Some Types of Grammars

I. Phrases Phrase is a group of related words that does not include a subject and verb. There are different kind of phrases:
-Noun Phrases: A noun phrase consists of a noun and all its modifiers.
Example:
-The lost puppy was a wet and stinky dog. -It was a story as old as time.
-Verb Phrases: A verb phrase consists of a verb and all its modifiers.
Example:
-He was waiting for the rain to stop. -You have been sleeping for a long time.
-Gerund Phrases: A gerund phrase is simply a noun phrase that starts with a gerund.
Example:
-Taking my dog for a walk is fun.
-Walking in the rain can be difficult.
-Infinitive Phrases:
An infinitive phrase is a noun phrase that begins with an infinitive.
Example:
-Everybody loves to watch movies.
-I went to Spain to study the language and culture.
-Appositive Phrases: An appositive phrase restates a noun and consists of one or more words.
Example:
-My wife, the love of my life, is also my best friend. -My idea, to recycle the paper, was accepted by the boss.

-Participial Phrases: A participial phrase begins with a past or present participle.
Example:
-I am really excited, considering all the people that will be there. -We are looking forward to the movie, having seen the trailer last week.
-Prepositional Phrases: A prepositional phrase begins with a preposition and can act as a noun, an adjective or an adverb.
Example:
-The book was on the table. -She was lost in the dark of night.
-Absolute Phrases An absolute phrase has a subject, but not an acting verb, so it cannot stand alone as a complete sentence. It modifies the whole sentence, not just a noun.
Example:
-Their heads hanging down, the whole group apologized. -The entire team, their uniforms muddy and stained, shouted for joy.

II. Clause A clause is a group of related words containing a subject and a verb A clause can be usefully distinguished from a phrase, which is a group of related words that does not contain a subject-verb relationship
There are two types of clause
-Independent Clause: An independent clause, also called a main clause, is a clause that can stand on its own. It contains all the information necessary to be a complete sentence. An independent clause has a subject that tells you what the sentence is about and a verb that tells you what the subject is doing. It expresses a complete thought, relaying that something has happened or was said.

Example: -My dog likes to eat hot dog. -He taking the exam.
-Dependent Clause A dependent clause, also called a subordinate clause, is a clause that cannot stand on its own because it does not contain all the information necessary to be a complete sentence.

Example: -Because he lie to me. -While you were away. Four types of Sentences
-Simple Sentence The combination between subject and verb.
Example:
-I go to school. -He takes a shower.
-Compound Sentence A compound sentence contains two or more independent clauses joined together with a coordinator.
Example:
-He wants to buy a car, but he doesn’t have money. -I need to study hard, for I want to get a good job.
-Complex Sentence A complex sentence consists of one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses joined together with the help of subordinating conjunction.
Example:
-He can pass exam easily although he doesn’t try hard. -She likes to read the book because she want to be a doctor in the future.
-Compound Complex Sentence Compound complex sentence mean the combination between both elements compound sentence and complex sentence.
Example:
-I’m going home because I’m tired, and I need to sleep. -I can pass exam easily although I don’t try hard, and I can get a good result as well.
- Sentence Fragment Sentence fragments are groups of words that look like sentences, but are not. Sentence fragments never have independent clauses, but instead are dependent clauses or phrases. Fragments can masquerade as real sentences because they begin with a capital letter and end with a period.
Example:
-When we got in the car. We rolled down the windows. -From morning until night.

-Run on Sentence A RUN-ON SENTENCE has at least two parts, either one of which can stand by itself, but the two parts have been swooshed together instead of being properly connected.
You can easily fix your run-on sentences using these methods:
1. Create two sentences: 'My instructor read my paper. He said it was brilliant.'
2. Create a pause between clauses by adding a semi-colon: 'My instructor read my paper; he said it was brilliant.'
3. Add a comma and a coordinator or subordinator to create a compound sentence, a sentence with two independent clauses: 'My instructor read my paper, and he said it was brilliant.'

Example: -Dave took his exams today he's leaving tomorrow. This is a run-on sentence. -Dave took his exams today, because he's leaving tomorrow. A comma and the subordinator 'because' correct the run-on.

-Parallel Structure Parallel structure adds both clout and clarity to your writing. When you use parallel structure, you increase the readability of your writing by creating word patterns readers can follow easily.
Example:
Not a parallel -My best friend took me dancing and to a show. Parallel -My best friend took me to a dance and a show.