...On September 9, 2009 I visited Manassas courthouse and sat in on criminal courts as well as civil courts. During my visit I had to go through metal detectors and upon passing the metal detectors I read a sign that said Criminal courts 3rd floor. I proceeded to the 3rd floor and exited the elevators and too my right I saw a board filled with court cases. The vast amount of crimes committed was deplorable. Below I will list information pertaining to the courts procedures as well as other pertinent information. Criminal Court---9 Sep 09 @ 0930 Docket --Opening: I noticed that majority of the public defenders has 3 or more clients. Dozens of people are gathered around a wall trying to find out what courtroom they are supposed to be in. Majority of the crimes listed were credit fraud and grand larceny. As I went in I saw the arresting officers were present. Lawyers were present also. It was as if you could distinguish the public defenders from the hired attorneys. The public defenders were conversing amongst themselves where as the hired attorney’s sat by themselves reviewing their notes and awaiting for court to start. As I sat in the back of the courtroom I saw the prosecutor rolling in about 5-6 boxes filled with court cases in. --Procedures of courtroom: The judge enters the courtroom when the bailiff calls the courtroom to rise while the honorable Ian Farris presides. --Time allocated: 2minutes the reason why it was only 2 minutes was due to it being a scheduling...
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...Police Roles and Functions The role of the police all over the world has been traditionally seen within the basic context of: the prevention and detection of crime, Protection of life and property and the Preservation of peace and good order. Today, although these roles have not changed, the police in all societies must broaden their outlook in order to appreciate their role as one which embraces not merely the enforcement of law, but which also takes into account the social, economic, and political constraints of the environment in which they operate. The Police Department must serve many roles and purposes so they also must take care of any issues that arise, dealing with the law or public safety. For this reason they have different specialized concentrations of officers designed to carry out certain functions. This also varies according to jurisdiction where there are state, local and even federal jurisdictions. This also affects what are their basic roles while doing patrol work or carrying out the specialized detail for whatever function they need enforced. In the United States the mission of law enforcement is to maintain the public safety, by reducing the occurrence of crimes on society. To accomplish this responsibility, many roles must be played by police officers. By enforcing the laws, police help preserve peace, by providing service, they help prevent crime and by apprehending offenders, they enforce the laws. They perform all these functions by following...
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...adversarial system abound such as that of Lord Denning in Jones v The National Coal Board.They are all to the effect that the judge is a passive and neutral umpire who cannot descend into the arena for fear of having his or her judgement clouded. The adversarial system is said to be the most efficient means of arriving at approximate truth because it harnesses the power of self-interest on each side to unearth the best evidence. Similarly the best legal arguments are thought to emerge from the clash of advocate’s submission on the law. A classic quotation is that of Lord Eldon in Ex Parte Lloyd that ‘truth is best discovered by powerful statements on both sides of the question.’ This follows from the notion that dispute resolution ‘achieving justice’ is the overriding objective of adversarial adjudication. How does the incorporation of science affect our understanding of adversarialism? Adversarial proceedings can be thought of as a kind of formal debate in which the prosecution urges that it can prove the defendant's guilt and the defence either contests the...
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...Nurs Midwifery Stud. 2013 December; 2(4): 77-82. Published online 2013 December 9. Perceptions of Organizational Justice Among Nurses Working in University Hospitals of Shiraz: A Comparison Between General and Specialty Settings Research Article Nahid Hatam , Mozhgan Fardid , Zahra Kavosi 1,* 1,2 1 1Department of Health Management, School of Management and Medical Information Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran 2Student Research Committee, School of Management and Medical Information Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran *Corresponding author: Nahid Hatam, Department of Health Management, School of Management and Medical Information Sciences, Diamond Building, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, 9th alley of Ghasroddasht, Shiraz, IR Iran. Tel.: +98-7112340781, Fax: +98-7112340039, E-mail: hatamn@sums.ac.ir. Received: February 9, 2013; Revised: April 26, 2013; Accepted: July 26, 2013 Background: Justice has gained much attention in social and human studies and has many consequences on employees and the organizations, especially on health system workers such as nurses who are among the key factors in health care systems. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate perception of organizational justice among nurses in educational hospitals of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (SUMS), and to compare the results of general and specialty hospitals. Materials and Methods: In this research, 400 nurses...
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...Introduction: In this paper, I will argue that Plato’s reply to Glaucon’s first objection, that justice is no more than a compromise is not a valid statement in the following three points. First, I will briefly explain the objection of Glaucon, that justice is no more than a compromise. Secondly, I will explain Plato’s reply to Glaucon’s first objection. Next, I will show the weaknesses on Plato’s claim based on one of the three parts of soul that he stands, desire. Thirdly, I will convince that Plato’s view of justice is indeed too narrow since his definition of justice is only limited to human beings. Finally, I will argue on Plato’s idea of rule of reason would lead to result of no more internal conflict. In this paragraph, I am going to state about Glaucon’s objection that justice is no more than a compromise and briefly explain Plato’s reply on Glaucon’s objection. The statement of “justice is no more than a compromise” comes from Glaucon’s second class of good: good that “are onerous but beneficial to us, and we wouldn’t choose them for their own sakes, but for the sake of the rewards and other things that come from them” [357C]. This illustrates the idea that people might do “just” things (according to the mainstream of that time, law, conventions) while they have outweigh the consequence of doing the “unjust” thing. Which Glaucon concludes that it is just a compromise of being just instead of its initial goal was to be just. People could act unjustly if they could...
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...There are two types of arguments within class action: one is motivated by morals the other influenced by self-interest. Example – Specifically Jed’s character is driven by the desire to achieve moral justice. His arguments are targeted at supporting those who cannot afford to buy justice. His law firm does not aim to make money; instead it aims to bring justice to the ‘underdog’. Host: First scene is there a scene that captures Jed’s character best? Apted: “Absolutely. It’s this idea of a “contingency case” Nick Holbrook spells out to Jed that “even if they win the case, they won’t see the money for years” Point 2 – Jed’s character is much more complex. Even though he argues fiercely for the victims of big business, he also does this for personal glory and fame. This shade of self-interest is apparent in the dinner scene with Maggie, where she accuses him of using clients to win cases, then abandoning them afterwards. Host: “Sounds interesting! What role does Maggie’s character play in the movie?” Apted: “Well, for the most part of the movie she provides a strong contrast to her father. Her arguments and actions are motivated by a desire to beat her father, advance her career and become a successful partner in her law firm. She is completely driven by self-interest. For example when Maggie is asked to prove her loyalty to the law firms interests her argument lacks compassion and ethics, but is still ruthless and effective achieving her aims. She accuses a victim in...
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...been a growth in number of org with equ and div pol. ... progress At the same time, however, we have continuing discrimination in the labour market (...) and a lack of equality of opportunity in employement. "this raises a question" "there is often disappointment with achievements in terms of substansive outcomes. Problems in translating equality policy into practice and delivering on outcomes are examined both in terms of difficulties in implementation and weaknesses in much of the prescription. 179 Equality and div is firmly on management agendas in a number of org 186 Encourage an organisation to adopt law = "penalty avoidance trough legal compliance sense of social justice or moral responsability key individuals in a org may be motivated by concerns for social justice In practice, altruistic considerations probably have most effective purchase when operating in combination... 191 As Humphries and Rubery note (1995: 13), "it is because the costs to firms seem immediate and palpable while the benefits are more distant and less easy to capture that individual initiatives may produce only slow and patchy changes". 192 Equality initiatives motivated by a search for organizational benefits can lead to the targeting of initiatives to reflect employer needs rather than the needs of the disadvantaged groups" about law "but limitations remain In term of risk of legal action and the penalties for discrimination the legal compliance threat has been generally...
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...Addressing International Legal and Ethical Issues Simulation Summary 1. What are the issues involved in resolving legal disputes in international transactions? The issues involved in resolving legal disputes in international transactions include but are not limited to the signing of contracts designed to protect both parties, choice of clause, which forum to use when settling a dispute and if arbitration, if used, will be binding or nonbinding. Something else to think about when resolving legal disputes in international transactions would be to gauge when the government stands in the legal proceedings and to find out if the particular countries government can overrule any decisions made by the companies. Other issues would include the political situation, dominant international laws and cultural issues that would influence the achievement or disappointment of the business venture. 2. What are some practical considerations of taking legal action against a foreign business partner based in another country? Some practical considerations of taking legal action against a foreign business partner based in another country include looking out for the best interest of the company your represent as well as future business ventures with the company or country you are in business with. One would also have to take into consideration economic, legal, and ethical associations. The economy of the country that you are contracted with may have ulterior motives in the business arrangement...
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...Emma Grace Philosophy 1000 5 July 2012 The Four Virtues of the Republic In the Republic, Plato sets up a framework to help us establish what the four virtues are, and their relationship between them to both the city and the soul. According to Plato, the four virtues are wisdom, courage, moderation, and justice. There are three classes within the city: guardians, auxiliaries, and artisans; and three parts within the soul include intellect, high-spirited, and appetitive. By understanding the different classes of the city or parts of the soul, one will be able to appreciate how the virtues attribute to each one specifically. Book II of the Republic opens with Plato’s two brothers, both who want to know which is the better life to live: the just or the unjust. First, Socrates wants to know, “what justice and injustice are and what power each itself has when it’s by itself in the soul” (Cahn 130). One needs to understand what the soul is before one can talk about virtue because the relationship between the soul and virtue is excellence. This sets up the foundation that the structure of the soul and the city are similar in relation to the four virtues. In order for Socrates to accomplish this, he needs to examine the larger one first, the city, representing the ontological. Then, he is going to examine the smaller one, the soul, representing the epistemological. The establishment of each of these will display how the two mirror off one another, allowing the relationship between...
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...Case Study 2 2. What role did top management commitment play in developing the ethical work climate and organizational performance seen at Alcoa? What other ethical safeguards are mentioned in the case to support the company's effort at developing a strong ethical culture? Management role is always vital in any work climate and in that respect the role that Alcoa played cannot be ignored. From the beginning the company incorporated their values and documented what they thought was relevant regarding health and safety of their employees. Furthermore, they devised a plan for employees to follow the codes of health and safety so the company could achieve their goal of providing for stakeholders. The company considered the U.S. Federal Sentencing Guidelines, and Sarbanes-Oxley Act with all of the basic elements included. 4. Can Alcoa's "values in practice" be adopted by other organizations as a universal set of ethical standards leading to ethical employee behavior? Measures that Alcoa implemented were crucial to setting a standard for universal ethical codes and enhanced the ability of each employee to act in an ethical way. Furthermore, by employees complying with polices and procedures set by Alcoa, this created an environment of success for all. Elements of ethics and compliance program include: • Publishing the Guide to Business Conduct and other directional documents; • Deploying global business conduct training and communications to all employees; • Managing...
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...Mill’s utilitarian theory of justice Utilitarians tend to be among those who see no major divide between justice and morality. Utilitarians see justice as part of morality and don’t see justice to have a higher priority than any other moral concern. In particular, utilitarians think that we should promote goodness (things of value), and many think that goodness can be found in a single good; such as happiness, flourishing, well-being, or desire satisfaction. Utilitarian ideas of justice connect morality to the law, economic distribution, and politics. What economic or political principles will utilitarians say we should accept? That is not an easy question to answer and is still up in the air. We have to discover the best economic and political systems for ourselves by seeing the effects they produce (90). Utilitarians often advocate for social welfare because everyone’s well-being is of moral interest and social welfare seems like a good way to make sure everyone flourishes to a minimal extent. On the other hand utilitarians often advocate free trade because (a) free trade can help reward people for hard work and encourage people to be productive, (b) the free market allows for a great deal of freedom, (c) freedom has a tendency to lead to more prosperity, and (d) taking away freedom has a tendency to cause suffering. One conception of utilitarian justice can be found in the work Utilitarianism by John Stuart Mill (91). Mill said that justice was a subset of morality—“injustice...
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...circumstances, and it has important implications for the moral treatments of animals. Act Utilitarianism, however, encounters several objections. These include the calculation problem, meaning it is difficult to accurately predict and evaluate all possible consequences in terms of scope, intensity, duration, and probability. The moral saints problem, which places heavy moral demands upon us. Everything becomes a matter of moral importance, including our choice of clothing. The moral permissiveness objection, as it can approve any sort of action, breaking promises, assassinations, torture, etc. and finally the justice/human rights objection, as it can obligate us to violate a person’s rights or commit serious injustices. Of all these objections, the calculation problem may be easily solved, perhaps by employing rules of thumb to guide many actions. The justice/rights objection is probably the most serious as many people are concerned with the...
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...As companies conduct business internationally there are many issues it must be knowledgeable about to operate successfully. Two issues that were explored during Law/421 in week two’s simulation were how to address legal and ethical situations that arise when conducting business abroad. When resolving legal disputes in international transactions one must be aware of international and local laws. It is also important to know the customs and culture of the area where business transactions are taking place. Prior to conducting business abroad a choice of law must be established before any conflict arises. This will yield a resolution to the conflict that will be favorable for both parties. When taking legal action against a foreign business partner based in another country one should consider the laws of that country. Laws in others countries differ from those in the United States. Also when considering taking legal action on a company, one must analyze all possible cause and effects from that legal action. Taking legal action may be the company’s right to do, but it may cause negative customer relations in the area. In the simulation, CadMex’s decision to grant sublicensing agreements could be beneficial to the company yet work against the company. Sublicensing may cause the company to be liable in lawsuits due to the negligence of those sublicensed parties. When local customs and laws conflict with the customs and laws of an organization operating abroad, the laws...
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...Addressing International Legal and Ethical Issues Wayne Lambeth LAW 421 October 21, 2013 Richard Blackwell Addressing International Legal and Ethical Issues There are different ways that legal and ethical issue that can happen in the world of international business. A simulation has been viewed and completed that describes these issues and the possible decisions that can be made in those situations. The company is named CadMex Pharma who specialize in pharmaceutical development as well as healthcare products with an international company named Gentura who specialize in biotechnology. The following paper will discuss CadMex’s decisions made and the impact that it had on the company. Practical Considerations of Taking Legal Actions When entering into an international business agreement, there are certain considerations should be contemplated when taking legal action on a foreign business partner. In the simulation the best selection for a choice of law clause is to use the Candorean Regulations for Technology Import Contracts since Candoria is more likely to use their government’s rules and regulations in proceeding with the terms of the contract. Other considerations include cultural and employment issues according to their government policies that are in place. Factors That Can Work Against CadMex Sublicensing Decision The use of sublicensing could work in CadMex’s favor however; there are other factors that need to be taken into consideration when deciding to...
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...Chief Powhatan. The type of painting is made of oil canvas. The painting shows a lot of hate and love. I believe that the subject of the painting is justice and mercy because on the top of the painting is the king of the tribe. He shows leadership, order, and power. His people around him look up to him seeking wisdom and leadership. The king wants to punish the people who invade his land and especially the ones who take other lives. The painting is mostly dark colored with a white cloud surrounding Pocahontas. The tribe seem to be very close attached to each other. Even though everyone is Indian except for John Smith, Pocahontas has a European face. I feel like the painting is 3D. There are people ion the painting that do not stand out as much as the king, Pocahontas, John Smith, and the guy that wants to kill john Smith. Those four are standing out of the painting. Most of the lines are angled. Everyone is moving a certain way. There is a little of horizontal lines, but more angles are found in the painting. All of these elements were put together very well because it is showing that some of the natives are ready to fight by the posture of their body and their facial expressions. The back ground expresses the low class that the tribe is. It is very dirty with mostly everything broken and having torn clothes on. What is justice is the main question of the painting. Pocahontas is in love and is protecting John Smith. While...
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