...when many installers recognized that both Wi-Fi and Bluetooth were going to be unsuitable for many applications. ZigBee 2004: The IEEE 802.15.4-2003 standard was completed in May 2003. ZigBee 2006: In September 2006, the ZigBee 2006 specification was announced. The 2004 stack is now, more or less ignored ZigBee PRO: In 2007, ZigBee PRO, the enhanced ZigBee Pro Specification, was posted on 30 October 2007, and was finalized that same year. I. INTRODUCTION ZigBee is a low-cost, low-power, wireless mesh networking standard. The low cost allows the technology to be widely deployed in wireless control and monitoring applications, the low power-usage allows longer life with smaller batteries, ZigBee devices can transmit data over long distances by passing data through intermediate devices to reach more distant ones, and the mesh networking provides high reliability and larger range. The ZigBee Alliance, the standards body which defines ZigBee, also publishes application profiles that allow multiple OEM vendors to create interoperable products. The current list of application profiles either published or in the works are: Home Automation ZigBee Smart Energy Telecommunication Applications Personal Home Hospital Care The technology is intended to be simpler and less expensive than other WPANs such as Bluetooth. II. CONCEPT OF ZIGBEE A high level communication protocol using small, low-power digital radios based on...
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...[pic] ZigBee Wireless Mesh Networking for Monitoring & Control What is ZigBee? ZigBee is a consortium of software, hardware and services companies that have developed a common standard for wireless networking of sensors and controllers. While other wireless standards are concerned with exchanging large amounts of data, ZigBee is for devices that have smaller throughput needs. The other driving factors are low cost, high reliability, high security, low battery usage, simplicity and interoperability with other ZigBee devices. ZigBee can be used in commercial applications such as building maintenance for monitoring and controlling lights, Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC), smoke alarms, fire alarms, burglar alarms, landscaping sprinklers and lights and many other uses. In health care, ZigBee can be used for patient monitoring equipment, fitness monitoring and other uses. Industrial environments can use ZigBee for asset monitoring, process control, assuring compliance with environmental standards and energy management. Used correctly, ZigBee enabled devices can give a warning before a breakdown occurs so that repairs can be made in the most cost effective manner. They can also be used to maintain quality and reduce waste. Soon, ZigBee enabled devices will show up in our homes. They will be used for controlling our home entertainment systems, lights, garage door openers, alarms, panic buttons, and many other uses. Imagine your...
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...Policy Monitoring vs. Policy Evaluation Comparison Team D: Aaron Sawyer, Paulette Banks, Buck Charley, Greg Bradley CJA/385 Criminal Justice Policy Analysis & Program Evaluation May 23, 2016 Professor: Dr. Duane Benton Policy Monitoring vs. Policy Evaluation Comparison Policy Monitoring Monitoring policies allows the gathering of factual information as to the causes and outcomes of criminal justice policies. For policy monitoring to be effective the information gathered must be relevant, reliable, and valid. Policy monitoring provides data on compliance, auditing, accounting, and outcomes of criminal justice policy. Policy monitoring further allows for the verification that policy goals and objectives are being met (Dunn, 2016, p. 245, 252). Policy monitoring allows for the analysis of how a policy is performing at different intervals throughout the implementation process. The monitoring process gives leadership measurements of the actual effects a policy is having towards the achievement of goals and objectives. Policy monitoring is a critical component in evaluating the policy process (Waterman, R. W., & Wood, B. D. (1993). Policy Evaluation The primary focus of policy evaluation is the facts and values derived through policy monitoring and implementation. While the facts can be developed through the statistical or qualitative measurements produced within the monitoring process, the evaluation process delves further into the true value through examining...
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...- Identifying offenders for residential placement and increasing the effectiveness of correctional programming through the residential placement Hypothesis: - Significant and substantial differences in the effectiveness of programming will be found on the various risk levels. Sample: - This study involved an experimental and a comparison group. - The experimental group included offenders released from a state institution, on parole, post-release control (PRC), or transitional control2 and placed in a halfway house (HWH), or offenders sentenced to community-based correctional facilities (CBCF).3 The total number of offenders in the experimental group was 7,366; 3,629 were in the CBCF group, and 3,737 were in the HWH group. - These offenders...
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...result of the extensive increase statistical information supporting juvenile delinquent offenses are compiled to display extensive increases and declines pertaining to delinquency within America. The overall decrease in juvenile arrests, increase in juvenile narcotics offenses, and simple assaults will be identified, dissected, and examined. The implications for juvenile female and minorities will also be thoroughly examined along with an assessment highlighting the tracking of juvenile arrests as a method of measuring the amount of, and trends within juvenile offenses. Overall Decrease: Juvenile Arrests The overall decrease in juvenile detainment for violent juvenile offenses within 2008 decreased in comparison to the statistical information projecting violent juvenile actions within the 1990s. Juvenile delinquency supporting violent offenses extensively increased throughout the 1990s within Northern America most likely as a result of the increase in gang membership, extensive narcotics trade, and the introduction of crack cocaine within the late 1980s. In 2008 “Juveniles accounted for 16% of all violent crime arrests and 26% of all property crime arrests” (Puzzanchera, 2009, p. 1). “In 2008, law enforcement agencies in the United States made an estimated 2.11 million arrests of persons younger than age 18.* Overall, there were 3% fewer juvenile...
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...(a) How can upbringing in a disrupted family explain criminal behaviour? [10] Many psychologists have attempted different explanations of criminal behaviour. One of these explanations is upbringing in a disrupted family. Juby & Farrington conducted a study which aimed to disentangle the links between family disruption and delinquency. The participants and data which were used were from Farrington’s large longitudinal ‘Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development’, which followed up 411 London males from age 8 to age 48- 50, in order to investigate risk factors in offending. The study by Juby & Farrington involved 75 WhiteBritish males born around 1953, who grew up in an inner city area of London and came from disrupted families and a comparison group of 344 WhiteBritish males born at the same time and who grew up in the same location, who came from intact families. The disrupted and the comparison groups were roughly similar in terms of age, ethnicity and social class (mainly working-class) and came from the same location, since all the boys were participants in Farrington‘s large longitudinal study. The dependent variables measured were the number of adult convictions of the P’s, the number of juvenile convictions of the P’s & the number of self-reported juvenile delinquencies. Results of the study showed that when comparing the data of both groups (disrupted family & intact family) there was a higher percentage scored on each of the three measures of the dependent...
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...offender”. Juvenile delinquency has increased within the past 50 years. As a result of the extensive increase statistical information supporting juvenile delinquent offenses are assembled to display extensive increases and declines pertaining to delinquency within America. The overall decrease in juvenile arrests, increase in juvenile narcotics offenses, and simple assaults will be identified, divided, and examined. The implications for juvenile female and minorities will also be thoroughly examined along with an assessment highlighting the tracking of juvenile arrests as a method of measuring the amount of, and trends within juvenile offenses. The overall decrease in juvenile detainment for violent juvenile offenses within 2008 decreased in comparison to the statistical information projecting violent juvenile actions within the 1990s. Juvenile delinquency supporting violent offenses extensively increased throughout the 1990s within Northern America most likely as a result of the increase in gang membership, extensive narcotics trade, and the introduction of crack cocaine within the late 1980s. In 2008 “Juveniles accounted for 16% of all violent crime arrests and 26% of all property crime arrests” (Puzzanchera, 2009, p. 1). “In 2008, law enforcement agencies in the United States made an estimated 2.11 million arrests of persons younger than age 18.* Overall, there were 3% fewer juvenile arrests in 2008 than in 2007, and juvenile violent crime arrests fell 2%” (Puzzanchera, 2009, p. 1)...
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...life. It is said that “moral people are more worthy than viciously immoral ones” (Pojman, 141) however, this ideal is unjust. No one has the right to take someone else's life and should not be given the power to make a judgment call on the value of anybody else's. Most supporters of the capital punishment, offer the common argument that the death penalty serves as a crime deterrent. However, this accepted belief isn't supported by valid evidence. If there is no reliable evidence to support the claim that the death penalty deters crime, there is no reason to not consider life imprisonment to be just as much if not more of a deterrent. With there being no solid evidence in supporting the death penalty, there is no solid reason for killing criminals when punishment could be enforced in another...
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...Hello Professor, information on the crime data sources available for different countries and the United States. Which of the following crime data sources provides the clearest and most helpful information, and why? Uniform Crime Report (UCR)- is a program administered by the Federal Bureau of Investigations in the United States. This report collects data from law enforcement agencies across the country. Not all crimes are reported to law enforcement agencies and this report only captures crimes that are reported to law enforcement agencies which emphasizes arrests and clearance rates. It does provide official crime statistics based on crimes that are reported to law enforcement, which include violent crimes and property crimes. This report...
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...association gained momentum. “The International Association of Chiefs and Police (IACP) took lead, as it had in many police reforms in the early 20th century” (Investigation, 2006). During this time an advisory group was formed which was head by Director J. Edger Hoover and his technical group to form a criminal statistics program. It was the late 1920s when the gaining momentum of notorious villains like Al Capone, Lester Gillis – AKA “Baby Face” Nelson, Bonnie and Clyde, and John Dillinger that the congressional leaders create such a program to track criminal activities. Using a nationwide barometer to measure crime and track its trends the congressional leaders created its first reports (Investigation, 2006). In August 1930, Volume one, Number one of the Uniform Crime Reports “UCR” were issued by the Bureau of Investigation, the United States Department of Justice (Investigation, 2006). Many crimes tracked by UCR like murder, robbery, aggravated assault, property crime, arson, motor vehicle, and larceny would pave the future for criminal statistics. In this paper, facts of motor vehicle theft in Los Angeles, California, and Phoenix, Arizona will be discussed and comparisons in which stolen vehicles are used. With a population of 3.8 million people in Los Angeles in 2010 the vehicle crime rate is one of the highest in...
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...standardised measure designed to assess affectional attachment in interpersonal relationships in a simple manner. In recognition of attachment as a dynamic concept which changes over persons and time, she composed a construct which considers several dimensions of attachment across multiple interpersonal relationships. It’s seeks to operationalise the concept in such a way that it examines the relative strength of attachment as perceived by the individual, and how it relates to the control of one’s natural criminal tendencies. The CSAA assesses four...
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...Hello Professor, information on the crime data sources available for different countries and the United States. Which of the following crime data sources provides the clearest and most helpful information, and why? Uniform Crime Report (UCR)- is a program administered by the Federal Bureau of Investigations in the United States. This report collects data from law enforcement agencies across the country. Not all crimes are reported to law enforcement agencies and this report only captures crimes that are reported to law enforcement agencies which emphasizes arrests and clearance rates. It does provide official crime statistics based on crimes that are reported to law enforcement, which include violent crimes and property crimes. This report...
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...the death penalty is a deterrent. Evidence show that the continuing practice of capital punishment actually increases criminal activity. The American Economic Review study analyses that from the year 1933 to 1969 homicides and executions resulted in eight fewer homicides. On the other hand, there are statistical evidence that murder rates has in fact decreased a total of 80% when executions was abolished until the 1960s. In addition, Donohue and Wolfe reviewed research that was conducted by Dezhbakhsh, Rubin, and Shepherd (DRS) that immediate problem is that the evidence does not support their claim that the executions saves an average of eight lives, however, it is associated with eighteen more executions. (Donohue, Wolfe)....
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...incarceration can disrupt a child’s life by removing a key social support from their day-to-day routine, forcing the child to move to different households and schools with new expectations they must follow, and removing financial support once provided by the parent. In some cases, these disruptions can lead to insecure attachments to parents and caregivers, the child exhibiting antisocial behaviors and/or mental health issues, and engaging in criminal activity. However, none of these outcomes are guaranteed to occur, and factors or characteristics of the incarceration can change the severity with which the outcomes affect the child. Such factors include whether the parent...
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...was implemented in order to reduce the homicide rate involving assault weapons and keep this type of weapon out of the hands of criminals. Also, large-capacity magazines were also banned, thus intending on reducing the homicide rate since criminals would not be able to have magazines that could carry more than 10 rounds of ammunition. Using various sources of data, the ban will be decided to have succeeded in its intended purpose or if it had failed given the data that will be scrutinized. The main thing that people wanted out of this ban is that less people will be killed, and there are many people who will take both sides of the fence in this argument. The homicide rates are posted by the Bureau of Justice Statistics and the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Supplementary Homicide Report and both clearly come to the same conclusion that from the time that the ban was put into effect, firearm homicide has decreased. As far as exactly how much of this decrease is accredited to the ban has been widely discussed but the policy cannot be both a failure and a success. Therefore the data will lead us to one evidence-based decision as to whether or not the ban was able to complete its intended purpose. Large-capacity magazines, listed as having the capability to carry more than 10 rounds of ammunition, were also banned because the less bullets one criminal has, than it is reasonable to believe that the less people he/she could harm. By banning assault weapons and large-capacity magazines...
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