...statement with reference to contemporary research on cross-cultural negotiation and use examples to illustrate your analysis Introduction: Former President and charismatic leader of the United States John F. Kennedy once stated that, “We cannot negotiate with people who say what's mine is mine and what's yours is negotiable” (Kennedy, 1961). This timeless quotation epitomizes and typifies in essence what can commonly be regarded as cooperative negotiation. Formally, the term negotiation is commonly defined as two or more parties or groups deliberating amongst each other endeavoring to achieve a decisive result, which is mutually beneficial for both entities. When considering the process of negotiation across contrasting geographic locations or countries, negotiators have to understand the repercussions which heterogeneous cultures have in the final outcome of a potential deliberation. Culture is defined as the ‘unwritten rules of society’ (Hofstede et al, 2010) and most typically refers to those characteristics or values, which are unconsciously embedded in a large group of citizens through the ongoing processes of tradition and various forms of education. Understanding the pertinence of cultural differences and the significance which they bare in terms of cross-cultural negotiation, is essential to reaching an eventual agreement which is mutually beneficial between parties. However, an over-emphasis on cultural discrepancies may also lead to negotiations becoming protracted...
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...TITLE: Managing cultural differences By Name Course Professor University City/State Date Contents Introduction 3 Discussion of cultural frameworks 3 My cultural background and discussion of my cultural scores 6 Recommendation on cross cultural management 7 Conclusion 8 References list 9 Introduction Cultural practices in different regions of the world are different. In managing a firm in a particular region, a manager should thus understand the effective cultural practices in the region so as to conduct management in an effective manner (Joint, 2013). The cultural practices determine the expectations of the workforce from the manager and the conditions required by the workforce in a firm so as to yield an optimal output. The knowledge on cultural diversity is greatly applicable in the advertising and branding activities of the firm. It enables one to understand the consumer behavior and thus make informed decisions on the strategies to be undertaken (Verhoest et al., 2010). From the concept and impact of the difference in the cultural practices, then it is crucial for all managers to understand the cultural differences in the regions they conduct their management. In an aim to analyze the cultural frameworks, various cultural frameworks have been generated. The most preferred cultural framework for analysis is the Hofstede’s cultural framework (Dong et al., 2010). Discussion of cultural frameworks In this essay, one analyzes the nature and dimensions of the Hofstede’s...
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...culture and leadership linked?’ Introduction: This literature review will make use of four pieces of academic work to discuss how the concept of culture can intrinsically affect leadership. The literature finds that the link between culture and leadership is an important, yet complicated relationship. I will begin by discussing and defining the central concepts of culture and leadership. I will then explain and analyse the significance of culture upon leadership. Finally I will review Hofstede’s cultural framework to assess its significance and relevance to the topic at hand. Culture: To begin, culture is a phenomenon that carries multiple definitions. A simplistic view sees it as “how things are done around here”(Ouchi and Johnson, 1978 p.293). Culture can also encompass the behaviours, attitudes, norms, morals and unconscious values instilled within a group of individuals (Schien, 1985). Hofstede himself defines culture as the “collective mental programming” (Hofstede, 1980 pp.43) of individuals bound by some form of common orientation or geographical boundary. Culture shapes everything within society, and as an extension, leadership. Leadership is another interlinked concept, commonly defined as a relationship by which followers are influenced, and inherent changes are made towards a collective purpose (Daft and Lane, 2005). Moreover leadership refers to the “core set of traits, behaviours, skills, or characteristics that cuts across situations, cultures, philosophies...
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...Portfolio of Reflective Cultural Practice Assignment Contents Page Portfolio of Reflective Cultural Practice Assignment 1.1. Introduction In recent times, there has been seen an increased change in the composition of the workforce in organisations because of the rapidly growing globalisation which has made the world increasingly more interrelated (SOURCE). Therefore most business’s around the world including the hospitality and tourism industry need to enter into a cross-cultural alliance to become more effective due to globalisation having a significant impact on the personal characteristic in the workforce because of the increasing cultural diversity (Lloyd and Hartel, 2010). Ferraro (2005) argues that globalisation is not just a passing trend but has submerged acting as a replacement for the cold war system. Therefore this reflective portfolio aims to explore some of the theories surrounding cross-cultural behaviour in order to relate and understand the behaviours of the cultures in respectively Denmark and the US. However in order to do so, a definition of the meaning culture will be primarily discussed and what stereotypes Denmark and the US the authors carries toward both countries. Through the analysis and the information gathered from the theories, potential opportunities and difficulties will be identified between the two countries cultural diversity in relation to motivation, teams, communication channels and conflict and dispute resolution. Lastly...
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...Cross-cultural issues in European Human Resource Management Contents Abstract 2 Introduction 2 Hofstede’s findings 2 Hofstede’s Framework of Cultures 3 Power Distance (PD) 3 Individualism - Collectivism (IC) 3 Masculinity - Femininity (MF) 4 Uncertainty Avoidance (UA) 4 Long/short term orientation (LTO) 5 Some aspects of Hofstede’s model having provoked scientific criticism 5 Methodological issues 6 Cultural Homogeneity 7 National Divisions 7 Number and bipolarity of dimensions 7 Out-dated concept 8 Political Influences 9 Conclusion 9 References 10 Abstract The high level of multiculturalism in the field of business indicates to raise awareness about cultural understanding. Researches in that line major refer to Greert Hofstede, who analyzes dynamics of cross-cultural groups and organizations. Undoubtedly, his model is as widely cited as criticized, because it is well-known pioneering research of national culture differences and their consequences. In this short paper, I am going to examine Hofstede’s findings and the reason why his work faces criticism. Introduction Culture in business has been of utmost interest for the last two decades, and with increasing national diversity in nowadays business environment, culture itself is regarded as an important dimension. The beginning of a pilot study in that sphere refers to the Dutch social psychologist Greert Hofstede and his outgoing research of IBM Organization (Hofstede 1980)...
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...is exponential [Ogden D., Ogden J. and Schau HJ. Exploring the impact of culture and acculturation on consumer purchase decisions: toward a microcultural perspective. Academy Marketing Science Review 2004;3.]. However culture is an elusive concept posing considerable difficulties for cross-cultural research [Clark T. International Marketing and national character: A review and proposal for an integrative theory. Journal of Marketing 1990; Oct.: 66–79.; Dawar N., Parker P. and Price L. A cross-cultural study of interpersonal information exchange. Journal of International Business Studies 1996; 27(3): 497–516.; Manrai L. and Manrai A. Current issues in the cross-cultural and cross-national consumer research. Journal of International Consumer Marketing 1996; 8 (3/4): 9–22.; McCort D. and Malhotra NK. Culture and consumer behavior: Toward an understanding of cross-cultural consumer behavior in International Marketing. Journal of International Consumer Marketing 1993; 6 (2): 91–127.; Nasif EG., Al-Daeaj H., Ebrahimi B. and Thibodeaux M. Methodological problems in cross-cultural research: An updated review. Management International Review 1991; 31 (1): 79–91.; Lenartowicz T. and Roth K. A framework for culture assessment. Journal of International Business Studies 1999; 30 (4): 781–98.]. This article examines different approaches to conceptualising and...
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...exponential [Ogden D., Ogden J. and Schau HJ. Exploring the impact of culture and acculturation on consumer purchase decisions: toward a microcultural perspective. Academy Marketing Science Review 2004;3.]. However culture is an elusive concept posing considerable difficulties for cross-cultural research [Clark T. International Marketing and national character: A review and proposal for an integrative theory. Journal of Marketing 1990; Oct.: 66–79.; Dawar N., Parker P. and Price L. A cross-cultural study of interpersonal information exchange. Journal of International Business Studies 1996; 27(3): 497–516.; Manrai L. and Manrai A. Current issues in the cross-cultural and cross-national consumer research. Journal of International Consumer Marketing 1996; 8 (3/4): 9–22.; McCort D. and Malhotra NK. Culture and consumer behavior: Toward an understanding of cross-cultural consumer behavior in International Marketing. Journal of International Consumer Marketing 1993; 6 (2): 91–127.; Nasif EG., Al-Daeaj H., Ebrahimi B. and Thibodeaux M. Methodological problems in cross-cultural research: An updated review. Management International Review 1991; 31 (1): 79–91.; Lenartowicz T. and Roth K. A framework for culture assessment. Journal of International Business Studies 1999; 30 (4): 781–98.]. This article examines different approaches to...
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...within a nation, but can also be assigned to organizations, institutions, and family. Social organizations, whether national cultures, or institutional cultures develop because members’ behavior is not arbitrary, and can sometimes be anticipated and calculated. Organizations are bound by culture, which includes the individual behaviors of members and the collective purpose of the organization. In his frequently referenced book, Culture's Consequences: International Differences in Work-related Values (1984), Geert Hofstede provided a methodology for the cross-cultural studies of nations, and the organizations that develop based on cultural values. Cultural concepts, as they relate to organizational studies, are borrowed from anthropology, in which views vary, and there is no consensus. Therefore the application of the “cultural perspective” to organizational studies also varies, and is based on assumptions about the nature of both “culture” and “organizations” (Smircich, 1983). Pettigrew (1979) advocated the use of cultural concepts borrowed from sociology and anthropology in the examination of organizational behavior. He advanced “longitudinalprocessual” studies of organizations that acknowledged the possibility of long-term analysis of institutions as entities within societies, which also have pasts, presents, and futures (Pettigrew, 1979, p. 570). Organizations, like nations consist of people from various socio-economic backgrounds, and often from different cultures, as do multinational...
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...An Analysis of the Culture of an Organization Student’s Name University Contents 1.0 Background to the Organization...........................................................................................3 2.0 Theoretical Framework.........................................................................................................4 3.0 Discussion of Central Topic..................................................................................................6 4.0 Conclusions..........................................................................................................................13 References..................................................................................................................................15 An Analysis of the Culture of an Organization 1.0 Background to the Organization Every organization has a personality that is unique, that individual character in the society is its culture (Barker, 2010). My company of choice for analysis is The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC). I have used this bank to discuss the central topic in my report.As I have found it to have a strong corporate culture that has continued to improve its efficiency, value, performance and ratings over the years. HSBBC is a privately based organization; it was incorporated in 1865 with a primary objective of increasing trade and commerce between Europe and China. The headquarters of HSBC are located in London...
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...various aspects of consumer behavior in an integrative framework among the three ethnic groups in Nigeria. The cultural groups include an Igbo, Yoruba and Hausa ethnic groups. The method of research will be an experimental research on the ethnic culture and how it affects consumer behavior. The objective for doing this research are as follow: what culture it and how it impacts consumer behaviors in Nigeria, how culture asct as an invisible hand that guides consumption-related attitude, values and behavior, how culture set standards for what satisfies consumers’ needs, how consumers are always adapting to culture-related experiences, how the impact of culture on consumer behavior is measured and how core culture values impact Nigerian consumers. Using the Hofstede’s (1980) cultural framework, differences in ethnic group’s cultural orientation will be hypothesized. Then for each cultural dimension, related consumer behaviors will be identified and the differences in those behaviors will be hypothesized according to the predicted differences in each related cultural dimension. After this, the influence of the cultural dimension on the identified consumer behavior will be investigated in a multiracial West African country, Nigeria. With major corporations seeking to move into African and sell to the African consumers, it is important that solid sub cultural research should be done. Nigeria provides a good starting point for sub cultural study on African customers as it is the most multiracial...
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...International Management EA ------------------------------------------------- Assignment 12407210 - Hang Nguyen Title Compare and contrast cultural frameworks developed by Geert Hofstede and Fons Trompenaars. I - Introduction Different national cultures comprise different cultural value systems. The value systems are generated from a conception, or as noted previous beliefs, of existing means or resources, and necessities. Cultures have various standards and some factors such as behaviors, traditions or communication of one culture can be observed as irrelevant or sometimes even threatening by other cultures. These uncertainties can bring into being cultural gaps between people within a workforce. Not only do the variety of cultural structure interacting together increase the potential for conflict or disagreement, but also methods of control disputation among the cultures. The project manager must be able to handleconfrontation using different styles, depending on the circumstances, in order to effectively manage a diverse team. This paper discusses the most well-known and accepted theories of cultural differences and illustrates them with cases from international project management. Two leading studies of cross-cultural management have been conducted by Geert Hofstede and FonsTrompenaars. Both frameworksoffer a set of cultural dimensions along which core values can be obtained. These structures influence on human thinking, feeling, performance, and the behavior...
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...Cultural Differences Introduction Cultural diversity is the norm in today’s workplace. If you work for a large corporation, you most likely deal with people from various backgrounds and countries all day long. It is a difficult enough situation to have such cultural diversity amongst your peers but if you are a manager facing these demographics, you really face the challenge of learning the make-up and background of your team. In order to be an effective leader you will have to use various management styles as every team has different personality types, however, you will also have to be sensitive to and educated on what the cultural differences on your team are and how to tie it all together. Relationship building within your teams and reaching a diverse group with effective communication is a daunting challenge but necessary for success in today’s workforce. Millennials are the most ethnically and racially diverse generation ever in the history of the U.S. One out of three or thirty percent of Millennials is ethnically or racially diverse (Blain, 2008). The workforce is getting more and more diverse requiring effective communication, tolerance of others, and education about cultural differences. This paper will take a closer look at the cultural differences in Hofstede’s Five Dimensions between the United States and India. Cultural Differences in Hofstede’s Five Dimensions The workplace is getting more challenging to manage but Dr. Geert Hofstede and his Five...
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...Globalization Note Series Pankaj Ghemawat and Sebastian Reiche National Cultural Differences and Multinational Business The eminent Dutch psychologist, management researcher, and culture expert Geert Hofstede, early in his career, interviewed unsuccessfully for an engineering job with an American company. Later, he wrote of typical cross-cultural misunderstandings that crop up when American managers interview Dutch recruits and vice versa: “American applicants, to Dutch eyes, oversell themselves. Their CVs are worded in superlatives…during the interview they try to behave assertively, promising things they are very unlikely to realize…Dutch applicants in American eyes undersell themselves. They write modest and usually short CVs, counting on the interviewer to find out by asking how good they really are…they are very careful not to be seen as braggarts and not to make promises they are not absolutely sure they can fulfill. American interviewers know how to interpret American CVs and interviews and they tend to discount the information provided. Dutch interviewers, accustomed to Dutch applicants, tend to upgrade the information. To an uninitiated American interviewer an uninitiated Dutch applicant comes across as a sucker. To an uninitiated Dutch interviewer an uninitiated American applicant comes across as a braggart.”1 Cultural differences, while difficult to observe and measure, are obviously very important. Failure to appreciate and account for them can lead to embarrassing...
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...[Date] Contents Introduction 3 Intercultural Issue 4 Verbal Issue 5 Non-Verbal Issue 5 Hofstede Cultural Dimensions 5 Strengths 6 Weakness 6 Case Study Issues 6 Recommendations: 7 References: 8 Executive Summary: The given report is Intercultural Communication and Negotiation Skills and the given barriers that occur in form of verbal and non-verbal communication. The selected framework is Geert Hofstede Cultural Dimensions which gives analysis various cultural factors in a business environment and the implication of theory on organization. The model and framework strength and weakness is discussed. The end part highlights the case study issues and the given recommendations to remove such barriers. Intercultural Communication and Negotiation Skills Introduction The influx of information technology and mass globalization in terms of markets and economies it is imperative for businesses and their employees to develop the art of cross-cultural interaction process which ensures negotiation and decision making ability. The method of making a particular decision is to reach a point of agreement to build general acceptance among all the key stakeholders. The establishment of various organizations doing business around the world by engaging in strategic alliance and ventures require that the managers and employees are accustomed to cross-cultural communication skills and competency. The application of such communication is better result and more market...
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...Directory Introduction P 2-3 Elaborate Topic P 4–5 Local Advertising P 6–25 Global Advertising P 26–36 Conclusion P36-39 Effective advertisement global or local? Advertisement, every time we turn on TV or radio, surf the Web, check the mail or drive to the supermarket, we are subjected to multiple, and sometimes simultaneous--advertising messages. With that kind of saturation, and the high cost of running an ad campaign, advertisers need to make their ads stand out. Of course, advertising needs to do more than get noticed. It needs to be focused, memorable and ultimately compelling enough to move customers to choose their product or service over all the others fighting for attention. Before we define an effective advertisement is global or local, we should know one thing first . what is the meaning of an effective advertisement? What is the factor to construct a successful advertisement ? effective advertising is advertising that changes the behavior of the consumer of that one thing and also effective advertising, is advertising that makes people feel a certain way about a brand mean it’s all about the brand and how people allow that brand to influence their lives, effective advertising is there is a lot of ways to measure advertising these days, but the over view of what makes an add effective is to people remember and they motivated by is it to the consumption...
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