...Euro. J. History of Economic Thought 14:1 55 – 78 March 2007 Alfred Marshall’s critical analysis of scientific management* Katia Caldari The value of a machine to a business can be calculated on the basis of its efficiency for its immediate work. But the value of an employee must be estimated (. . .) with a view to the probable development of his capacities: and the difficulty of this task is increased by the conditions of modern business. (Marshall 1919: 350) The dependence of industrial leadership on individuality and creative faculty has not been greatly effected by the predominance of routine in staple manufacture. (Marshall Library Archive, Red Box 1) 1. Introduction In 1911, in America, F.W. Taylor published his famous book, Principles of Scientific Management, in which new principles of industrial organization are suggested and the advantages of an extreme division of labour and mechanization are stressed. Taylor’s theory of scientific management played a very important role in shaping the early twentieth century factory system, both in America and in Address for correspondence University of Padua, Italy; e-mail: katia.caldari@unipd.it * An earlier draft of this paper was presented at the History of Economics Society’s Annual Meeting, 4 – 7 July 2003, Duke University, Durham. I would like to thank all the participants to my section for their helpful comments, in particular James Henderson, Mary Morgan, Michel Que ´ and Malcolm Rutherford. For...
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...Chicago, where his parents ran a retail business. At an early Dr Kotler was seen to be someone who enjoyed reading. Dr Kotler is married to Nancy with three children. [pic] [pic] 2. Professional Background Kotler earned his Masters degree in economics from University of Chicago and his PhD at M.I.T both in economics. He also did his postdoctoral work in mathematics at the Harvard University and behavioural science at the University of Chicago. In 1962 he joined the Northwestern University which was later named as Kellogg School of Management. He has since been known as the distinguished S.C. Johnson & Son Distinguished of International Marketing at the Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University. In business he has consultated and researched for IBM, American Bank, General Electrical and Honeywell. 3. Author: As an author he authored and co-authored 47 books by 2007. Amongst those books is the famous Marketing Management book which was released in 1967 which has since been recognised as the marketing bible, which has been translated into 18 languages. (See Appendix 1) 4. Articles: Dr Kotler has published many articles and he has also received many awards. Of note was that he was the first recipient of the American Marketing Association’s (AMA) distinguished marketing educator award (1985). (See Appendix 2). 5. Kotlers body of work as an academic in marketing:...
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...executed activities that will enable the manager to know how organizational problems can be solved, or at least considerably minimized. Research thus encompass the process of inquiry, investigation, examination, and experimentation. These processes have to be carried out systematically, diligently, critically, objectively, and logically. The expected end results would be the discovery that will help the manager to deal with the problem situation. Definition of research 1. A voyage of discovery or a journey/movement from the known to unknown; An attitude; An experience; A method of critical thinking; A careful critical inquiry in seeking facts for principles. 2. An art of scientific investigation • Scientific and systematic search for pertinent information on a specific topic • Process of arriving at dependable solutions to problems through the planned and systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of data. 3. A systematized...
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...Software) Project final report Summary The aim of the report was to review and evaluate methods for stakeholder mapping. The report intended to explore applications in biosecurity risk management, and to recommend potentially fruitful direction for testing methods that might improve the efficiency of stakeholder interactions. The report reviews a range of options and outlines in detail the definition and identification of stakeholders, and procedures for mapping influence and interest. It uses a workshop run by ACERA on volume of trade to illustrate the basic features of these methods. The report concludes by discussing the merits and weaknesses of the mapping approaches. It recommends their use to improve the efficiency of interactions and to improve transparency of process. ACERA Use only ACERA Use only ACERA Use only Received By: ACERA / AMSI SAC Approval: ACERA / AMSI SAC Approval: Date: Date: Date: Australian Centre of Excellence for Risk Analysis Page 1 of 55 Stakeholder mapping for effective risk assessment and communication; ACERA Project 06/09 Dr Jane Gilmour; ACERA Associate Professor Ruth Beilin, University of Melbourne Review; April 2007 Australian Centre of Excellence for Risk Analysis Page 2 of 55 Stakeholder mapping for effective risk assessment and communication Acknowledgements This report is a product of the Australian Centre of Excellence for Risk Analysis (ACERA). In preparing this report, the authors acknowledge the financial...
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...University of Vaasa, Finland The Review of the Theoretical and Empirical Basis of Financial Ratio Analysis Revisited With the Modern Developments in the Web-Based Publishing Abstract This web-based publication is an addendum to a previous review of the research and research trends in financial ratio analysis. The first purpose is to add more current references to the previous review. The second purpose is to emphasize the changes facilitated by the modern World Wide Web based publication practices and their impact on the availability of scientific publications. The new references are listed only without detailed reviewing, since no drastic additions have come to the fore in the field. However, it is felt that the additions are sufficient to warrant this addendum made readily possible by the option of making this publication available online. Keywords: Financial statement analysis, financial ratios, review, electronic publishing Referencing: Salmi, Timo, Jussi Nikkinen & Petri Sahlström (2005). The Review of the Theoretical and Empirical Basis of Financial Ratio Analysis Revisited. University of Vaasa, Finland. URN:NBN:fi-fe20051937. Available from World Wide Web: <URL:http://www.uwasa.fi/~ts/wbfa/wbfa.htm>. Acknowledgements for useful discussions: Prof. Ilkka Virtanen and Library Managing Director Vuokko Palonen. Purpose Salmi and Martikainen (1994) presented a review of the theoretical and empirical basis of financial ratio analysis. In particular,...
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...CITP R.D.Stein@swansea.ac.uk Room 302, Faraday Tower 1.3 (Intro.) CS-M74 Pre-requisites • CS-M01 Distributed Programming in Java 1.4 (Intro.) Assessment Report 10% Linux / C 10% Group Project 20% Project Specification 30% Written Examination (May/June) 30% Lectures approx. 20 in total ((plus tutorials)) TB1 Tues. 9.00 Far-L ? Andy Gimblett (3 Linux + 6 C) [with CS-244] Wed. 11.00 Glyn-A ? Roger Stein (start on 5 November) TB2 Lectures Linux /C 9 Introduction 1 Ethics 1 Legal Issues 1 Project Management 2 (Group Project 2) Software Engineering 4 1.4 (Intro.) Books B. Ayres, The Essence of Professional Issues in Computing, Prentice-Hall, 1999 S Baase, A Gift of Fire, 2nd ed., Prentice-Hall, 2003 B. Hughes and M. Cotterell, Software Project Management, 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill, 2002 R. Pressman, Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 5th ed., McGraw-Hill, 2000 I. Summerville, Software Engineering, 6th ed., Addison-Wesley, 2001 1.5 (Intro.) Why Software Engineering? “Engineering … to define rudely but not inaptly, is the art of doing that well with one dollar, which any bungler can do with two after a fashion” - Arthur Mellen Wellington, The Economic Theory of Railway Location, 1911 1.6 (Intro.) Software Engineering: the application of a systematic, disciplined...
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...Journal of Business and Management Editors Cristina M. Giannantonio, Ph.D. Amy E. Hurley-Hanson, Ph.D. Published by Chapman University’s Argyros School of Business and Economics Sponsored by the Western Decision Sciences Institute WDSI WDSI WESTERN DECISION SCIENCES INSTITUTE The Western Decision Sciences Institute is a regional division of the Decision Sciences Institute. WDSI serves its interdisciplinary academic and business members primarily through the organization of an annual conference and the publication of the Journal of Business and Management. The conference and journal allow academicians and business professionals from all over the world to share information and research with respect to all aspects of education, business, and organizational decisions. PRESIDENT Mahyar Amouzegar California State University, Long Beach PRESIDENT-ELECT Nafisseh Heiat Montana State University-Billings PROGRAM CHAIR/VICE PRESIDENT FOR PROGRAMS/PROCEEDINGS EDITOR John Davies Victoria University of Wellington VICE PRESIDENT FOR PROGRAMS-ELECT Sheldon R. Smith Utah Valley State College VICE PRESIDENT FOR MEMBER SERVICES David Yen Miami University of Ohio SECRETARY/TREASURER Richard L. Jenson Utah State University DIRECTOR OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS Abbas Heiat Montana State University - Billings IMMEDIATE PAST-PRESIDENT G. Keong Leong University of Nevada, Las Vegas REGIONAL VICE PRESIDENT Vijay Kannan Utah State University Journal of Business and Management – Vol. 17, No. 1,...
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...What is Human Resource Management? The definition of human resource management emphasizes the sphere of influence to encompass 'the strategic approach to manpower management in an organization'. The process calls for a coherent objective to retain and increase employee head-count, any organization's most valued asset. This specialized study and application has come in the wake of realization that the employees of an organization, individually and collectively, are the main contributors to the achievement of business objectives. The management of people hired by an organization involves employing people, designing and developing related resources and most importantly, utilizing and compensating their services to optimize business profitability via employee performance. Today, Human Resource Management operates in tune with other essential organizational requirements and co-exists with the topmost management cadre. Managing human resources within a company calls for a liaison between the organization's management personnel and the administration of the executive rungs. It thrives on the strength of the relationship between the management and workers of the company. Functions of Human Resource Management: Human Resource Management involves the development of a perfect blend between traditional administrative functions and the well-being of all employees within an organization. Employee retention ratio is directly proportionate to the manner in which the employees are treated...
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...skills; (ii) to help students understand the principles of research; and (iii) to enable students to link the research process with theories of their specialist areas. By becoming familiar with the research process in practice, students should be more confident and competent in evaluating and using research results in their specialist areas. Contents 1. Introduction to Research 2.1 The need and importance of research 2.2 Scientific method and business research 2.3 Ethics and legal issues of research 2.4 Variables and measurement scales 2 Types of Research 2.1 By purpose 2.1.1 Basic research 2.1.2 Applied research 2.1.3 Action research 2.2 By method and technique 2.2.1 Historical 2.2.2 Descriptive – survey, causal comparative, correlation 2.2.3 Experimental 2.2.4 Qualitative – ethnography, case study, content analysis 3 Research Problem 3.1. Selection and statement 3.2.1. Selection 3.2.2. Sources 3.2.3. Statement 3.2. Review of Related Literature 3.3.4. Need 3.3.5. Sources 3.3.6. Note taking 3.3.7. Organizing and citation 4 Formulation and Statement of Hypotheses 4.1 Definition and purpose 4.2 Types of hypotheses 4.3 Stating the hypotheses 4.4 Testing the hypotheses 5. Selection of Sample 5.1 Sampling: definition, purpose 5.2 Definition of population 5.3 Probability Sampling 5.3.1 Random sampling 5.3.2 Stratified...
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...United Kingdom ABSTRACT This paper locates developments in hospitality research, notably relating to hospitality studies, in the context of Kuhn’s (1962) evolution of scientific theory. The paper highlights the development of the ‘hospitality lens’ by Lashley, Lynch and Morrison (2007) and suggests it can facilitate the study of hospitality in any social situation from a strengthened social scientific perspective. It is argued that the study of hospitality should be not just for understanding hospitality but also society itself. Such an approach is suggested as both logical and healthy for the subject development with adoption of more critical perspectives on hospitality. The considerable implications of adopting a ‘new’ hospitality research agenda are described with reference to the conceptualization of hospitality, the nature of research and the research community, subject implications including journal publication outlets, and the higher education context. Keywords: Hospitality lens; ‘new’ hospitality; subject development. INTRODUCTION This paper moves beyond any pre-occupation with the vocational roots of hospitality higher education debate as it is considered that that debate has had its day. Rather, the content is framed within the discourse commenced by Kuhn (1962) who argues that the evolution of scientific theory does not emerge from the straightforward accumulation of facts, but rather from a set of changing intellectual circumstances and possibilities. The adoption of...
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...Describe and critique the Scientific Management approach pioneered by Frederick Taylor Introduction Frederick Winslow Taylor joined Midvale Steel Works in Pennsylvania, USA, and that’s when he noticed many employees were either working inefficiently, or at a slow rate on purpose as they were paid the same regardless the level of productivity. The employees were deliberately working at a slow rate so as to prevent their employers from how fast work can actually be done. Taylor regarded this as ‘soldiering’ and wanted to remove it (Pettinger 2012). He claims that by eliminating ‘soldiering’, and other bad practices, it will reduce the cost of production (Taylor, FW 1911). Scientific Management Frederick W. Taylor pioneered scientific management, which was scientific approach to managerial decisions, and he introduced it to organisations (Locke 1982; Pettinger 2012). It emphasised on increasing productivity from the workers, by designing methods to for maximum prosperity for both the organisation and the employees, and also maximum efficiency of the employees (Taylor, FW 1991). Taylor developed four main principles to increase efficiency; to replace rule-of-thumb methods; develop and train the best worker; promote cooperation among superiors and subordinates and lastly division of labour Taylor deemed the rule-of-thumb method that was practiced by the workers inefficient. He decided to study and understand how the employees work, and develop scientific methods to determine...
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...2011 OnlineFirst Version of Record - Jul 15, 2010 What is This? Downloaded from org.sagepub.com at Sheffield Hallam University on January 18, 2014 Article Organization 18(1) 23–44 © The Author(s) 2011 Reprints and permission: sagepub. co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1177/1350508410372151 http://org.sagepub.com Ways of constructing research questions: gap-spotting or problematization? Jörgen Sandberg Mats Alvesson UQ Business School, University of Queensland, Australia Department of Business Administration, University of Lund, Sweden Abstract This article examines ways of constructing research questions from existing literature, which are likely to promote the development of interesting and influential theories. We review 52 articles in organization studies and develop a typology of how researchers construct their research questions from existing literature.The most common way across paradigmatic camps is to spot various ‘gaps’ in the literature and, based on that, to formulate specific research questions. The dominance of gap-spotting is surprising, given it is increasingly recognized...
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...executive decisions, it must address the economic challenges it faces. Strategic management encompasses this holistic style of leadership in which the company’s goals and objectives are all integrated into a cohesive entity. This entity can be likened to the market in which the company operates. Many past successful organizations have felt the impact of changes in demands, cultures, tastes, unemployment, competition, customers and so on in plummeting sales revenue. Reason being, they used a cookie cutter approach to solving the problem. The ability to understand, track, prepare and adapt to changing times makes the difference between a company that barely survives and one that is a successful survivor. The strategic management process involves two key components in ensuring a company remains current and competitive in this dynamic environment; strategy formulation and strategy implementation. The former refers to an examination of a company’s mission and goals, internal strengths and weaknesses and external opportunities and threats. This is commonly referred to as SWOT- Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. After this a strategic review of varying alternatives against the company’s ability to achieve them based on its SWOT is conducted and the most attainable is selected. Strategy implementation looks at allocating resources to support the strategy formulation decision made. Management must ensure that any decision taken to move a company forward is backed by structuring...
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...Research and analysis Research and analysis 2A: ARTICLE ANALYSIS In an organisation, managers lead people towards meeting its objectives. ‘The process of planning, organising, leading and controlling the effort of organisation members and of using all organisation resource to achieve stated organisational goals’ has been described as management. Managers has been a part of organisation from very early stage of its history. 1. In the article we are analysing, I believe the main argument is about if we actually need managers, especially in fields like engineering where workers want to spend their time designing and debugging, not communicating with bosses or supervising other workers’ progress. 2. Google, as stated in the article, has used data to determine whether managers are essential or not. They have used a small group and test data within the company. 3. By using data, they have examine this issue. Processing data which has been collected from people in google, they have tired come to a solution which has been called people analytics. 4. Managers has been a part of organisation from the beginning. This research clearly indicates that for success, we really need to keep with the basic while most of the organisations are looking for shiny new ideas. The model of Google is not unique to Google. It focuses on the basic and with every organisation and manager. Management is skill, not knowledge. The best cyclist becomes even better only by practicing...
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