adds that not all hope is lost. I've been privileged to see many of the world's finest and least disturbed reefs. Mine were the first human eyes to see many of the remotest reefs at a time when we really could describe them as pristine. I would never have dreamed that they were at risk from people, far less than from something as remote then as climate change. Today, despite the doom and gloom one reads so much about, one can still find reefs that are vibrant, thriving ecosystems. But sadly, too, there are more and more that look like something from the dark side of the Moon. These degraded reefs have been ravaged by destructive fishing, bad land use practices that smother them with silt, and pollutants that foster disease and overgrowth by seaweeds. More alarmingly, there are large areas that are killed off and degraded by warming seas linked to climate change. We've all read that global warming poses a tremendous threat to our planet, and that coral reefs will face an uphill battle to survive in warmer waters. Yet the greatest threat to our oceans and to all of its wonders is little known, nearly impossible to see, and potentially devastating. This is not climate change, but does stem from the excess...
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