... An introduction to counselling Introduction Stories of counselling Paula’s story: coming to terms with trauma Myra’s story: being depressed Matthew’s story: everything is getting on top of me Laura’s story: finding the right counsellor What is counselling? Defining counselling The relationship between counselling and psychotherapy Counselling and other helping professions The diversity of theory and practice in counselling The aims of counselling Counselling as an interdisciplinary area of study A user-centred definition of counselling Conclusions Chapter summary Topics for reflection and discussion Key terms and concepts Suggested further reading Introduction Counselling is a wonderful twentieth-century invention. We live in a complex, busy, changing world. In this world, there are many different types of experience that are difficult for people to cope with. Most of the time, we get on with life, but sometimes we are stopped in our tracks by an event or situation that we do not, at that moment, have the resources to sort out. Most of the time, we find ways of dealing with such problems in living by talking to family, friends, neighbours, priests or our family doctor. But occasionally their advice is not sufficient, or we are too embarrassed or ashamed to tell them what is bothering us, or we just don’t have an appropriate 2 An introduction to counselling person to turn to. Counselling is a really useful option at these moments. In most places, counselling is available fairly quickly...
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...trying to establish whether a therapist can treat all clients successfully using just the one approach or whether it is more beneficial to the client for the therapist to use a more multi-disciplinary approach. I will be looking at the origins of this therapy with specific reference to Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers and exploring the important foundations essential for the therapy to be recognised as patient centred. The British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (www.bacp.co.uk) state that Person Centred Counselling ‘is based on the assumption that a client seeking help in the resolution of a problem they are experiencing, can enter into a relationship with a counsellor who is sufficiently accepting and permissive to allow the client to freely express any emotions and feelings. This will enable the client to come to terms with negative feelings, which may have caused emotional problems, and develop inner resources. The objective is for the client to become able to see himself as a person, with the power and freedom to change, rather than as an object’. Another definition is www.ncge.ie/handbook PCC ‘focuses on the here and now and not on the childhood origins of the clients’ problems’. The emphasis is on the environment created by the counsellor which is permissive and non-interventionist enabling the client to move at his own pace and in his own direction. Person Centred Therapy was initially established by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow, amongst others, in...
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...trying to establish whether a therapist can treat all clients successfully using just the one approach or whether it is more beneficial to the client for the therapist to use a more multi-disciplinary approach. I will be looking at the origins of this therapy with specific reference to Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers and exploring the important foundations essential for the therapy to be recognised as patient centred. The British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (www.bacp.co.uk) state that Person Centred Counselling ‘is based on the assumption that a client seeking help in the resolution of a problem they are experiencing, can enter into a relationship with a counsellor who is sufficiently accepting and permissive to allow the client to freely express any emotions and feelings. This will enable the client to come to terms with negative feelings, which may have caused emotional problems, and develop inner resources. The objective is for the client to become able to see himself as a person, with the power and freedom to change, rather than as an object’. Another definition is www.ncge.ie/handbook PCC ‘focuses on the here and now and not on the childhood origins of the clients’ problems’. The emphasis is on the environment created by the counsellor which is permissive and non-interventionist enabling the client to move at his own pace and in his own direction. Person Centred Therapy was initially established by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow, amongst others, in...
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...Counselling in Health and Social Care – role, application and boundaries. Ethics and legal factors Everyone who works within the health and social care sector has to abide by the ethical guidelines. "Ethics can be defined as a set of moral principles or rules of conduct" (O'Farrell, 1999). The ethics framework states the guidelines that are expected of each counsellor and professional and it consists of three elements; Values, principles and also personal moral qualities. "Professional ethics may be viewed as the rightful domain of moral philosophy which is concerned with establishing principles for articulating what is 'good' and what is 'bad'." (Nelson-Jones, 2002) Six major ethical principles of the BACP are; self-respect, individual autonomy, beneficence (benefiting the client), non-maleficence (not harming the client), justice (fair distribution of services within the society) and fidelity (honouring promises and underpinning trust). These can be viewed for underpinning the practice of counsellors and superior practitioners. Ethical principles are well suited to examining the justification for particular decisions and actions. However, reliance on principles alone may detract from the importance of the practitioner's personal qualities and their ethical significance in the counselling or therapeutic relationship (BACP, 2013). Values inform principles and they are important to the counsellor to expressing their commitment to ethics. The values of counsellors include;...
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...Professional practice in counselling. Counselling is defined as several talking therapies delivered by counsellors to bring about an effective change or enhance their well-being (BACP, 2010). People who are in need of counselling are those who are experiencing difficulties while dealing with problems and those who are distressed psychologically, physically and/or spiritually. However, not all of these people who undergo these problems actually approach counsellors. These people are usually left in a state of indecision. Counselling offers a way to tackle this; through means of supportive and empathic relationship between the client and the counsellor to provide a framework for emotions to be delved into, as well as behaviours and thinking patterns. This would improve the client’s condition through the facilitation of benign changes. However counselling does not solve the client’s problem, counsellors merely serve as guides, assisting the client through their problems. Counselling can stretch over any period of time. Counselling typically uses a theory-based approach, usually with the psychoanalytic, person-centred, cognitive behavioural and psychodynamic theories being utilised. Depending on the theory or theories used, the counselling could either be directive or non-directive. Directive counselling refers to the counsellor advising and helping the client to realise his goals, while the non-directive approach, predictably does the opposite. Counselling would require a large amount...
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...Many couples did not start out having problems communicating. Couples seldom notice the changes in their communication style until they are to the point of not talking or fighting. This is because we become more dependent on hearing only what we want to hear and less willing to risk vulnerability. At the same time we feel more vulnerable and under these circumstance something are partner does or says (be it intentional or not) can cause a switch in our brain to flip and we go into survival mode. Once this switch goes off we are only able to FIGHT, FREEZE or FLEA. When we are in survival mode we have no interest or ability to nurture our relationship, it is all about coming out alive! In couples counselling, helping you communicate starts with helping you to recognize when you are in survival mode and how to get yourself out of it. We will also give you proven tools that have help countless couples get through difficult discussions and be able to remain positive about each other and their...
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...necessarily focus on the lawyering skills. Client counselling is a vital skill in which the students of law should be trained. One of the significant functions of a lawyer is to advise the people who seek assistance in knowing the legal implications of their actions. The lawyer is looked upon to facilitate decision making in certain critical legal matters. This function of the lawyer influencing and facilitating decisions is called counselling. Bar Council of India, the highest professional body of lawyers, has a key role in Professional Legal Education.1 It has drawn up a detailed scheme on practical training consisting of professional ethics, barbench relations, contempt of court, moot court, pre-trial procedures, negotiations, interviewing and counselling, drafting of conveyances and pleadings, legal aid, public interest lawyering etc. The word 'Counsel' has its origin in the Latin word 'consilium' which means advice.2 According to Blacks' Law Dictionary, counsel means advice and assistance given by one person to another in regard to a legal matter, proposed line of conduct, claim or contention. As a matter of fact lawyers are also legal counsels. Counsellor is an attorney; lawyer; member of the legal profession who gives legal advice and handles the legal affairs of client, including if necessary appearing on his or her behalf in civil, criminal or administrative action and proceedings.3 The process of counselling has two functions: 1. To help the person talk...
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...These are the key features to be looked at when analyzing Bridgestone’s financial capabilities:- * The company receives Medicaid from various sources to facilitate its services. Key sources include the state government and certain private pay customers. * The projected budget indicates a certain level of volume which must be achieved for meager profits or breakeven. * The various facilities provided by the company include both on-campus and off-campus services, the major ones being – Group Counselling and Ambulatory Detoxification. The center’s financials show that it is just staying afloat for the past three years, despite exemplary staff performance and glowing clientele reports. The projected financials show the targeted sales and revenue of the company for the entire next year, which means that the Bridgestone has set a target for itself based on the need for a solution that brings the center out of the risk range. In the present situation, even a slight change in operations could put the center into losses. After an in-depth...
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...NATIONAL CREDIT ACT- 2005 Money lenders breaking credit act exposed Cape Town - In a bid to stem the abuse of consumers by lenders and ensure compliance with the National Credit Act (NCA), the National Credit Regulator (NCR) and the South African Police Service (Saps) conducted joint onsite investigations in an operation in Mpumalanga. The NCR partnered with the Saps in Middleburg, Barberton, Nelspruit and Witbank this week, investigating 37 lenders. This led to the arrest of ten individuals who contravened the NCA. "The focus of this kind of operation is primarily on credit providers, who are engaging in reckless lending, unlawfully garnishing, retaining pension cards, bank cards, identity documents and personal identity numbers (PINs) of their clients as surety," said Nomsa Motshegare, CEO of the NCR. "This is a contravention of the National Credit Act and it is a criminal offence", she added. Motshegare stated that this is part of the NCR's ongoing strategy to ensure that all credit providers, no matter where they conduct business, comply with the provisions of the National Credit Act. "The exploitation of vulnerable and unsuspecting consumers by credit providers will not be tolerated," she added. During the operation, ten people were arrested and as a result, nine criminal cases were opened. In addition, the suspects were found to be in possession of 851 ID books and 921 bankcards, six passports, two drivers licenses and 44 cellphones. Motshegare complimented the...
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...of anxiety and depression as the economic dependency based on workplace is the primary key indicator to trigger off the psychological imbalance within human beings. This article elaborates the remedial procedures and responsibilities for both the employees and employer to participate in harmony to overcome the components and mange those which give rise to anxiety and depression. The approach if being managed professionally will arrest the negative mental health of the employees which will add up to incremental productivity which will eliminate cost and bear revenue generations for the organisations. Introduction : Sociological, economical, political and environmental aspects have given to increase trends in anxiety and depression across all sects of human beings across the world. This is leading to the withdrawal symptoms of employees resulting to absenteeism, error in work, low productivity which is resulting to increase of cost and loss of revenue which is having an economic impact in the society as well as the country. This article follows through the concept of anxiety and depression, referring the various theories which have been taken as case studies, the management of this neurological disorders, therapeutic evaluation and results. The article concludes as it...
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...COUNSELLING FOR SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT: A PANACEA FOR SOCIO-POLITICAL INSTABILITY AND ETHNIC/RELIGIOUS CRISES IN NIGERIA BY: IRABOR PETER ODION 07037830536 DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL STUDIES, COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, IGUEBEN, EDO STATE BEING A PAPER PRESENTED AT THE COUNSELLING ASSOCIATION OF NIGERIA (CASSON) HELD AT SCHOOL HALL, NATIONAL GRAMMAR SCHOOL, NIKE ENUGU, ENUGU STATE FROM 16TH TO 17TH OF APRIL, 2012 ABSTRACT Counselling-which that provides direction or advice as to a decision or course of action is inevitable in any organisation, institutions or society. More importantly, the roles of counselling in a country like Nigeria made up of diverse ethnic groups and often confronted with socio-political menace that threatens her existence cannot be over emphasized. This study therefore investigates the roles and important of counselling towards the sustainability of Nigeria socio-political development and ethnic/religious unity. Finally, the study examined and recommended how Nigeria can equally experience stable socio-political and ethnic/religious unity with the counsellors playing divergence role in the society. INTRODUCTION Nigeria is a country of extraordinary diversity and as such has extraordinary complexities (Irabor, 2011). Indeed, Nigeria adventure into pluralism of religions and ethnic diversities owns its origin to colonial conquest which permeated the entire continent of Africa beginning from the early 19th...
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...Divya Srivastava THE ROLE OF THE SCHOOL COUNSELLOR School counselling is a branch of applied psychology that deals with problems or behaviours that interfere with the academic progress or social acceptance of children in the school system. School counsellors assess cognitive functioning and identify mental retardation, giftedness, developmental delays, instructional difficulties, and learning disabilities. They recommend educational programs; assess behavioural and emotional problems, and support parents and teachers. They also deal with the full spectrum of social problems including family violence, peer interactions, substance abuse, sexual abuse, neglect and the influences of these problems on school functioning. School counsellors act as a screening and referral resource for a wide range of medical, social, and emotional disorders that interfere with academic functioning. In general, school counsellors study behaviour, protect and promote mental health, and apply the principles of psychology to improve school adjustment and learning. Specific services, however, depend on the competencies of the school counsellor and the needs of the particular school system being served (Koe, 1991). For instance, the school where I was placed for my field-work had a school counsellor who also had to fulfil the role of a special educator and a remedial teacher as and when the need arose. School counsellors are employed for the purpose of providing specialized support for students with exceptional...
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...Therefore, it depends heavily on these factors. Determination of manpower needs in advance facilitates these factors management to take up necessary action. 3. To take in account the manpower availability at a future period in the organization. Therefore, it indicates what actions can be taken to make existing manpower suitable for future managerial positions and the gap between needed and available manpower can be fulfilled. Role in Human Resource Management: 1. Defining future personnel need: Planning defines future personnel need and this becomes the basis of recruiting and developing personnel. There is a likelihood of mismatch between personnel needed and personnel available. 2. Coping with changes: In Indian and International business scenes, fast changes are taking place. In Indian...
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...Malnutrition in Bangladesh 1. Introduction: Malnutrition is globally the most important risk factor for illness and death, contributing to more than half of deaths in children worldwide. It is one of the most important underlying causes of child mortality in developing countries, particularly during the first 5 years of life; the major causes for this are poverty, world conflicts, lack of education, natural disasters and poor access to health care. Nearly one-third of children in the developing world are malnourished. The effects of changing environmental conditions in increasing malnutrition are multifactorial. Poor environmental conditions may increase insect and protozoal infections and also contribute to environmental deficiencies in micronutrients. Overpopulation, more commonly seen in developing countries, can reduce food production, leading to inadequate food intake or intake of foods of poor nutritional quality. Conversely, the effects of malnutrition on individuals can create and maintain poverty, which can further hamper economic and social development. Bangladesh being the eighth most populous country in the world, and one of the poorest a significant progress has been made in recent years in reducing the incidence of poverty and malnutrition, the fact remains that roughly half of its 15.5 million citizens live in deprivation, while roughly half of all children under 6 years show some evidence of chronic malnutrition. Poverty and malnutrition in Bangladesh...
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...Introduction/Policy Statement This action memorandum proposes to change the current legislation surrounding the criminalization of women in prostitution within Canada. This memorandum suggests altering the current legislation similar to the ‘Swedish Model,’ through the criminalization of the purchase of sex while decriminalizing the supply in order to protect sex workers’ equal rights and reduce violence against women, specifically those within the sex trade market. Summary The current legislation on prostitution in Canada prohibits the action of prostitution, specifically surrounding the issue of solicitation and the use of public space. Although, it appears that prostitution is legal in Canada, the current law is riddled with arbitrariness, hypocrisy and virtually no enforcement. The current law reflects inherent bias and sexism towards women who decide to work within the sex industry and forces women to work in dangerous isolation, afraid to seek help. This reinforces patriarchal norms that insist women seduce men to the point where they no longer have any self-control, placing societal blame on the woman. This sexism locks women in to prostitution where they are subject to rape, violence or physical and psychological trauma. In Canada, Aboriginal women are over-represented within the sex trade industry because of vulnerability to exploitation driven by poverty. The current legislation does not adhere to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, negating women’s right...
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