Free Essay

Crime Investigation

In:

Submitted By mulu
Words 1699
Pages 7
International Journal For Technological Research In Engineering
Volume 1, Issue 9, May-2014

ISSN (Online): 2347 - 4718

DATA MINING TECHNIQUES TO ANALYZE CRIME DATA
R. G. Uthra, M. Tech (CS)
Bharathidasan University, Trichy, India.
Abstract: In data mining, Crime management is an interesting application where it plays an important role in handling of crime data. Crime investigation has very significant role of police system in any country. There had been an enormous increase in the crime in recent years.
With rapid popularity of the internet, crime information maintained in web is becoming increasingly rampant. In this paper the data mining techniques are used to analyze the web data. This paper presents detailed study on classification and clustering. Classification is the process of classifying the crime type Clustering is the process of combining data object into groups. The construct of scenario is to extract the attributes and relations in the web page and reconstruct the scenario for crime mining.
Key words: Crime data analysis, classification, clustering.
I. INTRODUCTION
Crime is one of the dangerous factors for any country. Crime analysis is the activity in which analysis is done on crime activities. Today criminals have maximum use of all modern technologies and hi-tech methods in committing crimes. The law enforcers have to effectively meet out challenges of crime control and maintenance of public order. One challenge to law enforcement and intelligence agencies is the difficulty of analyzing large volumes of data involved in criminal and terrorist activities. Hence, creation of data base for crimes and criminals is needed. Data mining holds the promise of making it easy, convenient and practical to explore very large databases for organizations and users.
Developing a good crime analysis tool to identify crime patterns quickly and efficiently for future crime pattern detection is challenging field for researchers. A web page involving a crime can be thought of as a chain of actions with series of background attributes. We can analyze web information from the perspective of events and apply some research results related to the events to solve the problem of web crime mining.
II. RELATED WORK
It is important to study the previous related works to both learn from the experience of others and to add something to our existing body of knowledge. Existing literature has been reviewed in three different areas: crime data mining, data extraction and data focus
Crime Data Mining: Data mining is defined as the discovery of interesting structure in data, where structure designates patterns, statistical or predictive models of the data, and relationships among parts of the data. The data mining techniques is using for some results on crime mining. This technique is applied

www.ijtre.com

to study crime cases, which mainly concerned entity extraction, pattern clustering, classification and social network analysis. This method used to get the data of criminals by using frequency occurrence of incidents.
Data Extraction Event: In web page extraction is the process to extract attributes and relationship. The idea of this event extraction is the method of retrieving the information from database. The proposed a method to append events for the concept of data mining techniques. Entity extraction has been used to automatically identify person, address, cases, and personal properties from police reports to the judge.
Data Focus: This research paper is on web mining of content, using clustering techniques the web mining focus on the text. In data focus clustering will convert nonlinear statistical relationship between high dimensional data into simple geometrical relationship in low dimensional display.
III. METHODOLOGY
In this section, discuss about the methodology for the research. Data Collection: The data set is the collection of field in the data from web pages on the internet. The data set which consists of the text from web pages and the pictures, videos or sound format will be ignored.
Preprocessing: A data preprocessing is a process that consists of data cleaning, data integration and data transformation which is usually processed by a computer program. It intends to reduce some noises, incomplete and inconsistent data. The results from preprocessing step can be later proceeding by data mining algorithm.
Clustering: Then the clustering techniques are used to fetch the information of criminals.
IV. OVERVIEW OF CRIME DATA MINING
Data Mining: Data mining deals with the discovery of unexpected patterns and new rules that are “hidden” in large databases. The use of data mining in this paper is to give the structured data from unstructured data of judge. In this paper the Data Mining techniques of crime in two directions they are 1. Classification of Crime
2. Clustering Technique of Crime
1. Classification of Crime
Crime: Crime is defined as “an act or the commission of an act that is forbidden, or the omission of a duty that is

Copyright 2013.All rights reserved.

882

International Journal For Technological Research In Engineering
Volume 1, Issue 9, May-2014

ISSN (Online): 2347 - 4718

commanded by a public law and that makes the offender liable to punishment by that law”. Crime is referred to as a comprehensive concept that is defined in both legal and nonlegal sense.

Step 3: Re-compute the new cluster centers
Repetition step: Repeat steps 3 and 4 until some convergence criterion is met (usually that the assignment of points to clusters becomes stable).

Classification of Crime
 Traffic Violations
 Sex Crime
 Fraud
 Arson
 Drug Offences
 Violent Crime
 Cyber Crime

V. RESULT
The result of this crime management system is given below:
Judgement of a Crime
Table 1—Unstructured data case no 011 Bala kumar is sentenced to jail for 14 years in the palaiyankotai prison for the violent crime of a person using knife.

Traffic Violations: Driving under the influence of alcohol, fatal / personal injury / property damage traffic accident, road rage Sex Crime: Sexual offences
Fraud: Forgery and counterfeiting, frauds, embezzlement, identity deception
Arson: Arson on buildings
Drug Offences: Narcotic drug offences (sales or possession)
Violent Crime: Criminal Homicide, armed robbery, aggravated assault, other assaults
Cyber Crime: Internet frauds, illegal trading, network intrusion / hacking, virus spreading, hate crimes, cyber piracy, cyber pornography, cyber-terrorism, theft of confidential information
2. Clustering Technique of Crime
Clustering: Data clustering is a process of putting similar data into groups. A clustering algorithm partitions a data set into several groups such that the similarity within a group is larger than among groups. Clustering can also be considered the most important unsupervised learning technique; so, as every other problem of this kind, it deals with finding a structure in a collection of unlabeled data. There are so many techniques used in clustering, in this paper only K-means algorithm is used.
K-Means Clustering Algorithm: K-means algorithm mainly used to partition the clusters based on their means. Initially number of objects are grouped and specified as K clusters.
The algorithm clusters observations into K groups, where K is provided as an input parameter. It then assigns each observation to clusters based upon the observation proximity to the mean of the cluster. The cluster’s mean is then recomputed and the process begins again. In this paper the use of K-means algorithm is the process of getting a structured data from a unstructured data. The working of algorithm is explained as follows:
 k : pre-determined number of clusters
 Algorithm (Step 0: determine value of k)
Step 1: Randomly generate k random points as initial cluster centers Step 2: Assign each point to the nearest cluster center

www.ijtre.com

Prison Admin
Case no

Table 2—Structured data
011

Name

Bala Kumar

Crime Type

Violent crime

Judgment

14 years

Location

Palaiyankotai

The use of K-means clustering algorithm in this paper is to get the structured data from unstructured data from the data base. The prediction of this retrieving information from database is clear and understands to the user of the system.
Predict the name, case, judgment, etc. from the judge. The judge gives the unstructured information of a criminal as judgment. The prisoner admin get the data of particular criminal information in a structured format.
VI. CONCLUSION
Crime data is a sensitive domain where effective data mining techniques play a vital role for crime analysis. In this paper the classify and cluster techniques are used to analyse the crime data from database. This technique is faster to get the data through web; the effective web mining is to get the unstructured data to structured data. The classifications of crime type are violent, arson, fraud, etc. and clustering of crime using k-means to retrieve the data.
REFERENCES
[1] Anshu Sharma, Shilpa Sharma, An Intelligent Analysis of web Crime Data Using Data Mining, Internaution
Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology,
2012.
[2] S. Yamuna, N. Sudha Bhuvaneswari, Data Mining
Technique to Analyse and Predict Crime, The
International Journal of Engineering And Science, 2012.
[3] Revathy Krishnamurthy, J. Satheesh Kumar, Survey of
Data Mining Techniques on Crime Data Analysis,
International Journal of Data Mining Techniques and
Applications, 2012.
[4] Okwangle Fredrick R, Survey of Data Mining Methods for Crime Analysis and Visualization, ICT and Legal

Copyright 2013.All rights reserved.

883

International Journal For Technological Research In Engineering
Volume 1, Issue 9, May-2014

ISSN (Online): 2347 - 4718

Applications 221, 2012
[5] Malathi. A, Dr. S. Santhosh Baboo, Anbarasi. A, An
Intelligent Analysis of a City Crime Data Using Data
Mining, Internation Conference on Information and
Electronics Engineering, 2011
[6] Devesh Bajpai, Emerging Trends in Utilization of Data
Mining in Criminal Investigation: An Overview, Journal of Environmental Science, Computer Science and
Engineering & Technology, 2012
[7] Neha Gohar Khan, Prof. V. B. Bhagat, Effective Data
Mining Approach for Crime-Terror pattern Detection
Using Clustering Algorithm Technique, International
Journal of Engineering Research & Technology, 2013.
[8] Neelamadhab Padhy, Dr. Pragnyaban Mishra, and
Rasmita Panigrahi, The Survey of Data Mining
Applications And Feature Scope, International Journal of
Computer Science, Engineering and Information
Technology, 2012.
[9] Manish Verma, Mauly Srivastava, Neha Chack, Atul
Kumar Diswar, Nidhi Gupta , A Comparative Study of
Various Clustering Algorithms in Data Mining,
International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications, 2012.
[10] Ruijuan Hu, Data Mining in the Application of Criminal
Cases Based on Decision Tree, International Journal of
Engineering Sciences, 2013.

www.ijtre.com

Copyright 2013.All rights reserved.

884

Similar Documents

Free Essay

Crime Scene Investigation

...11/12/2014 Crime Scene Investigator Have you ever wonder why people choose to work as a crime scene investigator? I do not know why people chose to work in this field but I know why I choose this career. I choose crime scene investigation as my career because when I was a little girl my dream was to figure out why and how people died. I enjoy watching crime scene investigation shows on television, elusively the ones involving elderlies and children. One of my favorite crime scene investigation shows is called 48 hours on A&E. This show inspires me to have the wanting to help those who are in need of help. I am aware that in most cases, I will experience death at a crime scenes but I am prepared for the duties in this job. This is not an easy career to accomplish but is well worth it for those who enjoy this field. The easiest way for becoming a crime scene investigator is to become involved with law enforcement. In some cases some police departments do hire civilian crime scene investigators, but most are looking for investigators with a police background. In order to be qualified to get a job you need at least an associate's degree. However there are many police departments that require applicants to have a bachelor’s degree. There are a lot of colleges that offer majors for crime scene investigations including criminal justice, criminology, and forensics. This career requires a valid driver's license and a valid license to carry a weapon. Like any...

Words: 656 - Pages: 3

Free Essay

Crime Scene Investigation

...Crime Scene Investigation John J. Camacho University of Maryland University College Imagine if solving crimes were done in an hour. In twenty four hours evidence is collected and processed and all suspects are investigated and dealt with as deemed necessary. There is a reason why things like this only happen on television, because this is very unrealistic. There are so many T.V. shows that glamorize this possibility; one of those shows is CSI: Crime Scene Investigation. This show is so popular that there are a few different versions; one set in Las Vegas, New York, and Miami. The show is based on crimes, usually murder, that is solved by the criminal investigation unit of the police department. Their jobs are to collect evidence from the crime scenes to help solve the crime. Because this is television all the crimes are solved within an hour and it does not go through the realistically long and tedious process of gathering and processing evidence. Season five episode twenty-one of CSI: Miami involves the murder of three people; a female personal trainer, a male who bought a car from a rich couple, and a lawyer. All three of the victims are tied to the rich couple who are in the process of getting a divorce, I will name them Mr. and Mrs. Smith. First the personal trainer was found in the home of the couple. The man who bought the car was found in a parking lot near his car. The lawyer was found in his office. The personal trainer was bludgeoned to death by a blunt object...

Words: 1052 - Pages: 5

Premium Essay

Crime Scene Investigations

...In the form of crime scene processing, fingerprint identification, photograph and videos of crime scene must attached. The goals and objectives of the Crime Scene Investigations units are the collection, preservation, packaging, transportation, and documentation of physical evidence left at the crime scene. Introduction to Crime Scene Response Most police investigations begin at the scene of a crime. The scene is simply defined as the actual site or location in which the incident took place. It is important that the first officer on the crime scene properly protect the evidence. The entire investigation hinges on that first person being able to properly identify, isolate, and secure the scene. The scene should be secured by establishing a restricted perimeter. This is done by using some...

Words: 450 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

CSI Crime Scene Investigation

...CSI: Crime Scene Investigation is a drama television series about procedural forensics crime. Like much other television series, it packages those tedious work procedures with the dramatic storyline and tv technique. Make the crime scene investigation more attractive and excite to the audience. Although the cases are mostly based on the real crime scenes and the process of the investigation, however, there are parts that are dramatized by the television. The following is an analysis for how much of the real-life processes of the crime scene investigation technique have the CSI: Crime Scene Investigation season 1 episode 22: Evaluation Day, kept and how much they changed. One of the inaccuracies in the series that occurs repeatedly is that...

Words: 1182 - Pages: 5

Premium Essay

Crime Scene Investigation

...Crime scene investigation Strayer University ~ Online CRJ 320 ~ Criminal Investigations Crime scene investigation Introduction A preliminary investigation in the criminal case was nothing but an inquiry and that has been conducted by the representatives of the law enforcement for gathering much information about the allegation. The main use of the inquiry includes two things such as designing and determining whether the crime was already committed and identifies the suspect or confirming the identity of suspects. By using the results of the inquiry, a decision can be made about whether it can be moved forward with the formal accusation, full investigation and the trial. Guidelines The set of guidelines were assembled for conducting the preliminary investigation of the criminal case. The main purpose of the guidelines was for establishing a policy that was consistent in some specific cases. The Guidelines were encouraging the agents of the FBI for perform their duties with effectiveness and confidence, giving a firm assurance for the public under the law, investigations must include foreign counterintelligence, foreign intelligence and the international terrorism of the specific matters were the subject of the separate guidelines (Becker, R. F., & Dutelle, A. W. 2013). The components of the investigation process were described below. The components of the investigation process include physical evidence, interviewing and interrogation. The other...

Words: 730 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Crime Scene Investigation

...Sentencing Criminal cases involve charges filed by the government, typically the state, alleging that a law or ordinance. Typically, a person convicted of committing a criminal offense is subject to certain penalties such as paying fine and restitution, serving time in prison or jail, or community service. Criminal law is divided into two major classifications, misdemeanors and felonies. Misdemeanors are divided into three categories simple, serious, and aggravated. Felonies are more serious crime, and are classified from the most to the least serious as follows, from A, B, C, and d. for both misdemeanor and felony offenses, the penalty for conviction generally increase in severity with the level of offense. Generally speaking, a person arrested for breaking a criminal law appears before a judge within twenty- four hours. The judge will inform the person of the charges and bail or conditions of release. For some minor offenses, the judge may allow the person to enter a plea of guilty or not guilty at the initial appearance. After the initial appearance, the defendant is entitled to a preliminary hearing to determine if there is sufficient evidence to continue the case. Generally the defendant will waive that right, and the prosecutor will file trial information, which is a formal statement of the charge. Following the filing of a trial information or indictment, the defendant will appear for an arraignment. At the arraignment, the court may read the formal charges and the...

Words: 1082 - Pages: 5

Free Essay

Crime Scene Investigation

...The purpose of crime scene investigation is to help establish what happened (crime scene reconstruction) and to identify the responsible person. This is done by carefully documenting the conditions at a crime scene and recognizing all relevant physical evidence. The ability to recognize and properly collect physical evidence is oftentimes critical to both solving and prosecuting violent crimes. It is no exaggeration to say that in the majority of cases, the law enforcement officer who protects and searches a crime scene plays a critical role in determining whether physical evidence will be used in solving or prosecuting violent crimes. Documenting crime scene conditions can include immediately recording transient details such as lighting (on/off), drapes (open/closed), weather, or furniture moved by medical teams. Certain evidence such as shoeprints or gunshot residue is fragile and if not collected immediately can easily be destroyed or lost. The scope of the investigation also extends to considerations of arguments which might be generated in this case (suicide/self-defense) and documenting conditions which would support or refute these arguments. In addition, it is important to be able to recognize what should be present at a scene but is not (victim's vehicle/wallet) and objects which appear to be out of place (ski mask) and might have been left by the assailant. It is also important to determine the full extent of a crime scene. A crime scene is not merely the immediate area...

Words: 538 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

A Career In Crime Scene Investigation

...with many others, I’ve become interested in pursuing a career in crime scene investigation. I feel that a career as a crime scene investigator will be of best fit for me because I’m fully aware of the reality and expectations of this career and I know that I can handle it. My interest in the crime scene started out in middle school when I started reading murder mystery novels by Joan Lowery Nixon. Her...

Words: 1002 - Pages: 5

Premium Essay

Essay On Crime Scene Investigation

...I choose to research the career path of Crime Scene Investigator. A CSI is usually a person who assists a police officer in investigations. CSIs are sometimes called Forensic Science Technicians. I decided to research this topic because I wanted to get a feel of the career path because it sparked my interest about year and I´ve been intriged ever since. It’s the career I’m thinking about going to school to do. Crime Scene Investigation is a career for me since it brings my interests in forensic science and police work. My desire is to develop in any skills necessary to be successful in this field of work; plus, it would provide a steady income in the distant future. Specialized CSIs will find a small clue that could lead them to a suspect. They use various types...

Words: 976 - Pages: 4

Premium Essay

Crime Scene Investigation Research Paper

...Crime Scene Investigation Samples That May be collected at a Crime Scene A wide variety of physical evidence can be collected at a scene that is deemed valuable probative for collection and investigation: biological evidence, latent print evidence, footwear and tire track evidence, trace evidence, digital evidence, tools and tool mark evidence, drug evidence, and firearm evidence. A crime scene investigator swabbing a spot on the floor of a crime scene near a body, the type of evidence collected will vary with the type of crime. In the case of a burglary, for example, it would be common to perform tasks in the order listed below. This will help ensure that evidence isn’t inadvertently damaged or destroyed: Photograph and document the scene,...

Words: 659 - Pages: 3

Free Essay

Crj 320 Wk 6 Field Report Crime Scene Investigation

...FIELD REPORT CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION To purchase this visit here: http://www.activitymode.com/product/crj-320-wk-6-field-report-crime-scene-investigation/ Contact us at: SUPPORT@ACTIVITYMODE.COM CRJ 320 WK 6 FIELD REPORT CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION CRJ 320 WK 6 Field Report Crime Scene Investigation - Murder Kicks Refer to the scenario Crime Scene Investigation – Murder Kicks, The Death of a Soccer Star, located in the online course shell. Write a three to four (3-4) page paper in which you: 1. Analyze the victim and physical evidence of the body as shown in the photograph. 2. Analyze the physical elements shown in the photographs of the inside of the house, noting how these elements connect to the crime. 3. Analyze the physical evidence from photographs of the exterior of the house, noting what might be the escape route. 4. Analyze the photo taken by a neighbor of a truck the week prior to the crime. 5. Propose a list of evidence that should be preserved and provide a rationale for each item on the list. 6. Propose a chain of preservation for the evidence. CRJ 320 WK 6 FIELD REPORT CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION To purchase this visit here: http://www.activitymode.com/product/crj-320-wk-6-field-report-crime-scene-investigation/ Contact us at: SUPPORT@ACTIVITYMODE.COM CRJ 320 WK 6 FIELD REPORT CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION CRJ 320 WK 6 Field Report Crime Scene Investigation - Murder Kicks Refer to the scenario Crime Scene Investigation – Murder Kicks...

Words: 765 - Pages: 4

Free Essay

Crj 320 Wk 6 Field Report Crime Scene Investigation

...FIELD REPORT CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION To purchase this visit here: http://www.activitymode.com/product/crj-320-wk-6-field-report-crime-scene-investigation/ Contact us at: SUPPORT@ACTIVITYMODE.COM CRJ 320 WK 6 FIELD REPORT CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION CRJ 320 WK 6 Field Report Crime Scene Investigation - Murder Kicks Refer to the scenario Crime Scene Investigation – Murder Kicks, The Death of a Soccer Star, located in the online course shell. Write a three to four (3-4) page paper in which you: 1. Analyze the victim and physical evidence of the body as shown in the photograph. 2. Analyze the physical elements shown in the photographs of the inside of the house, noting how these elements connect to the crime. 3. Analyze the physical evidence from photographs of the exterior of the house, noting what might be the escape route. 4. Analyze the photo taken by a neighbor of a truck the week prior to the crime. 5. Propose a list of evidence that should be preserved and provide a rationale for each item on the list. 6. Propose a chain of preservation for the evidence. CRJ 320 WK 6 FIELD REPORT CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION To purchase this visit here: http://www.activitymode.com/product/crj-320-wk-6-field-report-crime-scene-investigation/ Contact us at: SUPPORT@ACTIVITYMODE.COM CRJ 320 WK 6 FIELD REPORT CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION CRJ 320 WK 6 Field Report Crime Scene Investigation - Murder Kicks Refer to the scenario Crime Scene Investigation – Murder Kicks...

Words: 765 - Pages: 4

Free Essay

Crime Investigation

...2012 | EEE207 | ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND CIRCUITS II | D- | A | A | 2012 | EEE415 | ANALOG INTEGRATED CIRCUIT DESIGN | D- | A | A- | 2013 | EEE413 | DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN(EEE) | D- | A | A- | 2013 | EEE411 | VLSI DESIGN(EEE) | D- | A | B+ | | | | | | | Academic Achievements | Vice Chancellor's Honors List Dean's Honors List Winner of Quiz Competition on Building Circuits | Work experience following first engineering degree | Start Date | End Date | Employer | Description | | | | | | | | | | | | | Personal Statement | It will be a great honour if I am selected to pursue my Post Graduate Studies at your institution and be an asset to your institution. My undergraduate study is from Bangladesh at BRAC University where my major has varied from Electronics to Computer Networks. I have performed several project works on MATLAB simulation, arduino and raspberry Pi. I was a member of our Electrical and Electronics club where I organized several club fairs and competition regarding building circuits. My software competency varies from MATLAB, Java, VHDL, Verilog, Microprocessor Emulator and Proteus. I have also developed projects with raspberry Pi. My thesis topic is Performance and Evaluation Of Multilevel Solar Panel PV system where three solar panels are stacked over one another with minimum shadow adjustments in order to track sunlight at different times of the day and give values. I have performed programming in arduino to control and...

Words: 304 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Crime Scene Investigation

...Crime Scene Investigation On Friday, there was a house that had been broken into, and many things were stolen. It was revealed that the crime was committed at night, and the house belonged to someone named Billy Albert. Who is the thief guilty of this crime? Suspects (and blood types): Danny Brown (O) Peggy Brown (O) James Thomas (A) Ricky Green (A) Christopher Albert (B) Clues: Billy is close friends with siblings Danny and Peggy. James and Billy are best friends. James is a taxi driver, living on a low income and always asking Billy for money, who was always happy to help his friend. Christopher, Billy’s brother, didn’t seem to like him very much. They were always competing with each other to be the most successful businessman. Ricky is Billy’s business partner. Ricky stated that he was in his office working late at night. Hayley, a coworker of Billy’s, confirmed that Ricky was indeed in his office and not with Billy during the night of the robbery. James claims he did not see Billy at all that night, refusing to answer any other questions. James also seemed angry that his friend had to go through such a terrible thing. Christopher said that when he left Billy' house at around 11 pm, he saw James walking towards the house. When Christopher was questioned, he said he was having dinner at Billy’s house at around 8 pm. Christopher also revealed that Danny and Peggy were at Billy’s house and they were enjoying a fun night together playing games. Danny and Peggy...

Words: 432 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Forensic Science Crime Scene Investigation Final Exam

...FSCJ 4340 Final Exam Tasks of Preliminary Investigation A preliminary investigation is the actions taken at the scene of a crime immediately following its detection and report to the police. This may include; receiving the information about the crime and initial response, providing emergency care to victims, crime scene control, putting out BOLO alerts, crime scene determination, gathering evidence, and the report. So, a preliminary investigation basically consists of securing the crime scene, determining where exactly the crime scene is going to be, controlling the crime, and all the little things in between. The senior officer and his partner are responsible for this. The first and most important step in any crime scene investigation is to secure the scene. The crime scene should be approached in a manner that maximizes the safety of any potential victims, witnesses, others in that area, and the officers on the scene. Officers should work to preserve and protect any evidence that could potentially be lost or compromised from weather; (footprints and tire tracks). Once the crime scene is secured, officers should control the scene by identifying and removing people that don’t belong from the crime scene. Controlling the crime scene is described as the actions which the first arriving officer(s) at the crime scene take to make sure that the integrity of the scene is maintained. This can prevent contamination of any evidence, and/or destroying physical...

Words: 1353 - Pages: 6