...considered the study of victimization which includes connections between both victim and the offender as well as the interactions between the victim and our criminal justice system which can include the police, courts, and correction officials. It’s also important to know that victimology is not limited to the connection between the victim, offender, and the criminal justice system, but it can also involve connections between social movements and many forms of human rights violations (Stevens, 2003). Victimology was born in the 1940’s after two criminologist from Europe named Von Hentig and Mendelson, also known as the fathers of victimology began studying victims of crimes. Their theory was that the victim’s behavior as well as their attitude was the cause of the crime to be committed. During its birth, the focus of victimology was on how the victims were equally responsible for certain crimes with the offender (Carson, 2009). By the 1960’s the focus of victimology shifted towards the rights of victims due to movements such as the Civil Rights movements and the feminist movements. From the 1970’s to the 1990’s victimology turned towards ways to stop future crimes from happening, help victims of crimes to become organized and empowered, and to better understand the population of victims. Today, crime victims still remain the focus of victimology. However, victimology has drastically expanded to include victims in many areas such as terrorist attacks, hate crimes, discrimination...
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...Crime Victim Studies: Arnecia Anderson Unit 1 Main Db. Participants of the clergy currently are vital to report child abuse in 27 States and Guam (Mandatory Reporters of Child Abuse and Neglect, 2012). In different lines of work it is more vital than other job professions. People who are in the line of working as social workers, childcare providers ,and teachers are more involved with children on a day to day basic so they are essential to report assumed child abuse. The media can service growth in quantities by states that include clergy in this group by stressing cases of child abuse in their place of residence. The option of the public holds a lot of power by informing politicians and lawmakers of what the issues are in the community. With people speaking out and offering solutions lawmaker knows what options they have and how the residents would be pleased with these solutions. In Indiana it is very important that child abuse should be reported. In Indiana mandatory reporting has existed for 15 years and if not reported the person can face jail time. If mandatory reporting does not exist, it still should be that any adult that is around and notice this type of thing should report to save the child. References: http://www.in.gov/legislative/ic/code/title31/ar33/ch5.html https://www.childwelfare.gov/systemwide/laws_policies/statutes/clergymandated.cfm Mandatory Reporters of Child Abuse and Neglect, 2012. Child Welfare Information Gateway. Retrieved from:...
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...along with our nation’s first rape crises center are highlighted. The contribution from our history’s civil rights movement and how it has played a part in the U.S. laws are explained, along with children’s rights groups and the problems child victims face in the criminal justice system. In the conclusion of this paper, readers will be given a path to take in regards to advocacy groups for victims. Before we begin to understand the concept of victimology I feel it is important to first understand the definition of a victim, and the history in which victimology stems from. To be a victim means that you are a person who individually or collectively, has suffered harm, including physical or mental injury, emotional suffering, economic loss or substantial impairment of your fundamental rights, through acts or omissions that are in violation of criminal laws operative within member state, including those laws proscribing criminal abuse of power (UN Declaration 1985 on Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power). Victimology stems from criminology, which is the study of crime as a social phenomenon, and is the science upon which victimology is based. Victimology differs from criminology because it is the scientific study of physical, emotional, and financial harm people suffer because of illegal activities. Victimology is best viewed as an area of specialization within...
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...Research Study #1: Victim experiences in hate crimes based on sexual orientation By: Herek, Gregory M., Cogan, Jeanine C., Gillis, J. Roy2 Universities Affiliated: University of California, Davis., University of Toronto Abstract: Using interview data from a convenience sample of 450 lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults, the varieties of victim experiences in hate crimes based on sexual orientation are described. Most crimes were perpetrated in public settings by one or more strangers, but victimization also occurred in other locales, and perpetrators included neighbors, coworkers, and relatives. In deciding whether a crime was based on their sexual orientation, victims tended to rely primarily on contextual cues and perpetrators’ explicit statements. Victims’ concerns about police bias and public disclosure of their sexual orientation were important factors in deciding whether to report antigay crimes, as were beliefs about the crime’s severity and the likelihood that perpetrators would be punished. Reflection: The method used in this research study is the interview method. They collected a sample size of 450 willing volunteers (224 men: 204 gay, 20 bisexual and 226 women: 202 lesbian, 24 bisexual). They all were asked to describe their experiences with hate crimes and there was a split between people who knew for sure they were attacked by biased views and those who knew their attacker did not have any biased views against them. Many volunteers felt they were most likely...
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...360 CRIME AND ALCOHOL MCGLOTHLIN, W., COHEN, S., & MCGLOTHLIN, M. S. (1967). Long-lasting effects of LSD on normals. Archives of General Psychiatry, 17, 521–532. NASH, H. (1962). Alcohol and caffeine: A study of their psychological effects, Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas. ROE, A. (1946). Alcohol and creative work. Quarterly Journal of the Study of Alcohol, 415–467. TART, C. T. (1971). On being stoned. Palo Alto. CA: Science and Behavior Books. is complex (involving multiple factors in addition to alcohol), and that alcohol is often blamed without justification for criminal offenses. HOW OFTEN DOES DRINKING PRECEDE THE COMMISSION OF CRIMES? The Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), an agency of the U.S. Department of Justice, reviewed the role alcohol played in crime by looking at convicted offender data from 1996 (Greenfield, 1998). On an average day in 1996, an estimated 5.3 million convicted offenders were under the supervision of criminal justice authorities. Nearly 40% of these offenders, about two million, had been using alcohol at the time of the offense for which they were convicted. Whether the offender was on probation or was incarcerated in a local jail or a state prison, offenders were about equally likely to have been drinking at the time of the crime. What they consumed was similar, with beer being the most commonly used alcoholic beverage: 30 percent of probationers, 32 percent of jail inmates, and 23 percent of state prisoners said that they had been drinking...
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...control their temper and they violate the law, and by violating the law consequences are implement because justice must be obtain. Once an offender commits crime then it is more likely for the case to go to trial. The criminal justice system is the practices and institutions of governments directed at upholding social control. So when crime occurs the defendant will receive either a punishment or sentence. The criminal justice system and other systems that are against crime and inappropriate behavior are always on the side of the victim, because their goal is to obtain justice. The restorative justice is an approach to justice that focus on the needs of the victims and offenders, as well as the involved community instead of satisfying abstract legal principles or punishing the offender. Restorative justices involve both victim and offender and focuses on the personal needs. It is based on a theory of justice that considers crime and wrongdoing to be an offence against an individual of community, rather than the state. Restorative justice is a new movement in the fields of victimology and criminology. Acknowledging that crime causes injury to people and communities, it insists that justice repair those injuries and that the parties be permitted to participate in that process. Restorative justice programmes, therefore enable the victim, the offender and affected...
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...The label of the ‘Vengeful Victim’ was introduced as it was believed that a victim’s sole purpose of reporting their crimes to the Police was in a hope that their offender would be punished, particularly by imprisonment or another form of harsh punishment. Recent research has suggested that this is no longer the most desired outcome the victim wishes to achieve, with procedural justice being the most important aspect of the victims Criminal Justice process. Procedural Justice suggests that both parties (the victim and the offender) are to be treated fairly and consistently. Murphy and Barkworth (2014) have portrayed procedural justice by the following main ideas; Respect, Trustworthiness and Voice, with other researchers such as Miller and...
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...Crime Reporting and Victimization Paper Christian Viejo CJS/239 September 12th, 2012 Bob Young Crime Reporting and Victimization Paper Imagine living in a world where there is nothing that is tracked. We would have no way of knowing our history as we do now and will only have what someone makes up. In order to know our history and the history around, it is important to take notes and keep a record of all events. The same goes for keeping track of other items such as crimes. It is important to keep track of this information so that we can pick up and trends that may be caught on and help prevent the crimes in the future. In order to keep track of this information, there are certain tools that help keep track of it. We will discuss those tools and the differences of them. We will also discuss the impact of victimization and how the data can help prevent crimes against someone in the future. Common Sources of Crime Reporting Data According to the “National Institute of Justice” (2009), there are two major reports that are used to collect data on crimes within our country. The first of these reports is called the Uniform Crime Reports, also known as UCR. The second of these is called the National Incident-Based Reporting System. Someone may ask why there are two different sources being used and the answer is simple. Each report although collects similar information, collect different information and is used by different agencies. The Uniform Crime...
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...real life victims. Second, this paper will discuss how victimology is different from criminology, sociology and psychology. This paper will also discuss hate crimes, the first safe house for battered women, children’s rights groups. Finally, this paper will also discuss organizations that provide advocacy for victims of domestic violence, sexual assault, child abuse and homicides. Introduction to Victimology Victimology is the study of victims of crime and the interactions between the victim and the perpetrator (victimology, 2006). Victimology is to investigate the victims role in the commission of crimes and sometimes the psychological effect those crimes have on the victims (victimology, 2007). Today’s criminal justice system is a fairly new appearance, in the middle ages victims themselves were responsible for dealing with criminals on their own as there were no authorities to enforce the law. Murder has always been unacceptable behavior, but it was always up to the victims or their survivors to determine the course of action to be taken against the person committing the crime. In 2200 B.C.E. was when Law of Moses, the Code of Hammurabi and Roman law all consisted of elements to individual responsibility for harms committed against others (Doerner & Lab, 2008). It was until the 1940’s that the criminal justice system decided to not only focus their time in trying to understand the criminal activity and criminal behavior but to focus on the victim and possibly...
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...several ways that studying crime statistics can be useful. The authors of the text book do a good job at laying out the basic ways criminal statistics are analyzed and some of the major flaws in the ways that the data is collected. The authors breaks down the three major sources of data that is used in evaluating crime: official police reports, crime surveys and victim surveys (Mosher, Miethe & Hart, 2011). However, despite the flaws associated with ways that crime data is analyzed, the authors do a good job showing the good and the bad of each method used. I believe that it is important to understand the limitations of the criminal studies being...
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...enforcements have struggled to end this heinous crime. This act involves high profits for traffickers making it one of the fastest growing illegal activity in the world (Human Trafficking, Funk). Because of...
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...of official statistics in measuring crime. Official statistics are a source of secondary data found in police records published by the Home Office, a government department responsible for law and order, since 1857. In order for a crime to appear two things must happen; the crime must be reported to the police and the crime must then be recorded by the police. People may be reluctant to report a crime to the police for a number of reasons; they could see the crime as trivial, they could have been blackmailed to remain silent, they could personally know the criminal, they could be scared to report the crime or they may be involved in the crime. Similarly, some crimes which are reported to the police may not be recorded as an official crime. This could be because the crime was too trivial, the police were too busy, the law was not in fact broken or because there was not enough evidence. The other alternatives to measuring crime rates include self-report studies and victim surveys, which now form part of the official crime statistics. Victim surveys involve asking a sample of the population what crimes they have been a victim of, in the previous 12 months. These are effective as they include crimes which may have not been recorded by the police. As well as measuring crime the Crime Survey for England and Wales, a victim survey conducted by the Office of National Statistics, looks at those most at risk of crime, people’s attitudes towards crime and peoples experiences of anti-social...
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...Abstract Victims of crimes come in all ages, race, nationality, and sex. Studying the victims is important to determine why they were chosen, and how they were affected. Civil rights have come a long way in the past century, and continue to get better. Child rights groups continue to fight and win wrongful rulings in, so the kids can someday redeem themselves. First of all let’s take a look at what victimology is shall we. Victimology is defined as “the study of crime victims and the psychological effects on being a victim.” (Dictionary, 2013) Let’s take a look at why victimology is so important know a days. Here are some startling numbers from 2010. “The city of Detroit, Michigan literally looks like a war zone and violent crime is thriving. So far this year in Detroit, car thefts are up 83%, robberies are up 50%, burglaries are up 20% and property destruction is up 42%. Lawmakers in Illinois say that violence has become so rampant in Chicago that the National Guard needs to be sent in. In just one night last week seven people were killed and 18 were wounded – mostly by gunfire. In fact, there have already been 113 murders in Chicago this year. There are approximately 12 million crimes committed in the United States every single year. That is by far the worst in the world. No other nation has more than about 6 million reported crimes per year.” (Michael, 2010) With these types of numbers, there is a very big need for the victims of these crimes. There have...
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...Hate Crime Analysis According to "The United States Department of Justice" (2014), “Hate crime is the violence of intolerance and bigotry, intended to hurt and intimidate someone because of their race, ethnicity, national origin, religious, sexual orientation, or disability” (para. 3). This hate crime analysis will provide a brief description as to what specific factors serve as a basis for victimization. Specific case examples and restorative justice models will be assessed. Benefits and challenges of the use of restorative justice will be discussed, and contemporary research instruments to measure the victimization of gays and lesbians will be the focus. Lastly, the identification of the criminological theory that explains the victimization of the chosen group. Over the years, dominant groups, and communities with similar cultures and beliefs have asserted their prejudices on other groups believing differently. Many times these assertions or acts of power similarly resemble the power-control and gender-based theories. Groups that assert power or control over individuals by intimidation or violence can be known labeled as hate groups. The last few decades have brought about a voice for civil rights, a fight for women’s rights, and a surge of protests for gay and lesbian rights. These protests further fuel a loathing and hostility by these hate groups. Victimization Factors The victimization of gays, lesbians, and bisexuals are the focus of this analysis. Sexual...
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...Sample Paper Topic: Crime Victims in Kenya: An Investigation into the Neglect Of Victims of Crime. A Case Study of Bungoma Killings By Rotich Oliver Kangogo Date: 09/05/2014 Contacts: 0729 770 432 Email: oliver.rotich@yahoo.com CRIME VICTIMS IN KENYA: AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE NEGLECT OF VICTIMS OF CRIME. A CASE STUDY OF BUNGOMA KILLINGS Victims of crime, especially murder are hugely and to a greater extent forgotten by the criminal justice system. By victims I stand to recognize the primary and the secondary victims of crime. Primary victims are those that are directly harmed by the criminal activity while the secondary victims are the family, friends and relatives of the deceased. The only ’justice’ provided to them is the incrimination and incarceration of the perpetrator and little or no reparation and neither sometimes. It is rather ignored that this victims suffer social, psychological and financial effects as a result of the crime which harms them even much more. There are no well-known or formal institutions that firmly stands for the needs of the victims. If they do exist, they are mainly part of the efforts by Non-Governmental Organizations. The Witness Protection established by the Constitution has not effectively turned up as there are constant cases of victimization both by the society and the institutions of criminal justice. The only effort by the government is the establishment of the popular commissions of inquiry which in most cases...
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