...Sweet Brazilian Bioethanol Industry International Case Study Rodel M. Adriano March 31, 2013 Economics for Managers 551 Curtin University of Technology Graduate School of Business International Case Study – Assessment 2 Page 1 of 14 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................ 4 A. Analysis of the Ethanol Subsidy .............................................................................................................. 5 B. 1973 oil crisis............................................................................................................................................... 5 C. 2000s Energy Crisis................................................................................................................................... 7 II. III. IV. V. PRESENT COMPETITIVENESS OF BIOETHANOL ............................................................................................ 7 OTHER ALTERNATIVE FUELS ..................................................................................................................... 11 CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................................................ 12 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................................
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...https://360.gs.com The Long-Term Outlook for the BRICs and N-11 Post Crisis The BRIC and N-11 countries are emerging from the crisis better than the developed world. As a result, our long-term projections for the BRICs look more, rather than less, likely to be realised. It is now possible that China will become as big as the US by 2027, and the BRICs as big as the G7 by 2032. Within the BRICs and N-11, China, Brazil, India, Indonesia and the Philippines appear to be performing best. Bangladesh, Egypt, Korea, Nigeria, Turkey and Vietnam form a second group of countries that have performed broadly in line with expectations. Iran, Mexico, Pakistan and Russia have need for improvement. We show the ongoing dramatic BRIC influence in key product markets, with autos and crude oil as examples. Important disclosures appear at the back of this document Thanks to Dominic Wilson, Michael Buchanan, Paulo Leme and Swarnali Ahmed for their valuable comments, and to Alex Kelston for the Growth Environment Scores Jim O’Neill and Anna Stupnytska December 4, 2009 Goldman Sachs Global Economics, Commodities and Strategy Research Global Economics Paper Contents Summary Section 1. Where We Stand on the BRICs and N-11 Section 2. The BRICs and N-11 in the Aftermath of the Crisis 2.1 BRICs and N-11 Global Importance Continues to Rise 3 4 6 6 Higher growth contribution Increasing trade shares Rebalancing current accounts Domestic demand and economic resilience 2.2 BRICs Market...
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...ECF5921 Introduction to International Economics Assignment Question 1 Based on the article and other related readings of your choice, discuss the economic and social factors that have caused individual behavior to shift towards the consumption of unhealthy foods and unhealthy lifestyles. Compare ‘fat taxes’ and other alternatives that can be used address the problem. Which one would you recommend? Why? Answer Based on the article “Stick and carrots”, there are certain factors from economic and social aspects that have caused the individual behavior to shift towards the consumption of unhealthy foods and unhealthy lifestyles. From the economic perspective, the article “stick and carrots” has given the theory of rational consumption theory which states that as individuals incomes grow, the range and volume of commodities each of us will consume is growing meanwhile. Thus, the expenditures on general goods increases alongside the increasing of our incomes. That is one of the reasons that nowadays general individuals may have more chances to gain fat (as food is one of the general consumption) by purchasing more food, especially cheap and tasty junk food. Moreover, the improving of technology within the food proceeding may also resulted in a fall in the price of food, as well as the availability of a wide variety of cheap foods. Other than just buying more food as the income effect itself, individuals also tend to substitute away from consuming relatively high-priced...
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.......................................................................................... 5 Monetary Policy: ....................................................................................... 5 External Sector: ......................................................................................... 6 Fiscal Policy: .............................................................................................. 6 10. Outlook: ...................................................................................................... 7 11. Facts & Statistics: ...................................................................................... 7 Page | 1 Brazil: Country with the motto ORDEM E PROGRESSO (Order and Progress) 1. Introduction: After being discovered by Portugal in 1500, it was only in 1808 that Brazil obtained a permit from the Portuguese colonial government to set up its first factories and manufacturers. In the...
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...Research Paper HUMN 432 - Society, Culture and Technology Ethanol in Brazil Team A I. Introduction 3 II. Brazil 4 a. Short history 4 b. Brazil during the oil crisis in the 70’s 6 III. Ethanol as bio-fuel 7 a. Extraction process 7 b. Energetically self sufficient ethanol plants in Brazil 8 c. Energy from Ethanol 9 d. Flex-Fuel Vehicles 10 IV. Economic Effects of Ethanol as Bio-Fuel 10 a. Brazil not endangered by a new oil crisis 10 b. Export 12 c. Vertical industries 13 d. Environmental benefits 14 V. Ethical and Social Implications 15 a. A market not dominated by oil barons 15 b. Independent economy 16 VI. Brazil in a global economy and ethanol in the US 18 a. Future of ethanol as bio-fuel in Brazil 18 b. Ethanol in the United States 19 c. E85 21 VII. Conclusion 22 VIII. Works Cited 23 I. Introduction Fuel, at its simplest, makes us go. It is a necessity to modern day life. Even if everyone were to walk, rather than drive, there would be a need for it. This is one thing that is in common around the world. The dependence on oil based gasoline has many of the most powerful countries forking out quite a bit for their fuel. This is, of course, the case in the United States. There is no doubt that this country needs an alternative fuel, or to cut back on its use of the current fuel. However, because we are so dependent at this time on oil based gasoline and other fuels, Americans tend to be a bit hesitant...
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...Brazil under Lula: Off the Yellow BRIC Road In 2001 Goldman Sachs had created the term “BRIC” to denote the group of emerging economies with high growth potential, including Brazil, Russia, India and China. But Brazil was the underperformer of the group and had some of the worst business-environment indicators among BRIC countries. “The second Lula administration is committed to a strategy of faster economic growth and higher living standards based on investment promotion, redistributive policies and higher levels of education”. For that Lula solicited his ministers for tax-reform proposals and fiscal incentives that could boost capital investments, mostly in infrastructure, to achieve growth rates of 5% per year. During his first term Lula reduced poverty and income inequality. Lula´s cash-transfer programs reduced the number of poor people significantly and brought down the Gini coefficient of income inequality to its lowest level in recent history. Lula maintained a policy of price and exchange rate stability, increased government savings, paid off the balance owed to the IMF and managed to reduce interest rates steadily. In order to grow like China and India, Brazil would have to tackle “the Brazil cost”: * To reduce the size and importance of the informal sector * Correct some macroeconomics deficiencies (e.g the high real interest rate and a high government debt to GDP ratio) * Reduce red tape * Improve the quality of public services (e.g education...
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...Term paper on “FDI in BRICS Countries” Submitted By AMARNADH ILLURI (1223114141) B.V.S.P.CHARAN TEJ (1226114108) SANDESH.SAKA (1226114132) SAIRAJ THAMMINA (1223114139) Submitted To Dr Radha Raghuramapatruni.,PhD Associate Professor in International Business & Economics GITAM School of International Business GITAM University Visakhapatnam -45 Andhra Pradesh FDI in BRICS Countries ABSTRACT: The BRICS continued to be strong performers in attracting foreign direct investment in 2013, almost doubling their share from the pre-crisis level. BRICS now account for over one fifth of global FDI with China gaining the 2nd spot, Russia 3rd and Brazil 7th in the list of top 20 host economies of 2013.The current share of global FDI inflows to BRICS is at 22 per cent which is twice that of their pre-crisis level, according to the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) report. Total inflow to BRICS reached $322 billion in 2013, up 21 per cent from 2012. INTRODUCTION: South Africa outperformed other countries within BRICS, with FDI inflows rising by 126%. With inflows to China at an estimated US$127 billion, including both financial and non-financial sectors – the country again ranked second in the world, closing the gap with the United States to some $32 billion, FDI inflows to the Russian Federation jumped by 83% to US$94 billion making it the world’s third largest recipient of FDI for the first time ever, The rise was predominantly ascribed to the large acquisition by BP (United...
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...financial crisis in decades. Although the global credit crunch was sparked by the bursting U.S. housing bubble, one of the most important causes was more basic: For too long, spending in the United States has outpaced incomes. This fundamental mismatch was supported temporarily by an extremely lax U.S. monetary policy that led to easy credit, and by foreign producers who supplied cheap goods to America in part by managing their currencies. The resulting, unsustainable imbalance led to financial collapse and a worldwide economic downturn, even in rapidly developing countries such as Brazil, Russia, India and China—the BRIC countries. The following articles from Knowledge@Wharton look at these and other developments in global finance. They also examine how similar crises have been managed successfully—or not—on a national basis in the past, and what lessons they may offer. 3 Contents Huge Reserves, Emerging Market ‘Challengers’ and Other Forces Are Changing Global Finance Rapidly developing economies (RDEs) have increasingly become drivers of change—and sometimes disruption—in global financial markets. That has important implications for companies in the United States and Europe as new players emerge, including sovereign wealth funds, state-controlled entities, and acquisition-minded corporations. 11 Do the Answers to Our Current Financial Woes Lie in the Past? Bad debt. Frozen credit. Stock market panic. Popular outrage. Political paralysis. The financial crisis that has...
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...in economics to refer to the combination of Brazil, Russia, India, and China which make up over 42% of the world's population. These nations are going to play a major role in the future of global economy. BRIC or BRICs are terms used in economics to refer to the combination of Brazil, Russia, India, and China. General consensus is that the term was first prominently used in a thesis of the Goldman Sachs investment bank. The main point of this 2003 paper was to argue that the economies of the BRICs are rapidly developing and by the year 2050 will eclipse most of the current richest countries of the world. Goldman Sachs argues that the economic potential of Brazil, Russia, India, and China is such that they may become among the four most dominant economies by the year 2050. The thesis was proposed by Jim O'Neill, global economist at Goldman Sachs. These countries are forecast to encompass over thirty-nine percent of the world's population. Goldman Sachs predicts China and India, respectively, to be the dominant global suppliers of manufactured goods and services while Brazil and Russia would become similarly dominant as suppliers of raw materials. Cooperation is thus hypothesized to be a logical next step among the BRICs because Brazil and Russia together form the logical commodity suppliers to India and China. Thus, the BRICs have the potential to form a powerful economic bloc to the exclusion of the modern-day G8 status. Brazil is dominant in soy and iron ore while Russia...
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...Spain Spain officially the Kingdom of Spain is a sovereign state and a member of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north and north east by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal. Spanish territory also includes the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean, the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean off the African coast, and two autonomous cities in North Africa, Ceuta and Melilla, that border Morocco. Furthermore, the town of Llívia is a Spanish exclave situated inside French territory. With an area of 505,992 square kilometres (195,365 sq mi), it is the fourth largest country in Europe. Spain is a democracy organised in the form of a parliamentary government under a constitutional monarchy. It is a developed country with the twelfth largest economy in the world by nominal GDP, and very high living standards, including the tenth-highest quality of life index rating in the world, as of 2005. It is a member of the United Nations, NATO, OECD, and WTO. Foreign relations Main article: Foreign relations of Spain After the return of democracy following the death of Franco in 1975, Spain's foreign policy priorities were to break out of the diplomatic isolation of the Franco years and expand diplomatic relations, enter...
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...Impact of the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997 and effect to Latin America Name: Institution: Date: Abstract In 1997, the Asian Financial Crisis spread rapidly all over the Asia and affected almost all the economies in the world. Prior to the Asian Financial Crisis, the Asian countries such as Thailand, Malaysia, South Korea, Indonesia, Hong Kong and Singapore experienced a remarkable growth in the economy that was considered the highest in the world. These Asian economies increased by a notable proportion of 6 to 10 percent annually in the GDP. However, what had been regarded as an Asian miracle seemed to crumple down rapidly 1997 when these Asian countries were faced with a severe financial crisis in their local stock and currency markets. When the economies started recovering from the crisis in 1998, the stock markets in several countries had considerably lost more than 70 percent of their worth, while their currencies depreciated in comparison to the US dollar (Pettis, 2001). The Asian Financial Crisis also affected several nations in the Latin America as they experienced a relentless economic meltdown that had detrimental effects to the economies. For instance, the financial crisis force multinational firms to close down due to liquidation, the banking system deteriorated and this forced high levels of lay-offs leading to unemployment. In addition, the financial crisis resulted in the loss of the people’s purchasing power in the Latin American while nations turned to...
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...Introduction: In this report the Economies of Poland and Brazil will be compared. The topics that will be covered are the following, Balance of Payments, Unemployment, Inflation and GDP. The research for this report has helped understand more about the economies of this world. Inflation Inflation is defined as the rate of the general level of prices for goods and services are rising, and, subsequently, purchasing power is falling (Investopedia, 2011). Comparing the two countries we were quite surprised about the outcome. Brazil: Between 1980 and 2010 the average inflation rate in Brazil was 445.98% (Trading Economics, 2011). This is an extremely high average inflation rate which displays a rather weak economy. The reason for this is the extremely high inflation rates between 1989 and 1994. Below is a table displaying the inflations rates of Brazil from January 2008 to the current date. As you can see there it is clearly shown when the economic crisis affected Brazil. The inflation rate in 2008 was 6.4% (Trading Economics, 2011). The high inflation rate was of course very convenient for government since; the Mint printed money around the clock, at a very low cost to the Treasury (v-brazil, 2011). In 2009, the inflation yet again decreased to a less severe level. The economy was slowly but surely recovering from the major economic crisis that hit the world in 2008. The government accomplished this through the increase of interest rates, which prohibits...
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...Economics 1, BUS 121 The economy of Brazil is in the top ten largest economies along with the United States. It is the biggest in Latin America. Actually it is the seventh largest in the world. Brazil has used its newly found economic mechanism to syndicate its outcome in South America and show more of a role in the Global Businesses. The Obama Administration’s National Security Strategy recognizes Brazil as a developing center of effect, and greets the management of the country’s joint and global issues. The United States and Brazil associations mostly have been good in the recent years. But Brazil has other strengthening relations with neighboring countries and expanding ties with nontraditional partners in the South that’s developing. Some foreign policy disagreements have transpired but the United States and Brazil continues to engage on matters such as security, energy, trade, the human rights, and the environment. Brazil is the biggest economy in Latin America with a GDP of $2.4 Trillion. Over the past decade, the country has appreciated average annual growth of 3.7%. This growth has been motivated by a bang in worldwide demand for its product exports and the increase in purchasing power of Brazil’s fast-growing middle class. The country has also been benefitted from a number of policy improvements that have reduced the increase and allowed Brazil to absorb better global blows like the fresh worldwide economic crisis. Brazil is a member of diverse economic organizations...
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...Macroeconomics assignment On ANALYSIS OF INDIA CHINA BRAZIL ECONOMIES INTRODUCTION The BIC Countries: Brazil, India, China. The BIC countries are made up of Brazil, India and China - although if we were to categorize them by importance, it would actually be CIB. Why the BIC are Important?? The BIC are both the fastest growing and largest emerging markets economies. They account for almost three billion people, or just under half of the total population of the world. In recent times, the BIC have also contributed to the majority of world GDP growth. According to various economists’ projections, it is only a matter of time before China becomes the biggest economy in the world - sometime between 2030 and 2050 seems the consensus. In fact, Goldman Sachs believes that by 2050 these will be the most important economies, relegating the US to fifth place. By 2020, all of the BIC should be in the top 10 largest economies of the world. The undisputed heavyweight, though, will be China, also the largest the creditor in the world. Apart from their growth characteristics, the BIC countries frankly have little in common. They are primarily an investment category now, although there may some political and economic alliances that develop from that grouping. If they do, it is likely to be temporary - once China has assumed its rightful place, it may have no need for these alliances. A G2 of China and the US may be more important for it unless the 2050 predictions do come true...
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...are the Main Challenges to Liberalism in the Current Global Order? Introduction: Liberalism: dominant ideological force shaping western political thought. Identified with western civilisation itself. Lib v. Popular inter-war period by idealists who believed warfare was an outdated way of settling events. Heywood- the central theme of liberalism in all its forms is harmony Peace is normal Faith in HN Democracy is necessary Outline what Neo-Liberalism believes in1) peace and security2) Economy – capitalism, no government intervention, invisible hand, free trade, absolute advantages, relative advantages. David ricardo. 3) Democracy Democracy and the USA ( link USA with liberalism) Ability of USA to steer world order is diminishing All about state capitalism: Rising powers are wanting a greater share of the spoils → challenging liberalism and thus USA → russia and china veto UN involvement in Syria Newly powerful states are starting to advance their own agendas for the world order: weaker US will find it harder to defend liberalism Todays rising states are large non-western developing countries. Brazil/China/India HOWEVER: Most people believe India/Brazil likely to support liberalism e.g. India has a commitment to interdependence. India is a joiner – it wants to be included e.g.recently pushed for a permanent seat on the UN security council Economy The recession has bolstered this narrative. The economic crisis started US- tarnished American model of liberal...
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