...03-Montello-4862.qxd 1/30/2006 12:17 PM Page 35 CHAPTER 3 Data Collection in Geography Overview Learning Objectives: • • • What is the distinction between primary and secondary data sources? What are the five major types of data collection in geography? What are some of the ways geographers and others have made a distinction between quantitative and qualitative methods, and how do they relate to scientific and humanistic approaches in geography? I n the previous chapter, we explained that the empirical part of scientific research involves systematically observing cases in order to record measurements of variables that reflect properties of those cases. Researchers analyze the resulting set of data (usually numbers) graphically, verbally, and mathematically in order to learn something about the properties of the cases. Data collection efforts do not generally go on continuously but are grouped into periods of activity focused on particular research issues or questions. Such a focused period of data collection and analysis is a study (in Chapter 7, we learn that there are two major categories of scientific studies, experimental and nonexperimental). In this chapter, we introduce some basic characteristics of data collection in geography, including the distinction between primary and secondary data sources, the five major types of data collection, and the distinction between quantitative and qualitative methods. 35 03-Montello-4862...
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...Research, Statistics & Psychology Psy 315 April 15, 2013 Research, Statistics & Psychology The role of research and statistics in psychology are key parts for development of the field. Research is studying out the facts and information of a subject/topic to come to an understanding about it. It is done through scientific method, a systematic approach to gathering and “proving” information. Primary and secondary data are two collection methods of resources. Primary data deals directly from the original source whereas secondary data is from a second or third party and is not as reliable. Statistics comes in by expressing results in an understandable, usually visual, way. All these will be discussed herein below. Research Research is an in depth study, with intention of understanding, of, or revision of, facts, theories or laws ("Merriam-Webster", 2013). In turn, research is when one gathers information from numerous sources and learns about the specified / chosen topic until they have a clear knowledge themselves. It’s also used to prove /disprove opinions or hypotheses. Research is most beneficial when done with a systematic approach as it keeps one on track, and organized in their studies. According to Blankenship, there are eight steps to research: identify the problem or questions, review literature, clarify the problem, clearly define terms and concepts, define the population, develop an instrumentation plan, collect data, and analyze the data. These steps...
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...Fundamentals of Research Anna Albright BSHS/382 May 19, 2014 Fundamentals of Research Describe the Scientific Method The scientific method is compiled of a standard set of techniques that can be used to increase knowledge by making valid observations, interpreting results and simplifying those results. By using the scientific method researches are able to tests pre-existing results as well as modify and refine them or open up prior research for debate. According to Anol Bhattacherjee “the scientific method must satisfy four characteristics: replicability, precision, falsifiability and parsimony.” (Bhattacherjee, 2012) The definition of replicability is in the word meaning the research should be able to be replicated or repeated by other researchers and yet acquire similar or the same results. Precision means that although theoretical concepts can be difficult to measure they must be explained with intense precision that other researchers will be able to use the same explanations to measure the same concepts and test that same theory. According to Anol Bhattacherje “ the definition of falsifiability is that a theory must be stated in a way that it can be disproven. Theories that cannot be tested or falsified are not scientific theories and any such knowledge is not scientific knowledge.” (2012) If a theory consists of ideas that are not accurately measurable or cannot be tested it cannot be deemed as scientific. “Parsimony occurs when there are multiple explanations...
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...405 Research Methodology LECTURE 01 - 04 Course Instructor THAWHIDUL KABIR Lecturer, Department of Management School of Business, Campus 02 Bangladesh University of Business & Technology (BUBT) (Developed for facilitating the students of BUBT only and, thus, General Circulation to anywhere else is strictly prohibited) After completing this week’s lectures, you are expected to # Define Research # Describe the Objectives of Research # Elucidate the basic Classification of Research # Elaborate Research Process Briefly # Critically discuss the Principle of Scientific Research WHAT IS RESEARCH? Research is simply the process of finding solutions to a problem after a thorough study and analysis of the situational factors. But business research is systematic and organized effort to investigate a specific problem encountered in the work setting, which needs a solution. Thus it comprises a series of steps designed and executed, with the goal of finding answers to the issues that are of concern to the manager in the work environment. Hence, Business Research can be defined as a organized, systematic, data-based critical, objective, scientific inquiry or investigation into a specific problem, undertaken with the purpose of finding answers or solutions to it. TYPE OF BUSINESS RESEARCH On the basis of the two different purposes of research, it can be categorized in to: # Applied Research: A kind of research work...
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...Manager know about research when the job entails managing people, products events, environments and the like? Answer: Research comes in many form, any person in any position should know how to research in order to get their job efficiently. If there is something you didn't know, you have to research it and study to know it better. This way you can manage well because you know what you are doing. Research is an inherent part of management. Quality research displays a well-organized cognitive and comprehensive skill necessary to succeed in a manager position. Also, a manager must be a jack of all trades, filling in various positions during times of crisis or emergency. The manager, while managing people, products, events, and environments will invariably face problems, big and small, and will have to seek ways to find long lasting effective solutions. This can be achieved only through knowledge of research even if consultants are engaged to solve problems. The primary purpose for applied research (as opposed to basic research) is discovering, interpreting, and the development of methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge on a wide variety of scientific matters of our world and the universe. Research can use the scientific method, but need not do so. The goal of the research process is to produce new knowledge, which takes three main forms (although, as previously discussed, the boundaries between them may be fuzzy) Exploratory research, which structures and...
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...ACE8001: What do we mean by Research? & Can we hope to do genuine Social Science Research (David Harvey) What do we mean by research? What might characterise good research practice? There is no point in us trying to re-invent the wheel - other and probably more capable people than us have wrestled with this problem before us, and it makes good sense and is good practice to learn what they have discovered. In other words - we need to explore more reliable and effective methods and systems for the pursuit of research than we have been doing so far. What is research? Dictionary Definitions of Research: * "The act of searching closely or carefully for or after a specified thing or person" * "An investigation directed to discovery of some fact by careful study of a subject" * "A course of scientific enquiry" (where scientific = "producing demonstrative knowledge") Howard and Sharp (HS) define research as: "seeking through methodical processes to add to bodies of knowledge by the discovery or elucidation of non-trivial facts, insights and improved understanding of situations, processes and mechanisms". [Howard, K. and Sharp, J.A. The Management of a student research project, Gower, 1983 - a useful and practical “how to do it” guide] Two other, more recent guides are: Denscombe, Martyn, 2002, Ground rules for good research: a 10 point guide for social research, Open University Press. Robinson Library Shelf Mark: 300.72 DEN, Level 3 (several copies)...
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...heads. Organizational psychology is described as a field that utilizes scientific methodology to better understand individuals working in organizational settings (University of Phoenix 2008). The use of organizational psychologist is designed to help the organization function more effectively. There are several benefits from an effective organization. This paper will not only define organizational psychology, but will also explore the role of research and statistics in organizational psychology and describe how organizational psychology can be used in organizations. Organizational Psychology Organizational psychology is the scientific study of individual and group behavior in formal organizational settings (University of Phoenix 2008).To further this definition, psychology alone focuses on individual behavior. Organizations will fall apart if they would allow its employees to do their own thing and not have structure. Organizational psychology is a must in all organizations. Without organizational psychology, employees will be allowed to do their own thing without being aware of the behavior of their co-workers. Organizational psychology is mostly focused on group-type settings, most commonly in offices and workplace psychology. Industrial psychology also ties into organizational psychology by applying the methods and principals of psychology to the workplace. Research and Statistics The role of research and statistics in organizational psychology is incredibly important...
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...the Research Process Shenea Copeland HCS/465 - AGHC0311B2 March 13, 2012 Jeinnie Avera The topic of discussion is Applying the Results and Conclusion of the Research Process in Health Care. This paper will identify what ways are data collection methods and procedures appropriate for this study. In addition, appropriate steps taken to protect the rights of subjects will be discussed. Also, data collection tool that were used to support the reliability and validity of the study. Data analysis procedures will be discussed and ways they are appropriate for answering the research question or questions, for testing the study hypothesis or hypotheses, and key distinctions between qualitative and quantitative data will be provided to the reader. Finally, in conclusion a summary of the findings, strengths and weakness of the scientific merit, the major limitations of the scientific merit, and finding the support of the hypotheses of the study. How to Apply Results and Conclusion of the Research Process Results in research are apart of the methodology process in research. Methodology is the process where data has already been collected, and the results from the study are discussed. Some researchers rely on the methodology method because it provides accurate results for any project. When it comes to aging Americans, some researchers feel that a flow plan may be more effective when it comes to valid research. According to University of Phoenix RESEARCH TECHNIQUES...
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...CHAPTER 2 1.Describe the hallmarks of scientific research. 2.What are the steps in hypothetico-deductive research? Explain them, using an example not in the book. 3.One hears the word research being mentioned by various groups, including research organizations, college and university professors, doctoral students, graduate assistants working for faculty, graduate and undergraduate students doing their term papers, research departments in industries, newspaper reporters, journalist, lawyers, doctors, and other professionals and nonprofessionals. In the light of what you have learned in this chapter. Which among the aforementioned groups of people doo you think may be doing ”scientific” investigations in the areas of basic or applied research? Why? 4.Explain the processes of deduction and induction, giving an example of each. 5.If research in the management area cannot be 100 percent scientific, why bother to do it at all? Comment on this statement. 6.Critique the following research done in a service industry as to the extent to which it meets the hallmarks of scientific investigation discussed in this chapter. The Friendly Telephone Company Customer complaints were mounting, and letters of complaint regarding the problems they experienced with the residential telephones lines were constantly pouring in at the Friendly Telephone Company. The company wanted to pinpoint the specific problems and take corrective action. Researchers were called in, and they to a...
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...050-word paper describing the scientific method and the fundamentals of |Mon, 11/18/2013 |10 | |Research Paper |research. Address each of the following in your paper: |11:59 PM MST | | | | | | | | |Define the scientific method. How does it relate to human services research? | | | | | | | | | |What are the steps in the process of scientific inquiry? Why must each of these steps be | | | | |included to support the scientific method? Provide a human services research example of the | | | | |scientific method and identify each step within your example. | | | | | | | | | |Define quantitative research and qualitative research. Explain how they differ and...
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...Fundamentals of Research in Human Services Yolanda M. Long BSHS/382 Research and Statistics for the Social Sciences March 17, 2014 Michael A. Keitler, MA Fundamentals of Research in Human Services This paper will define the term scientific method and how it relates to research in human services. The process to evaluate the research must incorporate steps needed to identify the problem, analysis the data, and finally form a conclusion. The paper will further explore and define the differences between quantitative and qualitative research in the human services field and the scientific method behind the research. An example depicting a quantitative research, qualitative research, and mixed method research will be covered as well as how scientifically sound research can support the functions of a human service professional. Scientific Method and how it Relates to Human Services Research The Institute Innovation in Health and Human Services at James Madison University defines Scientific Method as the collection of quantitative and/or qualitative date for studies that incorporate logical design and are replicable. The measures, procedures, and analysis are informed by best practices in the field, and the findings are interpreted within the context of the extant research literature (para. 5). Scientific method is important to the field of human services as professionals try to assist clients through reliable data previously captured. If a client is dealing with abuse issues...
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...Research is the systematic investigation into existing or new knowledge.[citation needed] It is used to establish or confirm facts, reaffirm the results of previous work, solve new or existing problems, support theorems, or develop new theories. A research project may also be an expansion on past work in the field. In order to test the validity of instruments, procedures, or experiments, research may replicate elements of prior projects, or the project as a whole. The primary purposes of basic research (as opposed to applied research) are documentation,discovery, interpretation, or the research and development of methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge. Approaches to research depend on epistemologies, which vary considerably both within and between humanities and sciences. There are several forms of research: scientific, humanities, artistic, economic, social, business, etc. Contents [hide] * 1 Forms of research * 2 Etymology * 3 Definitions * 4 Steps in conducting research * 5 Scientific research * 6 Historical method * 7 Research methods * 8 Publishing * 9 Research funding * 10 Original research * 10.1 Different forms * 11 Artistic research * 12 See also * 13 References * 14 Further reading * 15 External links | ------------------------------------------------- [edit]Forms of research Scientific research relies on the application of the scientific method, a harnessing of curiosity. This research provides scientific information...
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...What is Organization Psychology? Anissa Michaud PSYCH/570 November 07, 2014 Michelle Seyfarth What is Organization Psychology? A growing psychology for industries seeking a scientific approach to his or her business, will outreach for organizational psychologists. Organizational psychology refers to a person or group of behaviors as a whole among particular organizational settings (Jex & Britt, 2008). Jex & Britt (2008) discuss patterns of behavior are influences from a structured environment such as a person employment. How organizational psychology works by scientific studies with collection of data. The data can come from individual behavior or systematic levels of grouping common behaviors (Jex & Britt, 2008). Some types of organizations have a formal or informal organization. A continuity among employees is a setting of forma organizations and an informal organization is less explicit about the purpose (Jex & Britt). This paper will breakdown all the information pertaining to organizational psychology. This includes the evolution, a couple of disciplines with association to organizational psychology, and roles for the research/ data collection. Evolution Industrial organization psychology begins in the 20th century. Topics of investigation for this scientific study were skill acquisition and personnel selection (Jex & Britt, 2008). This advancement gave industries a platform to formulating better hiring of employees through simple questionnaires...
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...specific, in which a conclusion follows necessarily from the premises. Induction- The process of deriving general principles from particular facts or instances. 2. Deduction is a process to get to the conclusion while a induction draws up a conclusion from one or more particular facts. 3. For research deductions is needed for understanding the general to the specific. Induction is looked-for so research groups can process a conclusion. C. 1. Operational Definitions- When applied to data collection is a clear, concise detailed definition of a measure. Dictionary Definitions- Is to determine or identify the essential qualities or meaning. 2. Operational Definitions will allow you to generate data for detail measures while dictionary definition defines the essential for a research projects qualities or meaning. 3. Operational Definitions is required for research for data collection and measurements. dictionary definitions is required for research to define necessary meaning. D. 1. Concept- A briefly stated clear idea around which an ad or marketing campaign is organized. Variables- An expression that can assigned any set of values. 2. A Concept is a generally accepted collection of meanings or characteristics associated with certain events while a variable is value or set of values related to a property being studied. 3. Concept...
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...What is Research? - Systematic enquiry aimed at providing information to solve problems (to guide business decisions) - Research entails carrying out of a diligent inquiry/a critical examination of a given phenomenon – hence exhaustive study, investigation or experimentation following some logical sequence - Research involves a critical analysis of existing conclusion or theories with regard to newly discovered facts – thus continued search for new knowledge and understandilg of the world. - Process of arriving at an effective solutions to problems thus systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of data. - A voyage of discovery; A journey; An attitude; An experience; A method of critical thinking; A careful critical enquiry in seeking facts for principles - An art of scientific investigation o Scientific and systematic search for pertinent information on a specific topic o Process of arriving at dependable solutions to problems through the planned and systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of data - A systematized effort to gain new knowledge; A movement from the known to the unknown o Search for (new) knowledge/ facts through objective, systematic and scientific method of finding solution to a problem o Implicit question + Explicit answer + data to answer the question o Not synonymous with commonsense, but systematic, objective (purposeful), reproducible, relevant activity having control over some factors - An activity caused by instinct...
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