...Topic: Taxation Sub-topic: Principles of Taxation Introduction According to the “Oxford Dictionary” Taxation is the imposing of a tax, fee or fine. Taxes are contribution imposed by the government. People and businesses are required to pay tax. The revenue collected is then used to finance services and activities such as health care, schools, fixing of roads, providing lighten streets, pay debt and many other public services. Thesis statement In order for Jamaica to have a good tax system it must satisfy several general principles of taxation. The main principles include productivity, equity and elasticity. Productivity – When a tax system produces revenue it satisfies the principle of productivity 1. generating of revenue helps the government to pay its debts and expenses 2. Provide health and security for the country 3. Increase in tax collecting will increase in employment which will intern increase in spending power and buying power. Closing statement. Equity- is the fairness to the taxpayers in ensuring that individuals who have the same amount of income should be taxed at the same rate and those who earns more should pay more. 1. Contributing towards the support of the government should be according to the citizens’ income and ability to pay. 2. The tax which each individual is bound to pay ought to be certain and not arbitrary. The time of payment, the manner of payment, the quantity to be paid ought all to be plain and clear. ...
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...Identify the internal and external context for risk management Introduction: in the October of 2015, MacVille has started a relationship with a small village that grows coffee beans called Papua New Guinea (PNG). The business will provide equipment and high-level skilled training to the village in exchange for cheaper roast beans. Internal context: MacVille is an Australian coffee supply business. It imports and supplies top quality coffee for cafes and restaurants. Their vision is “Within five years, MacVille intends to have established itself as the number one coffee supplier for fine coffee shops and restaurants in Australia.” The business has strategic directions to achieve its vision. MacVille also has Risk Management Policy and Procedure, which shows what to do to reduce level of risk, how to do it and who has responsibility. The business has Risk Management Process follows Risk Management Process Australia standard. External context: * Legislations: Macville follows legislation, standards and codes of practice as Work Health and Safety Act 2011(Qld), Australian Securities and Investments Commission Act 2001(Cwlth), Corporations Act 2001(Cwlth). PNG has developed a new OSH legislation, a new OSH framework, a new OHS structure that is economically driven. In April 2011, the Governments of Fiji and Papua New Guinea introduce a new program that was intended to improve the standards and practices on the workplace. * Economic environment in PNG: PNG’s economic...
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...SCHOOL OF ACCOUNTANCY UNIVERSITI UTARA MALAYSIA BKAT 2013 – PRINCIPLES OF TAXATION TUTORIAL 3 – UNEARNED INCOME QUESTION 1 Under what circumstances income derived from rental of properties is taxable under Section 4(a) – Business Income instead of under Section 4 (d) – Investment income? QUESTION 2 (A) Mr. Rozmi has opted to retire from MR Resources Sdn Bhd in 2011. In 2012, he reported the following with regards to his income: Pension - optional retirement | 3,000 | Annuity paid by Bening Insurance Bhd, a Malaysian life insurer | 9,000 | Malaysian dividend, net | 14,400 | Royalties from musical composition | 23,000 | Interest on fixed deposits with Maybank for 15 months' tenure | 16,000 | Mr Rozmi owns a service apartment, which is let out for rent. The statement of income and expenditure for the year ended 31 December 2001 is as follows: Rent received | | | 26,300 | Less: Expenses | | | | Mortgage loan interest | 14,400 | | | Quit rent | 300 | | | Assessment and rates | 150 | | | Cost of tiling the cement floor of the balcony | 1,200 | | (16,050) | Net rental income | | | 10,250 | The accumulated rental loss brought forward from the previous year was RM2,800. REQUIRED: Computed the aggregate income for Mr Rozi for the year assessment 2012 (B) Mr Ramli and his wife jointly owned a condominium that had been let for rent since 2006. The statement of rental income and expenditure is as follows: Rent received: | |...
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...Taxation is said to be one of the key governance tools of any state including the upholding of Zambians sovereignty. INTRODUCTION The most fundamental function of taxation is raising revenue to pay for governmental expenses and programs. "Taxes are necessary to raise revenue for public goods and infrastructure, as well as to provide other sorts of public services conducive to general welfare and economic growth." Tax revenues pay for the necessary goods – like national defense or a legal system – that an unregulated market cannot provide by itself. More often overlooked is the role of taxation as a catalyst for the development of responsive and accountable government, and for the expansion of state capacity. Taxes, however, do more than simply raise revenue: "Any tax that produces revenue will in some way alter the social and economic order." Taxes that only raise revenue without effecting other changes do not exist in the real world. The concept of fiscal policy captures that link between revenue collection and government spending. More specifically, taxes can be used to increase or decrease inflation and purchasing power, stimulate investment, and prevent harmful concentrations of wealth. Taxation is an underrated tool in the effort to build more capable and responsive states. The role of taxation as a central force in the development of democracy resonates strongly in Anglo-American history. The duty of paying for government legitimizes demands for services...
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...Taxation Determination FOI Status: may be released TD 95/10 Page 1 of 2 This Determination, to the extent that it is capable of being a 'public ruling' in terms of Part IVAAA of the Taxation Administration Act 1953, is a public ruling for the purposes of that Part . Taxation Ruling TR 92/1 explains when a Determination is a public ruling and how it is binding on the Commissioner. Unless otherwise stated, this Determination applies to years commencing both before and after its date of issue. However, this Determination does not apply to taxpayers to the extent that it conflicts with the terms of a settlement of a dispute agreed to before the date of issue of the Determination (see paragraphs 21 and 22 of Taxation Ruling TR 92/20). Taxation Determination Income tax: what is the significance of the Archer Brothers principle in the context of liquidation distributions? 1. In a joint judgment, the Full High Court of Australia in Archer Bros Pty Ltd (In Vol Liq) v. FCT (1952-53) 90 CLR 140 at 155; 10 ATD 192 at 201 observed by way of obiter dicta: 'By a proper system of bookkeeping the liquidator, in the same way as the accountant of a private company which is a going concern, could so keep his accounts that...distributions could be made wholly and exclusively out of...particular profits...or income...' 2. These observations have given rise to what is known as the Archer Brothers principle. The principle is that if a liquidator appropriates (or 'sources')...
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...Subject code: BBEK1103 Subject: Principles of Microeconomics Contents Preface .......................................................................................................................................................... 2 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 3 Effects of Tax systemt .................................................................................................................................. 4 Evaluation of Tax Reforms……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..10 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....11 References…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….14 Easa Faheem S11422649 Bachelors Degree in Human Resource Management 1 Subject code: BBEK1103 Subject: Principles of Microeconomics Preface This is a work done as part of the module „Principles of Microeconomics‟, which is part of the course Bachelor of Human Resource Management. Consisting of an analysis of a Tax reforms for Maldives, this assignment evaluates the purpose of the tax system, types of tax systems, effects of the tax reform systems to the economy and other factors which affect it. The objective of this work is to develop students‟ ability to analyse the critically tax reform systems of certain country, as well as the various external factors that have an impact on the economy...
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...LEGAL ASPECTS OF BUSINESS The next big reform – GST Submitted to – Prof. I. Sridhar By, Ashwin R Golapkar Section E 2012PGP120 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................... 3 Objectives of Tax reforms ............................................................................................................................. 5 Implementation of the Existing System .................................................................................................. 11 Shortcomings of the Existing Tax Structure .......................................................................................... 13 Alternatives Available in the implementation ....................................................................................... 18 Tax base and Rates ........................................................................................................................................ 25 Implementation of GST in other countries......................................................................................... 37 Data Analysis and Interpretation........................................................................................................... 38 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................................................. 40 LEGAL ASPECTS OF...
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...(1976) 55-75. 0 North-Holland Publishing Company THE DESIGN OF TAX STRUCTURE: DIRECT VERSUS INDIRECT TAXATION* A.B. ATKINSON University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, England J.E. STIGLITZ Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, U.S.A. Revised version received February 1976 1. Introduction The recent literature on optimal taxation may be seen as attempting to clarify the structure of the arguments advanced to support changes in the tax system, tracing the implications of taxes and quantifying (analytically) the trade-offs between the various objectives of tax policy. This literature has examined the optimal structure for particular types of taxation taken in isolation, such as the optimal rates of excise tax and the optimal income tax schedule. Our purpose, on the other hand, is to provide a broader framework and to consider the interaction between different kinds of taxation. To illustrate this, we reexamine the age-old question of direct versus indirect taxation and the relationship of these taxes to the goals of efficiency, vertical equity and horizontal equity. After describing in section 2 the general framework of the analysis, and arguing that any treatment of the choice of tax structures must be centrally concerned with distributional considerations, we begin in section 3 with the extension of the classic Ramsey formula for optimal excise taxation to include vertical equity objectives. This was considered by Diamond and Mirrlees (1971), but the results ...
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...difficulties. We are also grateful to our group members’ most valuable cooperation, inspiration and suggestions. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This dissertation report highlights on our practical experience in different types and categories ‘Tax System’ especially Tax System Of Bangladesh. During our short working period, we tried to gather information from News Paper, web sites. But the NBR does not provide information in the web site directly and even it does not publish tax structure implement in Bangladesh. So, we take much information about tax in our personal concept and view of Tax System of Bangladesh. To complete this report, we have gained practical knowledge about various type of Tax System. For example, Tax System Of Bangladesh, canon of taxation and implementation the canon of Bangladesh in Tax System Of Bangladesh. In this way, we are getting knowledge not only the tax system but also the implementation of canon on tax system of Bangladesh. As, tax is an important part of our country development. so, day by day, people are getting more conscious and informed about tax. Object of this study We can gain knowledge about the tax system of Bangladesh by studying this topic. As following aspects of tax we can learn from this study: 1. To get the idea about the collection of revenue, as context of Bangladesh. 2. How distribute the income of people in Bangladesh is allocated....
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...advisor Mr. Khalid Mahmood whose supervision and guidance in relation to selection of material for perusal and formatting of the research paper helped us to do the work on time and in a professional manner. I extend my gratitude towards University of Lahore Islamabad Campus for giving me such kind of opportunities. Thank you Hooria Majid ABSTRACT Taxes affect citizens, economy of the country, businesses, governance mechanisms, etc. Not only revenue mobilization, an effective system of taxation helps in formalizing the economy, encourages economic growth, shapes political cohesion between tiers of the Government, and results in increase in social sector service delivery. We are now quite used to hearing the rhetoric by the government and bureaucracy on how Pakistan has one of the world’s lowest tax to GDP ratios since long (by their account it has stood between 9.50 and 10.40 percent in recent years), which also happens to be extremely low when compared to its neighboring countries and similar economies. So Government is unable to allocate reasonable funds for development projects. Although Pakistan has adopted best practices of the World through Income Tax Ordinance 2001 and formulation of Inland...
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...of learning equates to one hour of CPD. We'd suggest that you use this as a guide when allocating yourself CPD units. IAS 12 uses a liability method and adopts a balance sheet approach to accounting for taxation. It accounts for the temporary differences between the accounting and tax bases of assets and liabilities rather than accounting for the timing differences between the accounting and tax consequences of revenue and expenses. IAS 12 adopts a full provision balance sheet approach to accounting for tax. It is assumed that the recovery of all assets and the settlement of all liabilities have tax consequences and that these consequences can be estimated reliably and cannot be avoided. As the IFRS recognition criteria are different from those which are normally set out in tax law, certain income and expenditure in financial statements will not be allowed for taxation purposes, thus causing 'temporary differences'. A deferred tax liability or asset is recognised for the future tax consequences of past transactions with certain exemptions. The standard assumes that each asset and liability has a value for tax purposes and this is called a tax base. Differences between the carrying amount of an asset and liability and its tax base are called temporary differences. The principle utilised in IAS 12 is that an entity will settle its liabilities and recover its assets eventually over time and, at that point, the tax consequences will crystallise. There are two kinds of temporary differences:...
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...hours may be obtained through a discrete course or offered through an integrated approach. If the course content is offered through integration, the college or university must advise the Board which course(s) contain the research and analysis content. Courses identified through integration must dedicate 1 semester hour, or quarter hour equivalent, to research and analysis. Courses used to meet this requirement may not be used to meet the requirement for accounting or business communications described below. Course(s) identified by a university to meet the requirements for research and analysis in accounting or taxation should primarily address the identification, organization, and integration of diverse sources of information such as authoritative literature and pronouncements, to reach a conclusion or make a decision; and should analyze accounting and taxation issues by reviewing information, using empirical data and analytical methods, recognizing data in patterned activities, forecasting, and integrating data. CPAs may be asked to conduct research and analysis when providing attest services, professional accounting services, or professional accounting work for clients and/or employers. The Texas State Board of Public Accountancy requires each candidate to complete a minimum of two semester hours in accounting communications or business communications from a recognized college or university. The semester hours may be obtained through a discrete course or offered...
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...TAXATION PAPERS WORKING PAPER N.33 - 2012 Serena Fatica Thomas Hemmelgarn Gaëtan Nicodème The Debt-Equity Tax Bias: consequences and solutions Taxation and customs union Taxation Papers are written by the staff of the European Commission's Directorate-General for Taxation and Customs Union, or by experts working in association with them. Taxation Papers are intended to increase awareness of the work being done by the staff and to seek comments and suggestions for further analyses. The views expressed in the Taxation Papers are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Commission. Comments and inquiries should be addressed to: TAXUD TAXATION-PAPERS@ec.europa.eu Cover photo made by Milan Pein Despite all our efforts, we have not yet succeeded in identifying the authors and rights holders for some of the images. If you believe that you may be a rights holder, we invite you to contact the Central Audiovisual Library of the European Commission. This paper is available in English only. Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union Freephone number: 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through EUROPA at: http://europa.eu. For information on EU tax policy visit the European Commission's website at: http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/taxation/index_en.htm ...
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...LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL 04th April 2007 Ms.Rehana Fowzia (Lecturer) Department of Business Administration Stamford University Bangladesh Subject: Submission of report on ‘Ascertain the position of cannons of taxation in tax system of Bangladesh’. Dear Ms.Rehana Fowzia madam We are pleased to submit this report on “‘Ascertain the position of cannons of taxation in tax system of Bangladesh’ for particular fulfillment of BBA Degree. This research program was taken by the help of ‘Three tax system of Bangladesh’, written by M.A. Akkas & ‘Income Tax’ written by Mahmud, Purohit, Bhattacharjee. Here is the report on the observational study of ‘Tax System Of Bangladesh’ you asked us to conduct last month. We honestly believe that this report will fulfill the requirements of the project report for BBA, which will help us a lot to gain sufficient knowledge about the ‘Tax System Of Bangladesh’. We appreciate having this assignment. If you should need any assistance in interpreting this report or in implementing our recommendations, atuddin_mezbah@yahoo.com, Contact No. 01718330355 Sincerely, 01. Mezbah Uddin Ahamed BBA02707126 02. Subbir Ahmed BBA02707121 03. Md. Mahmud Hossain BBA02707154 04. Subroto Biswas BBA02707125 05. Shamol Kanti Sarkar BBA02707112 06. Md. Mahfujul Alam BBA02707153 Program: BBA, Batch: 27 (J), Stamford University Bangladesh. please contact us ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Education involves not only reading books and doing...
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...huge expenses such a war. Since then the British tax system has developed in a largely ad hoc and politically expedient method’’. Amendments have been made to the existing tax systems, usually when the government required more funds. Little if any planned or integrated thinking seems to have taken place. According to the Adam Smith Institute, Great Britain has the most complex tax system in the world, which is largely believed that is roughly five times as long as the German tax code (Geraint Jones, 2011) Currently, governments request to use taxation in some situations for purposes which is different than raising funds to cover up its expenditure. To begin with, the economic resources, which are accessible for the nation are limited, thus a raise in government spending usually leads to a decrease in private expenditure. In addition to this, one technique of transferring recourses from the private to the public sector is the use of taxation, but there are also further methods. One of these alternative methods is the degradation of the currency through the creation of additional money, but the main problem of this method is that it leads to inflation. Moreover, an additional alternative option is for the government to charge the goods and services it offers. However, it is not possible to charge individuals directly on the basis of their utilization of many government services (James and Nobes, 2011). According to Musgrave (1959), the economic function of government may be separated...
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