...fresh water ecosystems consist of live vegetation, and animal life. The fresh water ecosystem uses the plants, vegetation, and animals as its own purity system and pollution control. The vegetation around a fresh water ecosystem includes different trees, plankton, algae, and others. In addition, there is normally a variety of different wild life in a fresh water ecosystem. Birds, fish, and mammals help maintain the fresh water ecosystem. The human population is continuously growing and as a result the resources available are being used to the point of changing the overall flow of ecosystems. Rivers, lakes, ponds and wetlands are an example of freshwater ecosystems. Naturally, these bodies of waters are important for reducing pollution, controlling floods and the homes for aquatic life (National Geographic, n.d.). Since human population is rising any number of current negative uses such as the overuse of fossil fuels has a negative impact on freshwater ecosystems. Acid rain is a result of high amounts of nitric and sulfuric acid released into the air. Emissions from cars and power plants contribute to the rise of the acids released in the air. Acid rain affects the pH balance of freshwaters and depending on the body of water it may not be able to neutralize the acid. Therefore the acid becomes toxic to many aquatic species eventually making the species extinct altogether (Effects of Acid Rain, 2012). Humans can be affected as well since many...
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...The Guri Dam Case Study Analysis The Guri Dam, located on the Caroni River in Venezuela, was an idea born from the country’s necessity for economic development and reduce its dependency on its own oil rich reserves. The project was meant to aim Venezuela’s electric power generation from hydrocarbon to hydroelectric and reduce the country’s reliance on carbon based electricity, thus allowing the sale and exportation of more petroleum products. With the realization that Venezuela’s oil reserves were going to be a fundamental basis in the nation’s economic growth and stability, the Venezuelan government hired a consulting firm to develop the plan. From the start, the project had a well-defined scope, which potentially led to the project’s major success. Financed by the Venezuelan government and the World Bank, the 23 year project was completed on time and well within budget. Country leaders did an exceptional job during the planning and inception phase. Coporacion Venezolana de Guayana (CVG) was established in 1960 to study and develop the hydroelectric potential of the Caroni river. CVG outsourced the economic and technical studies of the river and the feasibility of building the Hydroelectric Central Guri (Guri Dam) to a North American Company. Eldeca, a company created in 1963 was given charge of the project and all subsequent operations of the dam. Eldeca’s management style and forethought proved to be a huge success during the course of the project. Eldeca outsourced...
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...Marine Main article: Marine ecosystem Marine ecosystems cover approximately 71% of the Earth's surface and contain approximately 97% of the planet's water. They generate 32% of the world's net primary production.[1] They are distinguished from freshwater ecosystems by the presence of dissolved compounds, especially salts, in the water. Approximately 85% of the dissolved materials in seawater are sodium and chlorine. Seawater has an average salinity of 35 parts per thousand (ppt) of water. Actual salinity varies among different marine ecosystems.[2] Marine ecosystems can be divided into the following zones: oceanic (the open part of the ocean where animals such as whales, sharks, and tuna live); profundal (bottom or deep water); benthic (bottom substrates); intertidal (the area between high and low tides); estuaries; salt marshes; coral reefs; and hydrothermal vents (where chemosynthetic sulfur bacteria form the food base).[1] Classes of organisms found in marine ecosystems include brown algae, dinoflagellates, corals, cephalopods, echinoderms, and sharks. Fishes caught in marine ecosystems are the biggest source of commercial foods obtained from wild populations.[1] Environmental problems concerning marine ecosystems include unsustainable exploitation of marine resources (for example overfishing of certain species), marine pollution, climate change, and building on coastal areas.[1] Freshwater Freshwater ecosystem. Main article: Freshwater ecosystem Freshwater ecosystems...
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...of the most complex ecosystems on Earth. It is home to numerous species of mammals, reptiles, amphibians, and fish. Since 1927, people have been working to preserve, conserve, and sustain the Mississippi's rich resources and harness its power and energy. However, many problems exist for various reasons. Because of its sheer size and diversity, agriculture is greatly affected. The effects of human population growth on the region cannot be underestimated, but people are working to minimize the impact as well as searching for techniques to manage sustainability and conservation efforts. These efforts lead to the discovery of the renewable and nonrenewable energy sources the river provides. Agricultural Impact Agriculture is the greatest threat to freshwater today. Agriculture is the growing of livestock and crop to produce food. In order to eat farming is needed and to survive eating is a must. However agriculture can impact the freshwater systems. Freshwater is a replenish supply through rainfall, but it is not limitless. The quality and quantity of remaining freshwater sources suffers, if human consumption outpaces natural restoration. Agriculture use 70 percent of freshwater. Water is indispensable for farming. Government financial need has made growing crops a business profitable causes many countries to grow crops that are inappropriate for the local climate and soil. The soil salinity (saltiness) increases when overproduction takes place, therefore growing hardy crops...
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...FORTIS INC. AND CHLILLO DAM Introduction Fortis is the organization aimed at delivering the earnings towards their shareholders whereas continuing the quality services to the customers at a reasonable prices. They had the strategy of positive growth and disciplined strategy of acquisition for shareholder’s wealth increase. PEST Analysis PEST analysis is the political, economic, social and technologuical system that must be analysed in this study. This study is based upon the project of Fortis that was based upon the electricity and power generation through dam construction in the Belize country. Following points are summarizing the key issues and current situations at the time of dam construction in Fortis and Belize. Political Analysis Belize is the country that has democratic state and sovereign status of the country with a government working on the parliamentary principles. Parliament principles are based upon the west minister parliamentary system. Country has the membership in the British commonwealth of nations after its independence. Belize electricity limited has the operations in strong relation to the economy and government (Ansar, Flyvbjerg, Budzier, & Lunn, 2014). They have more than 53,000 customer’s serves and able to meet up the highest demands of the country including 44 megawatts from the diesel fired generation, Mollejon hydro plant and energy purchase from commission de electricidad. BEL has enhanced the corporate image in the various modes. Electricity...
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...over centuries, fossil fuels and minerals, which are unrenewable resources and took millions of year to produce under pressure, have played an important roles as raw materials to create human supplies such as: transports, building houses, technology and up to Medicine. However, as the world population is expanding every year, people has depleting an excessive amount of it to satisfied their demands without concerning the impact of their behaviors on the environment. Mining minerals and gold is one of the act that depleting natural resources. Global warming and losing of habitats are the outcome that cause by two type of mining: Strip mining and Underground mining. For better understanding, Strip mining is surface mining by excavate soil and rock for extract underground minerals, which result in destruction and deforestation. Underground mining is a type of mining that allow to extract deeper coal underground. It’s often view to be less destructive than surface mining, but it still cause a major damage to environment. (Green Peace, 2010) One global aftermath that contaminate on environment are dam spill or acid mine drainage (AMD). For mining case, Dam is something that was built to stored toxic waste from mining forever. Acid mine drainage is when the dam spill and toxic waste from mining that were reserved, leak into the water, land surface and evaporate into the air. This issue resulted in damage soil, toxic air and polluted water. Another...
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...Tailings on our wildlife Tailings ponds have a detrimental effect on our wildlife. An article written by Andrew Nikiforuk determined that tailings ponds contain over 187 billion gallons of sludge that contain arsenic, mercury and fish-killing naphthenic acids that have led to increasingly high numbers of deaths throughout our growing ecosystem. They are engineered structures made of dam systems that are set up as containers for all the residual oil that is left over after oil sands have been processed into bitumen. Tailings are situated in the main three oil sands deposits; the Athabasca oil sands, Cold Lake oil sands and the Peace River oil sands. By 2009 it was said that tailings continuously keep increasing in size, and by the end...
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...Environmental Studies For Undergraduate Courses Erach Bharucha Textbook for Environmental Studies For Undergraduate Courses of all Branches of Higher Education Erach Bharucha for University Grants Commission Natural Resources i Preliminary Pages.p65 1 4/9/2004, 5:06 PM Credits Principal author and editor – Erach Bharucha Unit 1 – Erach Bharucha Unit 2 – Erach Bharucha, Behafrid Patel Unit 3 – Erach Bharucha Unit 4 – Erach Bharucha Unit 5 – Shamita Kumar Unit 6 – Erach Bharucha, Shalini Nair, Behafrid Patel Unit 7 – Erach Bharucha, Shalini Nair, Behafrid Patel Unit 8 – Erach Bharucha, Shambhvi Joshi Case Studies – Prasanna Kolte Co-ordination and compilation – Behafrid Patel Textbook Design – Narendra Kulkarni (Mudra), Sushma Durve Manuscript review and editing – Chinmaya Dunster, Behafrid Patel Artists – Sushma Durve and Anagha Deshpande CD ROM – Jaya Rai and Prasanna Kolte © Copyright Text – Erach Bharucha/ UGC, 2004. Photographs – Erach Bharucha Drawings – Bharati Vidyapeeth Institute of Environment Education and Research All rights reserved. Distributed by University Grants Commission, New Delhi. 2004. ii Environmental Studies for Undergraduate Courses Preliminary Pages.p65 2 4/9/2004, 5:06 PM Vision The importance of Environmental Studies cannot be disputed. The need for sustainable development is a key to the future of mankind. The degradation of our environment is linked to continuing problems of pollution, loss...
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...Freshwater Ecosystems Issues in Ecology Number 10 Winter 2003 Sustaining Healthy Freshwater Ecosystems SUMMARY Fresh water is vital to human life and economic well-being, and societies extract vast quantities of water from rivers, lakes, wetlands, and underground aquifers to supply the requirements of cities, farms, and industries. Our need for fresh water has long caused us to overlook equally vital benefits of water that remains in stream to sustain healthy aquatic ecosystems. There is growing recognition, however, that functionally intact and biologically complex freshwater ecosystems provide many economically valuable commodities and services to society. These services include flood control, transportation, recreation, purification of human and industrial wastes, habitat for plants and animals, and production of fish and other foods and marketable goods. Over the long term, intact ecosystems are more likely to retain the adaptive capacity to sustain production of these goods and services in the face of future environmental disruptions such as climate change. These ecosystem benefits are costly and often impossible to replace when aquatic systems are degraded. For this reason, deliberations about water allocation should always include provisions for maintaining the integrity of freshwater ecosystems. Scientific evidence indicates that aquatic ecosystems can be protected or restored by recognizing the following: • Rivers, lakes, wetlands, and their connecting ground waters are...
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...Introduction Fortis Inc., a company with interests in various North American electric utilities, is proposing to build the Chalillo dam on the Macal River in Belize, Central America. The dam would contribute to the economic development of the country by meeting the increasing demand from industry and consumers for electricity. The company believes that the dam is the most feasible, reliable, and cheap supply of electricity. Environmental non-governmental organizations (ENGOs) oppose the project because of the destruction of wild animal and plant life and the adverse downstream impact, and allege that there are more viable and cost-effective sources. Through a strategic analysis of the issues surrounding the case, we will analyze each alternative to present the best possible recommendation to Fortis Inc. Issues The most prominent issue faced by Fortis Inc. with respect to the Chalillo project is the potential environmental effects. A number of groups are opposed to the project due to the location, on a river where a rare ecosystem exists. The project would build a dam on the river, regulating the flow of the river, preventing flooding and providing a more consistent source of water. While this certainly is a benefit to the individuals residing downstream of the proposed site, it does cause a disruption in the natural environmental cycle. The area that would be impacted was host to a rare and discrete floral floodplain habitat. The system relied on the seasonal flooding and...
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...problems. Businesses prosper with the motive of growing their profits at an infinite rate. But environment considerations should not be left while garnering those profits. The role of Environmental ethics come into play here which focuses on the MNCs' ethics in running their businesses as well as keeping the environment untouched to the extent possible. Environmental Ethics The field of Environmental Ethics has grown since the early 1970s. The scholars who have categorized the natural environment include Alan Marshall and Michael Smith. Marshall has used the following terms to describe these categories: Libertarian extension, which commits itself to extend equal rights to the community which consists of humans as well as non-humans, Ecologic extension, which places equal emphasis on human rights as well as the interdependence of all biological objects and their diversity, and conservation ethics, which focuses on the worth of environment only in terms of how it is useful to mankind. The concept of Anthropocentrism places humankind at the centre of the...
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...Content Water they say is life, and indeed they were right. With about 70% of the earth’s cover being water; it undeniably becomes one of our greatest resources. Water resources are used in various ways including direct consumption, agricultural irrigation, fisheries, hydropower, industrial production, recreation, navigation, environmental protection, the disposal and treatment of sewage, and industrial effluents. Water has sources and supplies, economic, social, and political characteristics which make it a unique and challenging natural resource to manage. Water resources refer to the supply of groundwater and surface water in a given area. Water resources may also reference the current or potential value of the resource to the community and the environment. The maximum rate that water is potentially available for human use and management is often considered the best measure of the total water resources of a given region. With two thirds of the earth's surface covered by water and the human body consisting of 75 percent of it, it is evidently clear that water is one of the prime elements responsible for life on earth. Water circulates through the land just as it does through the human body, transporting, dissolving, replenishing nutrients and organic matter, while carrying away waste material. Further in the body, it regulates the activities of fluids, tissues, cells, lymph, blood and glandular secretions. An average adult body contains 42 litres of water and with just...
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...Rewriting Storm Water Regulations Danielle Nielsen Goochland High School Abstract This paper observes the negative and harmful effects of water pollution and storm water runoff on the environment and the surrounding community. The most common form of water pollution is sediment runoff. It then goes on to explain the research and effectiveness of Best Management Practices (BMPs) and their positive effects. BMPs are conservation practices that can preserve or improve the state of the environment. The argument stated in this essay refers to the use of storm water regulations in the United States. Most regulations are too strict to allow for any conservation practices because they can be very costly and ineffective if carried out improperly. If the storm water regulations are rewritten to allow for BMPs, then the state of commercial and non-commercial water sources could be greatly improved. The Importance of Rewriting Storm Water Regulations Think about all the bodies of water on our planet. Every river, lake, stream, and is essential to the way our world functions. Unfortunately, our society has done very little to preserve these water sources and as a result, our rivers, lakes, streams, and oceans are suffering from many forms of pollution. Every oil spill, discarded water bottle, and obstructive dam continually add to our already-polluted waters, and very little is being done to reverse this problem. The most prominent issue being studied today...
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...FACULTV OF AGRICULTURE B. AGRICULTURE 100 Level First Semester 1. Communication in English I 2. Logic Philosophy & Human Existence 3. Physical Chemistry 4. General Biology I (Botany/Zoology) 5. Practical Biology 6. General Physics 7. Mathematics 8. Organic Chemistry I 9. Practical Chemistry Sub-Total Second Semester 10. Communication in English II 11. Nigerian People and Culture 12. Social Sciences 13. Organic Chemistry 14. Biology II 15. Organic Chemistry II 16. Mathematics 17. Practical Physics 18. Use of Library Sub-Total 200 Credits 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 18 Credits Credits 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 17 Credits Level 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. First Semester Climatology and Biogeography General Agriculture Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals Crop Anatomy, Taxonomy and Physiology Principles of Soil Science Principles of Agricultural Economics Introduction to Forestry Resource Manag~ment Introduction to Biotechnology Sub-Total 8. 9. 10 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. Second Semester Principles of Animal Production Principles of Crop Production Principles of Food Science and Technology Introductory Biochemistry Introduction to Computers Introduction to Fisheries & Wildlife Introductory Statistics Entrepreneurial Studies I Introduction to Home Economics Sub-Total Credits 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 18 Credits Credits 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 19 Credits Total = 37 Credits All courses are core-courses for Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry. 300 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8...
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...CURRICULUM VITAE 1. NAME: Professor Emmanuel Egwu Oti (MFS) 2. MAILING ADDRESS: Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture P.M.B.053, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State. RESIDENTIAL ADDRESS: No 9 Umuoji Street Abakaliki, Ebonyi State. 3. E-Mail ADDRESS: otiegwuemmanuel@yahoo.com 4. DATE OF BIRTH: 24th January 1962 5. LOCAL GOVT. AREA: Afikpo North 6. STATE OF ORIGIN: Ebonyi state 7. NATIONALITY: Nigeria 8. MARITAL STATUS: Married 9. LIST OF DEPENDANTS: (i) Emmanuella Chinyere Oti (wife) (ii) Sandra Ijeoma Egwu-Oti(daughter) (iii) Juliet Chinenye Egwu-Oti (daughter) (iv) Genevieve Chiamaka Egwu-Oti (daughter) (v) Treasure Ifeoma Egwu-Oti (daughter) (vi) Bob-Manuel Chidiebere Egwu-Oti (son) 10. POSOTION AND SALARY SCALE: Professor / UASS 78 11. EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND: DURATION (i) Ngodo/Amachi Primary School Afikpo. 1970-1975 (ii) Government Secondary School Afikpo. 1975-1980 (iii) Alvan lkoku College of Education, Owerri. 1980-1983 (iv) University of Jos, Jos Nigeria. ...
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