...Health Tips for Back Pain by Pauline Dominique C. Tarrazona, R.N., L.M.T Prevalence of Back Pain The incidence of low back pain is high anywhere in the world. According to the World Health Organization’s Health Statistics and Health Information System’s database, back pain together with neck pain is second to Unipolar Depressive Disorders on the top ten list of diseases and injuries that account for the highest number of disability-adjusted life year (DALYs) worldwide. DALY is a measure of the overall burden of disease expressed as the number of years lost due to ill-health, disability or early death. The data showed that, second to Unipolar Depressive Disorders, a lot of people affected have lived with the burden of neck and back pain for more years than any other diseases. In fact, the lifetime prevalence of non-specific low back pain in industrialized countries is 60-70%. This is much higher than in developing countries. But any source you find would tell you that it is a leading cause of disability and thus missed work and other important activities, affecting 8 out of 10 people at some point in their lives. The causes of Back Pain The causes of back pain are rarely specific or singular. Most cases result from a variety of factors and only a minority of the cases of back pain result from physical causes. These are some of the causes of back pain in people: * Poor posture (sitting, standing, sleeping, bending) * Intense exercise without proper warm-up...
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...What are some of the effects of stress for both the individual concerned and for organisations that the individual is part of? To what extent should a manager feel responsible for trying to help reduce this stress? Over the years stress has been defined in many different ways. . Originally it was perceived as pressure from the environment it was conceived of as pressure from the environment, then as strain within the person. The generally accepted definition today is one of interaction between the situation and the individual. It is the psychological and physical state that results when the resources of the individual are not sufficient to cope with the demands and pressures of the situation. Thus, stress is more likely in some situations than others and in some individuals than others. Stress can undermine the achievement of goals, both for individuals and for organisations (box 1). Organizational stress can have a profound effect on production and motivation in the workplace. Worries about job security or the demands of a heavy workload increase stress levels and cause a variety of emotional and physical ailments. When stress factors, or stressors, are coupled with ineffective or uncaring management, stress can become a problem that extends to the entire department or company. Identifying signs of organizational stress is the first step in designing a strategy to address problems(small business) The consequences and symptoms of stress first become visible at the individual...
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...document your findings in the table. Health issue: _Teen Pregnancy__________________________ |Website |Website Information Type |Type of Surveillance: |Data changes over time: |Identify two interventions | | | |survey, self report, |Has the incidence |that affect the issue. | | | |statistics, case report, |increased or decreased? | | | | |and so forth | | | |Example: http://www.cdc.gov/media/h1n1flu/index.htm#FAS |Table of contents, search, |Statistics and |Swine flu incidences have |Vaccine, hand washing, and | | |print, videos, surveillance |self-reporting |decreased. There are now |isolation masks | | |data current and past, | |isolated cases, compared | | | ...
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... 0.8*100%=80% 2. If there are 24 cases of a disease in a population of 10,000, what is the rate per 100,000? (24/10,000)*100,000=240 cases per 100,000. 3. How long does a case of the mumps last if during the 30 days of May 2008, the prevalence rate was 15/1000 and the incidence rate was 3/1000 during the same time? P=I*D 15=3* D So, D=15/3=5 cases during the 30days of May 2008. 4. In 2006, Kansas had 80 cases of tuberculosis (TB) compared with 60 cases during 2005. In 2006, 55 of the TB cases were in males while 25 were in females. In 2005 there were 2,744,687 people living in KS compared to 2,764,075 people in 2006. In both years, there were 50% male and 50% female in the state. What is the incidence of tuberculosis in 2006 and did it increase or decrease from 2005? (per 100,000 people) In 2006: Incidence: (80/2,764,075)*100,000=2.894 cases per 100,000 people In 2005: Incidence: (60/2,744,687)*100,000=2.186 cases per 100,000 people Form 2005, the incidence of TB have increased. 5. In 2006, Kansas had 1768 cases of prostrate cancer. Using the information given in question #4, determine the incidence of prostrate cancer per 100,000 people. In 2006: Male+Femal: (1768/2,764,075)*100,000=63.96 cases per 100,000people in 2006 6. Between 2003 and 2004 Riley County had 325 deaths due to coronary heart disease out of 1354 total patients with heart disease. The population...
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...Statement of the problem How prevalent is underage drinking at St.Catherine Academy and what are it’s causes? Rationale Teenage drinking has become a major problem in our society. This concerns me because underage has many impacts on our children that will affect their future and it can also be linked to academic failure. The objective of this research is to determine its prevalence at St. Catherine Academy and its causes in an attempt to finding ways to addressing this issue. Method of investigation The information will be obtained through the use of a survey. This is convenient because you can compare and contrast the different replies, also it allows all the participants to all answer the same questions and lastly it allows large amounts of information to be collected from a number of people in a short period of time. The disadvantages would include not knowing if the respondent is being truthful and respondents may not be fully aware of their reasons for any given answer because of lack of memory on the subject, or even boredo Confidentiality Note My name is a fourth form student of St. Catherine Academy. I am conducting a research on alcohol abuse in our school. I am kindly asking that you complete the survey below to the best of your knowledge so I can collect the necessary data for this research. Please note that this exercise is entirely confidential so DO NOT WRITE YOUR NAME anywhere on the survey. The information provided is accountable to my moderator...
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...ray [IR) lie on the same side with respect to the surface. b. The incident ray [SI] and the reflected ray [IR) lie on opposite sides with respect to the Normal (NI). c. The angle of incidence (i) is always equal to the angle of reflection (r). R R N N Reflected ray Reflected ray Normal (Perpendicular to the surface at the point of incidence I) Normal (Perpendicular to the surface at the point of incidence I) i i r r S S I I Surface Surface Incident ray Incident ray Source of light Source of light 2. Refraction occurs when light traverses from one transparent medium into another transparent medium hence the surface separating the two media should also be transparent. d. When refraction occurs: i. The incident ray [SI] and the refracted ray [IS’) lie on opposite sides with respect to the surface. ii. The incident ray [SI] and the refracted ray [IS’) lie on opposite sides with respect to the Normal (NI). iii. The angle of incidence (i) is either greater or smaller than the angle of refraction (i’) except when the incident ray is perpendicular to the surface where i = i’. Normal (Perpendicular to the surface at the point of incidence I) Normal (Perpendicular to the surface at the point of incidence I) Transparent Medium 1: Where the incident ray is issued and where reflection occurs Transparent Medium 1: Where the incident ray is issued and where reflection occurs R R N N i ...
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...2. Choose “play with simulations.” Next, chose >Physics, >Light and Radiation, and choose >Bending Light. 3. Learn how to turn on the laser. Play with moving the angle to change the angle of incidence. Figure out how to use the protractor to measure angle of incidence and angle of refraction. Use the light intensity meter to figure out how to measure the percent of the ray that is refracted and reflected. Play with how a ray looks different than a wave. 4. Use the “Reset All” button. Align the protractor. Set up an angle of incidence of 60°. • What is the angle of refraction? ________ • What is the angle of reflection?_______ • What is the intensity of the refracted ray?________ • What is the intensity of the reflected ray?_______ 5. Change the upper medium to glass. Change the bottom medium to air. • Use the protractor to measure the critical angle._____ (Remember to measure from the normal, not the boundary.) _______ • What is the intensity of the reflected ray? ________ • Now use the shown indexes of refraction with Snell’s Law to check your measured critical angle. Show all work below. 5. Hit the “Reset All” button. 6. Make the top medium glass and the bottom medium water. • Using the protractor, measure the critical angle for light going from glass into water._____ • Use the indexes of refraction and Snell’s Law to support this measurement. 7. Click the >Prism Break tab at the top of the page...
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...experiment, we learned that the angle of incidence θi is the angle that the incident ray makes in regards to the normal one. Also, the angle of reflection θr is the angle that the reflected ray produces from the normal one. Also, we discussed how the law of reflection is used to explain the behavior of the incident and reflected rays. According to Snell’s law, we observed that the incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal line to the surface, all lie in the same plane and θi=θr. During the experiment we analyzed, the light striking the interface between two transparent materials and part of the light was reflected. The angle of the reflection equaled to the angle of incidence. The rest was passed along the interface and the ray entered that entered the second material was refracted. When light travels from medium #1, with a refractive index being n1, into the medium #2, with refractive index n2, the equation sinθ1= n2sinθ2. Lastly, we did a test that shows that when a light passes from a medium of large refractive index into one of small refractive index, the refracted ray it produces bends away from the normal because of the equation: n1>n2⇒sinθ1<sinθ2⇒ θ1<θ2 . Therefore, as the angle of incidence goes up, the angle of refraction also goes up. When the angle of incidence reaches a certain value, called the critical angle θc, the angle of refraction is 90°. When the angle of incidence is more than the critical angle there is no refracted light...
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...index of refraction of water. Theory: If a ray of light is incident on a flat surface: the angle of incidence a is the angle that the incident ray makes with respect to the normal, which is a line drawn perpendicular to the surface at the point of incidence. The angle of reflection r is the angle that the reflected ray makes with the normal. The incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal to the surface all lie in the same plane, called the place of incidence, and the angle of reflection r equals the angle of incidence a – the Law of Reflection describes the behavior of the incident and reflected rays: a = r When light strikes the interface between two transparent materials, such as air and water, the light generally divides into two parts. Part of the light is reflected, with the angle of reflection equaling the angle of incidence. The remainder is transmitted across the interface. If the incident ray does not strike the interface at normal incidence, the transmitted ray has a different direction than the incident ray. The ray that enters the second material is said to be refracted. When light travels from a material with refractive index a into a material with refractive index b, the refracted ray, the incident ray, and the normal to the interface between the materials all lie in the same plane. The angle of refraction b is related to the angle of incidence a by: na sina = nb sin b When light passes from a medium of large refractive index into one of small...
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...refraction are in the reference table ../ If the light moves from medium 1 to medium 2., Snell's law determines the angle of refraction 82: nlsin81 = n2sin82 ../ A lens is a transparent object that refracts light rays such that they converge or diverge to create and image ../ When rays of light pass through a converging lens (thicker at the middle), they are bent inward; when they pass through a diverging lens (thicker at the edge), they are bent outward ../ Farsightedness can be corrected with converging lenses; nearsightedness can be corrected with diverging lenses ../ The total internal reflection is the complete reflection that takes place within a substance when the angle of incidence of light striking the surface boundary is greater than the critical angle ../ The critical angle is the angle of incidence at which the refracted light makes an angle of 90° with the normal ./ Total internal reflection occurs only when the light moves from a medium with higher index of reaction to one medium with lower index of refraction ../ Mirage is produced by the bending of light rays in the atmosphere when there are large temperature difference between the...
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...2. Choose “play with simulations.” Next, chose >Physics, >Light and Radiation, and choose >Bending Light. 3. Learn how to turn on the laser. Play with moving the angle to change the angle of incidence. Figure out how to use the protractor to measure angle of incidence and angle of refraction. Use the light intensity meter to figure out how to measure the percent of the ray that is refracted and reflected. Play with how a ray looks different than a wave. 4. Use the “Reset All” button. Align the protractor. Set up an angle of incidence of 60°. • What is the angle of refraction? ________ • What is the angle of reflection?_______ • What is the intensity of the refracted ray?________ • What is the intensity of the reflected ray?_______ 5. Change the upper medium to glass. Change the bottom medium to air. • Use the protractor to measure the critical angle._____ (Remember to measure from the normal, not the boundary.) _______ • What is the intensity of the reflected ray? ________ • Now use the shown indexes of refraction with Snell’s Law to check your measured critical angle. Show all work below. 5. Hit the “Reset All” button. 6. Make the top medium glass and the bottom medium water. • Using the protractor, measure the critical angle for light going from glass into water._____ • Use the indexes of refraction and Snell’s Law to support this measurement. 7. Click the >Prism Break tab at the top of the page...
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...What is Taxation? Taxation defined in the Essentials of Jamaica Taxation, 3rd edition volume 1 state,’ it is a form or another which has been levied on citizens from ancient times.” Further reading also suggests that taxation is a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied on individuals and businesses by the government. Taxes are deemed a necessity by its government in order to provide infrastructure such as roads, hospitals, welfare programs, national security, pensions and aid in the government’s legal and financial legislation. The Encyclopaedia Britannica states that the purpose of taxation is for Redistribution - transferring wealth from the richer section of society to the less fortunate, Repricing - which is tax imposed on goods and services that are considered hazardous to our health such as tobacco, bleaching products and alcohol; and Representation - which indicates that the citizens demand accountability from their government. Taxation Structure Seventeenth-century French statesman Jean-Baptiste Colbert expressed that “the art of taxation is the art of plucking the goose so as to get the largest possible amount of feathers with the least possible squealing.” Today’s economists have rather different ideas of what constitutes a good tax system. There is a popular belief that a tax system should follow two main principles: fairness and efficiency. Scottish economist Adam Smith laid out these principles in his landmark treatise The Wealth of...
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...Problem 2.2 A firm that owns the stock of another corporation does not have to pay taxes on the entire amount of dividends received. In general, only 30 percent of the dividends received by one corporation from another are taxable. The reason for this tax law feature is to mitigate the effect of triple taxation, which occurs when earnings are first taxed at one firm, then its dividends paid to a second firm are taxed again, and finally the dividends paid to stockholders by the second firm are taxed yet again. Assume that a firm with a 35 percent tax rate receives $100,000 in dividends from another corporation. What taxes must be paid on this dividend, and what is the after-tax amount of the dividend? (Gapenski, pg. 62). Important information: 30 percent of dividends received are taxable 35 percent = firm’s tax rate $100,000 in dividends from another corporation Total amount of dividends: $100,000 Tax Exempt Total: 100%-30% = 70% 70% of 100, 000 = 70,000 Total Taxable Funds: $100,000- $70,000 = $30,000 Taxes (35%): $30,000*0.35 = $10,500 After Tax Income: $30,000-10,500 = $19,500 Tax Exempt: 100%-30%= 70% = 100,000-30,000=70,000 After-tax total amount: $19,500 + $70,000 = $89,500 Problem 2.4 Jane Smith currently holds tax-exempt bonds of Good Samaritan Healthcare that pay 7 percent interest. She is in the 40 percent tax bracket. Her broker wants her to buy some Beverly Enterprises taxable bonds that will be issued next week. With all else the...
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...6/30/10 The Issue of Taxes The viewpoint on taxes within American society stands to be both a controversial and bittersweet benefit among citizens of the nation. Although taxes help society sustain its stability in all aspects of finances in our economy as a whole; its inaccuracies often leave society members baffled. Paired with the concerns of the system of taxation are key virtues of the system as a whole. The confusion with the issue of income tax was acknowledged by Albert Einstein, a German born physicist, when he expressed that, “The hardest thing in the world to understand is the income tax”. Income tax serves to be a prominent piece of controversy and the primary source of why citizens question whether it’s effective and if there are any alternatives to supplement the process. Like all systems in our nation today, there reside both advantages and disadvantages in the way they are both perceived and carried out. Our national system of taxation secures our basic values and financial stability. For instance, our tax system helps the government as well as protecting the low-class individuals from high taxes. It even tries to have an effective way as they say “distributing the wealth”. Our nations system also helps to protect citizens during time of recession, allowing them to fall into the lower income bracket if their income happens to drop. It also enables a steady income within our government when times of depression become apparent. However, it comes inevitable...
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...Progressive taxation * A tax rate is progressive if it increases as the tax base increases. Tax rates increase with increases in taxable income. * Examples: Federal income tax Federal estate Gift taxes Currently, there are six rates ranging from 10 to 35 percent (as per our study material Chapter 1) Annual median income (defining the upper and lower one-half of citizens) is about $33,000. Income of more than $340,000 puts a taxpayer in the top 1 percent of filers, and effective Federal taxes for the top 10 percent of earners have increased faster than their incomes. The following table shows the share of Federal taxes paid by various income categories. Income Category Share of Total Income (%) Share of Federal Income Taxes Paid (%) Top 1% 17 37 Top 5% 32 59 Bottom 50% 13 02 If you see the table, we can see that Top 5% of the income category pays almost 59% of share of federal Income taxes. So the poor (i.e the 50%) contributes just 2% of the Taxes. I will mention this later in my discussion. (The above information has been gathered from our study material Chapter 1.) Advantages of progressive taxation * More Revenue: By using a progressive tax system, the gap between the rich and the poor will decrease slightly. Since the tax rate goes up for those who make more money, more money will go to the state. As I mentioned in earlier, the major portion of the taxes come from the Super Rich. Hence more their income, more...
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