...Airway diseases Shirley Chugani South University Airway diseases Most pediatric patients suffer from upper and lower infections. Most children with these diseases are going to be managed in primary care, however some of them will show up in the emergency room. Let us start with bronchiolitis. I am familiar with this condition since my daughter had this when she was 5 months old. She is 8 years old now, so my memory is a bit fuzzy. I remember taking her to her pediatrician and he ordered a test and it confirmed that she had Respiratory Synctial Virus (RSV). She was admitted to the hospital that same day. Her oxygen saturation was 93% and she had difficulty breathing and did not want to nurse at all. My daughter recovered and we were sent home in 2 days. Bronchiolitis is a viral illness that affects the lower airways. It is usually seen in children under 2 years of age but it is most severe in infants who are 6 months or younger (Porth & Matfin, 2009, p. 694). RSV is responsible for 50 to 90% of all cases of bronchiolitis and results in 20, 000 hospital admissions per year (Kelsall-Knight, 2012, p. 29). Other pathogens that can cause RSV are parainfluenza, adenovirus, Influenza A & B, Human metapneumovirus, rhinovirus, enterovirus and Mycoplasma pneumonia (Kelsall-Knight, 2012, p. 29). The virus causes epithelial necrosis and destruction of the cilia. The epithelial cells destruction triggers an inflammatory response that leads to edema of the submucosa. There...
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...Croup is a generic term applied to an inflammation of the bronchi, larynx, and trachea. Also known as laryngotracheobronchitis. The term groups a set of symptoms characterized by barking or brassy (croupy), hoarseness, varying in degrees of inspiratory stridor, respiratory distress, and swelling or obstruction in the throat region. Laryngeal involvement is more prominent due to the severe effects on the voice and breathing. Croup affects are seen in children six months up to twelve years of age, with peak incidence at two years of age. Croup is occasionally seen in adolescents and rarely in adults. Croup is one of the most common respiratory illnesses in children affecting males more than females. Although the disease can occur at any time during the year it usually peaks most frequently during the fall and winter season. While the causes of croup may vary. It is most commonly brought on by a viral infection. Other means of infection include bacteria, inhaled irritants, acid reflux, and allergies. There are two primary types of croup: spasmodic and viral. Recurrent and viral croup account for most cases. Another form of croup is acute epiglottis, which is considered a life threatening emergency. Acute epiglottis is a bacterial infection. It is caused by Haemophilus influenza type B and...
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...not limited to; bronchial asthma, vascular obstruction, high altitude, kyphoscoliosis, obesity, pectus excavatum, poliomyelitis, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary embolism, and vasculitis. Symptoms of the disease include dyspnea at rest, weakened pulses due to decreased cardiac output, and neck vein distention. Treatment of Cor pulmonale has three main focuses, reducing hypoxemia and vasoconstriction, increasing exercise tolerance, and correcting underlying conditions when possible. 2. Croup is severe inflammation and obstruction of the upper airway, occurring as acute laryngo-tracheobronchitis, laryngitis, and acute spasmodic laryngitis. Croup usually results from viral infection. Viruses include; adenovirus, influenza, measles, parainfluenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus. Signs and symptoms include: inspiratory stridor, muffled vocal sounds, and a characteristic sharp barking or seal-like cough related to the degree of laryngeal obstruction. For most people diagnosed with Croup home care with rest, cool moist air and an antipyretic like acetaminophen relieves symptoms. 3. Pneumothorax is an accumulation of air within the pleural cavity which results in partial or complete lung collapse. Pneumothorax comes in three different types open, closed or tension. Causes include: chest surgery,...
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...mentor on three occasions, the remainder of the time I worked with adult trained staff. As a consequence of this when a child was admitted, I was given the responsibility of caring for them. For the duration of a particular shift I worked with Sue, an adult nurse. Sue recognised that I was competent in my practice as I had worked with her on previous occasions with adults and consequently praised me. Sue, qualified for over twenty years, indicated that she only knew the basics of children’s nursing and suggested that I probably had more knowledge of children than her. This comment left me unsure of her depth of knowledge of paediatric nursing and somewhat concerned me. During my shift, Jay, a two year old was admitted via ambulance with a croup score of ten, this score according to Bjornson and Johnson (2008) is ascertained by observing for stridor, recession, respiratory rate, level of consciousness and pallor. Jay was assessed by Sue and I and a score of ten was confirmed. As a result of this score we determined the emergency drug calculations using the mnemonic WETFAG system as indicated in Schmidt and...
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...|[pic] | [pic]Activity 4.2.1 – External Anatomy Purpose While you were taking care of a friend’s horse, you noticed that the animal came up limping. The local veterinarian is called to the scene and tells you it is only a cut on the hock of an animal, and you need to keep the cut clean and give the horse a shot of antibiotics in the croup. Great news, but do you have any idea as to where the hock and the croup are? Knowing the proper terminology for external animal anatomy is important for communication. Most parts on animals have similar names among species; however, there are names of some parts that are specific for a species of animal. Being able to identify and communicate using proper terminology is important for health care, management, and selection. Materials |Per student: | |Modern Livestock and Poultry Production textbook | |Computer station with Internet access | |Pencil ...
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...Name: Date: October 11, 2014 ISSC340 Week 1 Assignment (3% of Grade) APUS/Sanford Lesson 1 Review: Overview of Local Area Networks The purpose of this activity is to reinforce what you have learned so far about local area networks technologies. 1. What are the main architectural components of a LAN? (Minimum word count: 60) I LAN is define as a local area network which consist of a croup of computers that are within the same geographical location such as a home, or building, or even a group of small buildings. The architecture that builds a LAN all includes these components. First and foremost it is the actual network topology and how it is laid out, weather this is by wire or wireless. Next is the network operation system or NOS, which is what manages all the resources that are within the network. This is usually a server of some sort. Another main part of the network is the network interface card or NIC, this serves at the actual interface between the network and the computer. 2. Describe the function and characteristics of a network operating system (NOS). (Minimum word count: 100) A network operation system (NOS) can be defined as a management system on a network that enables the provisions of one or more client or clients. It is a component that runs within a server that provides multiple users within a network, also can provide file and print servers, can provide a gateway for internet access, and can also implement a wide array of network securities...
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...Slavery is fundamentally an economic phenomenon. Average prices of slaves rose dramatically in the 1820’s. Throughout history, slavery has existed where it has been economically worthwhile to those in power. The health of a planter’s work force was critical to economic success. Health and healing practices form a core part of life experiences, especially in circumstances such as the southern plantation, where life was particularly nasty, brutal and short for its laboring inhabitants. Slave workers prove the essential to plantation production and gave a basis of authority within enslaved communities. Not surprisingly, conflicts frequently arose between slave doctoring women and the whites who attempted to supervise their work, poisoning threats, African-based religious practices, and plagues intensified in the midst of it all. This gave slave healers a problematic role in balancing their need to aid their masters and their fellow slaves. Crowded living conditions, a relatively poor diet, and physical abuse by owners meant that slaves constantly faced health risks. As expected, slaves turned to slave healers for physical as well as emotional comfort. Ironically whites also found use in their slave healers in the making of their own knowledge and remedies. Nonetheless, the degree to which a slave healer benefited the white community, is difficult to establish. Whites trusted African Americans to treat them in times of sickness, the imbalanced nature of the relationship of the enslaved...
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...Pediatrics Ductus arteriosus: shunts blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta, bypassing the lungs Foramen ovale: shunts blood from the right atrium to the left atrium, bypassing the right ventricle and pulmonary vasculature Gravida: # of previous pregnancies Para: # of previous births Erythroblastosis Fetalis- Hemolytic disease of the newborn resulting from fetal-maternal Rh incompatibility Apgar Scoring- Assessment of newborn well-being. The higher the score, the healthier the baby. Silverman Scoring- An index of respiratory distress. The lower the Silverman score, the healthier the child Choanal Atresia- obstruction of the nasal airway; can be caused by unilateral or bilateral membraneous or bony occlusion. Diagnosis can be confirmed by the inability to pass a catheter through the nares, by cessation of air movement when the mouth is held closed, and by X-ray. Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Neonate (PPHN)- ADA Persistent Fetal Circulation (PFC) - characterized by pulmonary vasoconstriction which results in high pulmonary vascular resistance; this pulmonary hypertension in turn keeps open (or reopens) the fetal cardiac shunts (the foramen ovale and/or the ductus arteriosis). The end result is right-to-left shunting and hypoxemia. Nitric Oxide therapy new treatment for PPHN. Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD)- BDP is applied to those infants who require mechanical ventilation during their first week of life, who remain dependent...
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...The Great Pyrenees has a healthy body bred for mountains. Typically the dog’s withers reach to about 27 inches to 32 inches. They usually weigh about 80-120 pounds and look big from their fur. Their skull has evolved for smelling, and have a strong lower jaw. With the breed, the Great Pyrenees has enough bones to support its massive body. The body has a strong ribcage, oval sized, supporting other muscles. The croup slopes slightly, with the tail straight on just below the back.The tail is of sufficient length to reach the ends of the hind legs. The tail is shaped like a feather and may be carried over the back to show emotion. The shoulders are well muscled and close to the body. Forelegs, made for climbing, have sufficient bone and muscle to balance. The front pasterns are flexible and strong; as the foreleg carries one dewclaw. Also the rear legs have an excellent frame due to plentiful bone structure and muscle. On the rear paws, the two paws have an extra dewclaw, believed to be used during climbing. Great Pyrenees have a thick weather resistant double coat....
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...budding * Molds * Large, fuzzy, multicelled organisms * Produce spore * Superficial infections * Athlete’s foot * Ringworm * Thrush Can cause systemic infections PROTOZOA * Single-celled eukaryotic organisms, larger than bacteria * Found in soil and water * Illnesses * Malaria * Amebic dysentery * Trichomoniasis vaginitis * Leading cause of death in developing countries * VIRUS * Smallest known infectious agents * Subcellular microorganism * Have only nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat * Must live and grow in living cells of other organisms * Illnesses caused by viruses * Colds - AIDS * Influenza - Mumps * Croup - Rubella * Hepatitis - Measles * Warts - Herpes * Vaccines are available for many viruses * BACTERIA * Single-celled prokaryotic organisms * Reproduce rapidly * a typical bacterial cell is ~ 1 mm (from 0.4-100 mm) * Found nearly everywhere * Dust, dirt, refuse,...
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...| CASE 2 | Fortescue Metals Group: The new force in iron ore | ABC 9/12/2011 | Contents Introduction 1 Analyzing the external environment 1 Demographic 1 Economic 1 Socio-culture 2 Political-legal 2 Global 2 Technological 2 External environment conclusion 2 Industry analysis 3 Profit pool 3 Porter five forces 3 Threat of new entry 3 Bargaining power of suppliers 4 Bargaining power of buyers 4 Threat of substitute products 4 Rivalry among competing firms 4 Industry analysis conclusion 4 Competitor analysis 4 Analyzing the internal environment 5 Tangible resources 5 Intangible resources 6 Value chain analyzing 6 Capabilities 6 Core competencies 7 Weaknesses 7 Current strategy 7 Future strategy 8 Concluding remarks 8 References 9 Introduction Fortescue Metals Group: The new force in iron ore is a new company in the Australia with new vision. It was founded in 2003 with the aim of lowest cost producer in order to complete with large players of industry. Its main customer is China. Its lowest cost structure is main reason behind getting huge business from china. It had to faced many challenges in the industry but its strong policies supported company to make its distinct position in the industry Analyzing the external environment Every business/ company has external environment with some positive and negative points. Below is the analysis of Fortescue external environment. Demographic According to information...
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...Who is the most vulnerable to the cigarette marketing ads? Kids and teens are by far the most vulnerable. Especially vulnerable are those children who have low self-esteem, low academic achievement, no goals and low social status. Kids with these problems are more likely to be prone to give in to the pressures of siblings, peers and the media. To try to discourage teens from beginning the habit, most states have raised the taxes on cigarettes. Some, such as the District of Columbia have raised it to a high of 25 cents per pack.5 On the other hand, the states where smoking is a major cash crop such as Kentucky and Tennessee, only have a tax of 2.5 cents per pack, so they don t discourage kids from buying.6 Cigarettes contain over seven hundred (700) chemical additives. Some of the chemicals you are less likely to know about are the heavy metals, humectants, casting agents, pesticides and insecticides added into a cigarette. The more well know chemicals are tar, Carbon and nicotine. Tar is released when you light a cigarette and the tobacco begins to burn. The cigarette reaches about 1600-1800 degrees Fahrenheit on the ash ends and can reach up to 2000 degrees Fahrenheit in the center.7 Tar is very harmful to the human respiratory system because it collects and clogs up the bronchi and it contributes a great deal to cancer and respiratory diseases. The Carbon in a cigarette is extremely dangerous. Government regulations only permit the level of Carbon to be at the maximum 50ppm...
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...Pulmonary / Respiratory Diseases Acute Respiratory Tract Infection J22 Acute Tonsillopharyngitis J06.8 Allergic Rhinitis J30.4 ARDS J80 Aspiration Pneumonia J69.0 Asthma Severe J46 Asthma in Acute Exacerbation J44.1 Asthma, Unspecified J45.9 Atelectasis J98.1 Atypical Pneumonia J15.7 Bronchitis J20.9 Bronchiolitis J21.9 Bronchopneumonia J18.0 Bronchoscopy Z41.8 (1-620) BPD P27.1 (Newborn) Croup J05.0 Empyema Thoracis J86.9 Hyperactive Airway Disease J68.3 Laryngitis J04.0 Laryngomalacia J38.7 Laryngoscopy Z41.8 Pharyngitis J02.9 Post Intubation Subglottic Stenosis J34.2 Pneumonectomy Z41.8 Pneumonia, nonspecific J18.9 Pneumopyothorax, unspec J39.9 Pneumothorax J93.8 Primary Respiratory Tuberculosis (PKI) A16.7 PTB A16.2 Rhinitis J00 Sinusitis J32.9 Thoracotomy Z41.8 Tracheostomy Z93.0 Malfunction J95.0 URTI J06.9 Viral Pneumonia J12.9 Metabolic/Nutrition/Endocrine Dehydration E86.9 / Mild E86.0 / Mod E86.1 / Severe E 86.3 DKA E14.1 DM, unspecified E14.9 type1 E10.9 type2 E11.9 G6PD with anemia D55.0 G6PD – E740 Hypocalcemia E83.5, Dietary E58 Hypokalemia E87.6 Hyponatremia E87.1 Hypothyroidism,unspecified E03.9 Kwashior E40 / Marasmus E42 Lactose Intolerance E73.9 Malnutrition E46 Marasmus E42 Severe Stunting E45 Severe Wasting E43 Vit A Def E50.9 Skin Hypersensitivity/Allergy Nonspecific T78.4 Atopic Dermatitis L20.9 Cellulitis >Unspecified L03.9 >Ear H60.1 >Head L03.8 >Neck L03.8 >Hip/Knee/Leg/Thigh/Hand...
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...originally used to poison the tips of arrows to ensure the death of an enemy or success in hunting, it was most common to poison wolves. Since the ancient times in India and China aconite has been used as a medicinal plant; Chinese medicine values the plant for its ant rheumatic, analgesic, anaesthetic and antinevralgic properties, but only when prepared properly was it used, due to it’s high levels of toxicity. The root extracts were usually mixed with other ingredients, such as liquorice or ginger. In the Western countries aconite was used as a tincture and was applied as a liniment for neuralgia, rheumatism and sciatica . Extracts from the aconite plant are also known to be used to reduce fevers that are caused by colds, pneumonia, laryngitis, croup and asthma; it was also as an inflammatory, a cardiac depressant and more. In homeopathy aconite was used to treat fear, anxiety and restlessness, severe headaches, numbness, influenza viruses and colds. Currently aconite is being used as a cardio tonic, anti-inflammatory and various central nervous system medicine; and it is believed that it may also be useful for angina and cardiac exhaustion and it may also reduce plasma cholesterol. But it is also used topically as an analgesia, and for bruises, sciatica, hemiplegic, post-traumatic pain and rheumatism. Aconite is commonly features in myths and legends, but not commonly by its proper name, but wolf’s bane. Wolf’s bane features in most werewolf myths as an extremely toxic substance that...
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...Anomalies in Bee Bennett Mansion Bee-Bennet Mansion, now converted into Sequoia Restaurant, was a 16 room Victorian wonder, and is now the home of Sequoia Wedgewood Wedding and Banquet Center. Back in its days, in the early 1850s, Colonel Fredrick Bee was one of the first merchants to set up his business in Placerville. He ran the pony express in California and set up the Bee telegraph company. The first tragedy hit the Bee family when his 2 year old son died of croup. Afterwards, the family moved out of the house and it passed on to many owners until in 1889, a judge renovated it and converted it into a 16 room mansion. The judge and his family lived there for many years, though tragedy struck them too. Their 3 year old son fell on the grand...
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