...CONCLUSION Forensic science contributes to the criminal justice system by providing scientifically base information through the analysis of physical evidence. The field of forensic science has a broad spectrum of subject matter experts who conduct analysis and prepare an evidence base on the results of their analysis. In order to achieve best result in court the forensic science and criminal investigators works in collaboration to properly collect evidence at the crime scene. The critical knowledge provided at the NYPD Homicide Course in proper evidence collection, evidence control, crime scene processing, and investigation techniques plays a vital role in improving the skills of all attendees. Police Officers are typically among the first...
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...Research Methods and Ethics As we all know, research is a quintessential necessity for the field of criminal justice. Without valid research, a lot of the grants and government money that is used to fund a lot of public policy programs would not exist. When it comes to research, it is important to indicate the importance of ethics. When conducting studies and research practices every researcher strives to achieve valid results. Validity is important in research methods because it basically motivates the researchers to find a justification for their investigation and it gives the right to influence others through the creation of public policies and programs. For every scientific investigation, whether in the natural sciences or in the social sciences, such as criminology and criminal justice, there is an ethical dimension. First and foremost, the scientific concern with validity requires that scientists be honest and reveal their methods. Scientists also have to consider the uses to which their findings will be put. In addition, because criminological research deals with people, such as criminals, criminal suspects, and incarcerated inmates and controversial topic involving crime criminologists have some unique ethical concerns. Honest and Openness Honesty * Scientists must be open in disclosing their methods and honesty in presenting their findings. In order to assess the validity of a researcher’s conclusions and the ethics of his or her procedures it is important to...
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...(c) Playing God: Another area of concern, is whether we are playing “God” with human evolution. (Cite – Pro/Con) The notion being science should be left out of childbirth, childbirth is a natural event and has been from the beginning of time. While this may true and childbirth should not be left to science, science is sometimes necessary to intervene when it comes to natural events. “People say we should not go against nature, but that’s illogical because every time we cure a disease we go against nature” (Schishor, Simonet, Canaon) Just because an event is natural or unnatural does not make it right or wrong, rather, the purpose behind the intervention should be the focus. (b) Social Fears: The most problematic social concern opponents...
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...But the investigative potential of the technique was rapidly recognized and embraced by police forces around the globe. Over the last 30 years, according to some estimates, more than 50 million people have had their DNA tested during criminal investigations. These new methods that have spread worldwide have put many criminals behind bars and have been used also to prevent gross miscarriages of justice. DNA profiling, based on typing individual highly variable nanosatellites in the human genome, was also developed by Alec Jeffreys and his team with the term (DNA fingerprinting) being retained for the initial test that types many nanosatellites simultaneously. By focusing on just a few of these highly variable nanosatellites, DNA profiling made the system more sensitive, more reproducible and amenable to computer...
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...illustrious rulers, scientists and artists. Therefore, the general welfare of the people of a nation is definitely an indicator of the greatness of a nation. A nation marches ahead on the path to progress with support from the contributions made by its people. The citizens need to be employed, literate, healthy, satisfied and happy in order to assist the nation on its way to progress. A nation plagued by poverty, famine, slow economic growth, unemployment will have to deal with several related problems that will make it difficult for the nation to progress and to be known as a great nation. People who are below the poverty line will resort to unscrupulous means to make money. Unemployed youth can easily be lured into carrying out criminal activities because of the probability of high monetary gains. Corruption would be rampant and we all know the effect that corruption has on the well-being and progress of a nation. Living in the country would no longer be safe either for the citizens or for the tourists visiting the country. The nation may boast of several well-known scientists, artists and rulers, but will the achievements of these people help in improving the image of the nation in the eyes of the world? The answer to this question would be a definite, "No". People judge the greatness of a nation by the living conditions of the nation and the greatness of some of its citizens makes little or no contribution to the greatness of the nation....
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...A report or account is any informational work (usually of writing, speech, television, or film) made with the specific intention of relaying information or recounting certain events in a widely presentable form.[1] Written reports are documents which present focused, salient content to a specific audience. Reports are often used to display the result of an experiment, investigation, or inquiry. The audience may be public or private, an individual or the public in general. Reports are used in government, business, education, science, and other fields. Reports use features such as graphics, images, voice, or specialized vocabulary in order to persuade that specific audience to undertake an action. One of the most common formats for presenting reports is IMRAD: Introduction, Methods, Results and Discussion. This structure is standard for the genre because it mirrors the traditional publication of scientific research and summons the ethos and credibility of that discipline. Reports are not required to follow this pattern, and may use alternative patterns like the problem-solution format. Additional elements often used to persuade readers include: headings to indicate topics, to more complex formats including charts, tables, figures, pictures, tables of contents, abstracts,and nouns summaries, appendices, footnotes, hyperlinks, and references. Some examples of reports are: scientific reports,[2] recommendation reports, white papers, annual reports, auditor's reports, workplace...
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...Human beings have reached the top of the food chain due to evolution and they have evolved to not only become intelligent but also answer the previously unanswered questions of the universe. I want to be able to study these fascinating creatures and figure out how they have arrived to this point by examining their genes. Apart from the main science subjects (biology chemistry and math) I have also taken economics at AS level as I have always been fascinated by what funds a country and how money keeps the world running. I also realized the importance of money when it comes to scientific research and how it can influence some findings. I also look forward to apply the statistical formulas I learned in math (S1 and S2) in the course. My interest in biology was also consolidated by reading the books such as ‘Genome’ by Matt Riddley and ‘The Man who mistook his wife for a hat’ by Oliver Sacks. Although I found it quite interesting how the writer describe the genome as a language consisting of four letters I believe that it is far more complicated than that. There are still things about this language that we don’t know and these secrets could be the solution to certain problems ( eg. Reduce mutations caused by jumping genes that make certain genes dysfunctional.) Oliver Sacks description of neurological diseases as well as his interaction with his patients was quite inspiring. Certain malfunction in the Occipital lobe of the brain could lead to a person mistaking his wife’s head...
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...more and more about psychology over the course of this trimester. What I Thought Psychology Was Before I started Psychology, I thought it was just about the brain and how it works. I didn’t really know about psychology. I thought the class was just going to be about just the brain and the different parts. I thought it was going to be like a boring science class and was not looking forward to it. But that all changed the first day of class when I heard what everyone thought psychology was. There were many different answers and they were all different parts of psychology that I didn’t even know about. Thinking about what my peers said made me interested in psychology and eager to learn. The Start of Psychology One big thing that saw in class that was interesting was the start of psychology. Psychology started as the science of mental life back in the early 1920s, then evolved to objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes in the 1960s. Then it went to emphasis on the unconscious thought processes and emotions. It continues to evolve though the years and adds more details. Today psychology is the science of behavior and mental process. (Myers) There are different perspectives of psychology, which focus on different things. For example I learned neuroscience focuses on how the body and brain works with emotions, memories, and sensory. While psychodynamic is how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts. There are four big ideas in psychology;...
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...Science as a whole in my opinion has become something of a marvel and something that can be scary if in the wrong hands. I think that DNA is extremely important and that it has tons of viable applications, but have potential to do harm just as much as it can do good. Life has shown me that for the most part we do not actually have certainty of most of the science we conduct daily which can be scary if you think about changing things at an atomic a molecular level. In the grand scheme of things if we do not make leaps of faith we shall never truly test the boundaries set in place. DNA holds a critical function in research and has solved tons of problems. It outlines the foundation for a lot of science like medical, forensic, and agricultural...
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...Abstracts What is an abstract? An abstract is a self-contained, short, and powerful statement that describes a larger work. Components vary according to discipline; an abstract of a social science or scientific work may contain the scope, purpose, results, and contents of the work. An abstract of a humanities work may contain the thesis, background, and conclusion of the larger work. An abstract is not a review, nor does it evaluate the work being abstracted. While it contains key words found in the larger work, the abstract is an original document rather than an excerpted passage. Types of abstracts There are two types of abstracts: descriptive and informative. They have different aims, so as a consequence they have different components and styles. There is also a third type called critical, but it is rarely used. For the purpose of your research project, students will be required to write an informative abstract. Descriptive abstracts A descriptive abstract indicates the type of information found in the work. It makes no judgments about the work, nor does it provide results or conclusions of the research. It does incorporate key words found in the text and may include the purpose, methods, and scope of the research. Essentially, the descriptive abstract describes the work being abstracted. Some people consider it an outline of the work, rather than a summary. Descriptive abstracts are usually very short—100 words or less. Informative abstracts ...
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...IB Theory of Knowledge Essay In what ways may disagreement aid the pursuit of knowledge in the natural and human sciences? Cherno Okafor 000747-034 Weston Collegiate Institute February 20th, 2013 Word Count: 1598 In this TOK Essay, I will be conducting an analysis illustrating how disagreements can be used to aid the pursuit of knowledge in both the natural and human sciences and in some cases, hinder the pursuit of knowledge in these areas. First, it is necessary to define the key terms in this topic, which are “pursuit of knowledge”, “natural sciences”, and “human sciences”. “Pursuit of knowledge” is the act of obtaining knowledge. Natural science refers to the study of natural phenomena of the universe. Fields associated with this are: chemistry (elements), biology (contrasting ideas between Lamarckism and the Darwinian concept of evolution), and physics (gravity). On the other hand, human science refers to the study of people themselves and their behaviours which includes matter in history, literature and philosophy where “man is the measure of all things and human nature” as uttered by the classical Greek philosopher Plato. There is also anthropology, economics, and ethics; for example the explanation of criminal behaviour in cognitive and social psychology in human science. The term “disagreement” is ambiguous in the sense that it can represent a variety of things. For instance, it can refer to a difference of opinion between two people or groups...
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...University of South Florida Scholar Commons Textbooks Collection USF Tampa Library Open Access Collections 2012 Social Science Research: Principles, Methods, and Practices Anol Bhattacherjee University of South Florida, abhatt@usf.edu Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/oa_textbooks Part of the American Studies Commons, Education Commons, Public Health Commons, and the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Bhattacherjee, Anol, "Social Science Research: Principles, Methods, and Practices" (2012). Textbooks Collection. Book 3. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/oa_textbooks/3 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the USF Tampa Library Open Access Collections at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Textbooks Collection by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact scholarcommons@usf.edu. SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH: PRINCIPLES, METHODS, AND PRACTICES ANOL BHATTACHERJEE SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH: PRINCIPLES, METHODS, AND PRACTICES Anol Bhattacherjee, Ph.D. University of South Florida Tampa, Florida, USA abhatt@usf.edu Second Edition Copyright © 2012 by Anol Bhattacherjee Published under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License Social Science Research: Principles, Methods, and Practices, 2nd edition By Anol Bhattacherjee First published 2012 ISBN-13: 978-1475146127 ...
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...subjects. For instance, researchers that make up their own data information in a clinical trial could possibly kill patients. Not to mention, the researcher that failed to follow regulations of life safety rules could put their own life at risk. Ethical issues in research have been a problem throughout history, however they have provided researchers with information on how to work with patients today. For instance, the Stanley Milgram's experiment. Milgram was a psychologist from Yale University (IN SITE HERE). He controlled a study on the battle between acceptance of authority and an individuals personal awareness. During his study he examined approval for acts of mass murder allowed by the accused at the World War II, Nuremberg War Criminal trials (IN SITE HERE). However, their defense was established on conformity and that they were simply doing what their supervisor demanded. Furthermore, the experiment displayed how people respond toward an individual with power while receiving a possible electrical shock. Not to mention, during the experiment unknown subjects that were used to teach were recruited by Milgram. The teachers were asked to carry out an electrical shock with increased energy to a “learner” for every mistake the individual made throughout the experiment. The made-up story that was told to the teachers was that the analysis was examining the effects of penalty for wrong answers. However, the teacher didn't know that the learner in the analysis was acting...
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...decreased.5 From these two observations he deduced that an object on a flat surface would not have a change in speed because it remains at the same distance from the center of the Earth if friction was not a factor.5 These findings are summarized in two works, De Motu (1590), which focuses on the critique of Aristotle’s theories and in Le Mecaniche (1600).3 In addition to these early contributions, Galileo had significant findings after his extensive work in astronomy on the theory of relativity. In his 1632 work Dialogues on the Two Chief World Systems, argues that all objects on Earth have the same circular motion, so the only motion that is able to be observed is in addition to this motion. In his even later work, Discourses of the Two New Sciences (1638), Galileo tried to apply mathematical principals to his earlier studies of motion.3 Through his studies of Physics, Galileo showed how being contrary and questioning accepted ideas was a base of his methods, which carried on into his other fields. His contrary methods to reasoning and he’s tendency to question carried on into the his studies of the field he is best known for, astronomy. In 1609, after hearing about Hans Lippershey’s invention of the telescope, Galileo set out to make one of his own and by the end of the year had made a twenty powered telescope.4 Using this now very powerful telescope, Galileo was no able to see the sky with clarity that no other human had ever seen it with.4 Then in 1610 he observed one of his biggest...
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...The most groundbreaking medical discoveries on this earth have been found in the past several decades. However, not all of these discoveries were obtained though good judgement. Many of these instances occurred during World War II, when humans were wrongfully used as science experiments. These terrifying cases did not occur in just one place, but all across the globe. Unit 731, North Korean experimentation, illegal bomb testing and German experimentation of people is just a few of the monstrosities that happened during this time period. What is more surprising than the experiments is the outcomes for these patients, criminals, and overall effect on the world. For a period of eight years, during the second Sino-Japanese war, a large building known as Unit 731 was converted into a chemical and biological research and development building. Run by commander Shiro Ishii, this place was filled with morbid science experiments, all very unique from one another. Vivisections done on live people were fairly common, as well as amputations which would later be reassembled to other parts of the body. Humans became living test cases for...
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