Free Essay

Dearerator Principles

In:

Submitted By deejayfb
Words 1436
Pages 6
ALTAIR EQUIPMENT CO.,INC.
Water Treatment Technologies
WARMINSTER, PA. 18974

DEAERATORS
Why Deaeration
Corrosion of iron or steel in boilers or boilers feed water piping is caused by three fundamental factors:
1. Feedwater temperature
2. Feed water ph value
3. Feedwater oxygen content
Temperature and ph value influence the aggressiveness of corrosion. The higher the temperature, and the lower the pH value the increased aggressiveness of the feedwater. The dissolved oxygen content of the feedwater is a large factor in determining the amount of corrosion that will take place. The presence of oxygen, and other non-condensable gases, in the feedwater is a major cause of corrosion in the feedwater piping, boiler, and condensate handling equipment.

Deaerator Principles
Deaeration is the mechanical removal of dissolved gases from the boiler feedwater. There are three principles that must be met in the design of any deaerator.
1. The incoming feedwater must be heated to the full saturation temperature, corresponding to the steam pressure maintained inside the deaerator . This will lower the solubility of the dissolved gases to zero.
2. The heated feedwater must be mechanically agitated. This is accomplished in a tray deaerator by first spraying the water in a thin film into a steam atmosphere. Creating a thin film reduces the distance the gas bubble has to travel to be released from the water. Next, the water is cascaded over a bank of slotted trays, further reducing the surface tension of the water. This allows for the removal of any gases not liberated by the initial spraying.
3. Adequate steam supply must be passed through the water, in both the spray section and the tray section to sweep out the gases from the water.

LET ALTAIR EQUIPMENT CO., INC. BE THE TOTAL SOLUTION FOR YOUR WATER TREATMENT NEEDS
VOICE: 215-672-9000 FAX: 215-682-0284 EMAIL: AECO@ALTAIREQUIPMENT.COM
INDEX: 220-012-89918

PAGE 1 OF 5

ALTAIR EQUIPMENT CO.,INC.
Water Treatment Technologies
WARMINSTER, PA. 18974

DEAERATORS
Deaerator Designs
Over the years, various types of deaerators have been developed. They are the counter-flow tray type, the atomizer type, the packed tower type, and the parallel downflow type, to name a few. Altair offers two types of deaerators that it feels meets the requirements of most installations. These two types are the packed tower, and the parallel downflow.


Counterflow deaerators
Disadvantages
1. Inability to deliver 0.007 ppb outlet quality in applications with a low inlet water temperature, or when 100% make-up is required.
2. Low tray loading. This reduces the flow rating for a given diameter deaerator vs. a parallel downflow unit. 3. High vent rate. This reduces operating efficiency

Advantages
1. The counter flow deaerator is cheaper to manufacture. Conclusion
Altair feels the higher capacity, and the ability to perform under varying steam and water conditions makes the parallel downflow (and packed tower for smaller applications) design competitive, and the only logical choice. •

Atomizer deaerators
Disadvantages
1. Inability to deliver 7 ppb outlet quality when plant conditions vary from design specifications. Requires constant plant conditions.
2. Failure rate of the atomizer valve, and maintenance required to keep it operating properly.

Advantages
1. Low cost
2. Low overall height
Conclusion
Altair experience indicates that the atomizer type deaerator is only effective when applied to an application with no plant or process swings. Along with the maintenance required, this type deaerator, while inexpensive, has only limited applications.
LET ALTAIR EQUIPMENT CO., INC. BE THE TOTAL SOLUTION FOR YOUR WATER TREATMENT NEEDS
VOICE: 215-672-9000 FAX: 215-682-0284 EMAIL: AECO@ALTAIREQUIPMENT.COM
INDEX: 220-012-89918

PAGE 2 OF 5

ALTAIR EQUIPMENT CO.,INC.
Water Treatment Technologies
WARMINSTER, PA. 18974

DEAERATORS



Parallel downflow
Disadvantages
1. More complicated design, resulting in slightly higher cost Advantages
1. Time proven design
2. Thousands of installations worldwide
3. Design suitable for small to medium size plants
4. Can meet outlet guarantees at varying plant conditions. 5. High tray loading, resulting in higher outlet capacity for any given diameter.

6. Large tray spilling edge, resulting in high deaerating efficiency 7. Low vent rate, resulting in increased operating efficiency. Conclusion
Altair has standardized on the parallel downflow design, due to the obvious design and operational advantages. Altair is one of only two manufactures that can produce this type deaerator. Altair's low overheads allow it to offer this type unit at a very competitive selling price.



Packed tower
Disadvantages
1. Height requirement
2. Typically considered for small size plants.
Advantages
1. Low cost
2. Low maintenance
3. Ability to handle varying plant conditions

LET ALTAIR EQUIPMENT CO., INC. BE THE TOTAL SOLUTION FOR YOUR WATER TREATMENT NEEDS
VOICE: 215-672-9000 FAX: 215-682-0284 EMAIL: AECO@ALTAIREQUIPMENT.COM
INDEX: 220-012-89918

PAGE 3 OF 5

ALTAIR EQUIPMENT CO.,INC.
Water Treatment Technologies
WARMINSTER, PA. 18974

DEAERATORS
Conclusion
Altair has developed this design to meet the requirements for a reliable deaerator capable of producing completely deaerated water for small plants. Altair's proprietary packed tower design includes multi-stage deaeration, to deliver top performance.

Description of Altair Deaerator Operation


Parallel downflow
In this design, the inlet water is sprayed into a steam atmosphere through variable orifice, spring loaded spray nozzle(s). This action heats the water to within 2 to 3 degrees of the steam temperature, while liberating 90% to 95% of the dissolved gases.
This pre-heated, partially departed water then flows down through a water seal(s) for distribution over the tray bank. The water seal(s) serve two functions. First they prevent gases liberated in the initiate heating, from entering the tray bank. Second they direct the steam to flow down through the trays, before entering the upper heating section.
The main function of the tray bank is to remove the remaining amounts of dissolved gases, not liberated in the initial heating. Since very little, or no heating takes place in the trays, the entire volume of steam is used to scrub out the remaining gases. The trays are slotted, and provide a great amount of spilling edge. This allows for a great amount of water surface area to be exposed to the steam. Water flows downward through the trays. Steam flows downward through the trays. Thus the name parallel downflow.
The steam, after exiting the tray bank, then flows upward into the top of the deaerator where it is used to heat the incoming water being discharged by the spray nozzles. The steam is condensed by the colder inlet water, and a small amount is vented to atmosphere, along with the dissolved gases.
The deaerated water flows from the deaerator down into the storage tank. The stored water is covered by a steam blanket, to maintain heat, pressure, and prevent recontamination of the deaerated water.



Packed tower
In this proprietary Altair design, the inlet water is sprayed into a steam atmosphere through a variable orifice, spring loaded spray nozzle. This action heats the water to within 2 to 3 degrees of the steam temperature, while liberating 90% to 95% of the dissolved gases.
The heated water flows down onto a distribution plate. This plate evenly distributes the water over the entire cross-sectional area of the tower packing.
As the water flows down through the distribution plate it enters a steam chest area, where the water is further heated by upflowing steam, and more of the dissolved gases are liberated.
Any remaining dissolved gases are removed when the water flows down from the steam chest and then down through the packing tower. The packing tower function is to expose a greater surface area of the water, while upflowing steam completes the deaeration process.

LET ALTAIR EQUIPMENT CO., INC. BE THE TOTAL SOLUTION FOR YOUR WATER TREATMENT NEEDS
VOICE: 215-672-9000 FAX: 215-682-0284 EMAIL: AECO@ALTAIREQUIPMENT.COM
INDEX: 220-012-89918

PAGE 4 OF 5

ALTAIR EQUIPMENT CO.,INC.
Water Treatment Technologies
WARMINSTER, PA. 18974

DEAERATORS
The water leaving the bottom of the packing tower, is given a final scrubbing of steam. The steam, entering the deaerator from below the packing tower, is introduced through a fixed orifice steam distributor. This steam distributor directs high velocity steam through the downflowing water leaving the bottom of the packing tower.
The departed water flows from the deaerator down into the storage tank. The stored water is covered by a steam blanket, to maintain heat, pressure, and prevent recontamination of the deaerated water.

LET ALTAIR EQUIPMENT CO., INC. BE THE TOTAL SOLUTION FOR YOUR WATER TREATMENT NEEDS
VOICE: 215-672-9000 FAX: 215-682-0284 EMAIL: AECO@ALTAIREQUIPMENT.COM
INDEX: 220-012-89918

PAGE 5 OF 5

Similar Documents

Premium Essay

Toyota

...to solve these issues the most cost effective way. The main issues that need to be addressed are: missing/broken/wrong parts, wrinkles on seats, various issues with the bolster, and head rest functionality. Seat installations from both rear positions have more defects than that of the front seat installations. These issues could also be caused by the new team members that began working in April. The defects also need to be noticed earlier in the process and when it is found there should be fewer movements of the car and seat. 3. Where, if at all, does the current routine for handling defective seats deviate from the principles of the Toyota Production System? It deviates from TMM’s guided principles. With the high level of defects it does not follow the JIT production, which also goes against TPS’s principles. It also deviates from the jidoka principle that seeks to build quality control in the production process and averting problems when they are detected. Not only being extremely prone to shutdowns they didn’t have people that were capable of solving the problems promptly. The organization cultivated two strong attitudes: stick to the facts, and get down to the root cause of the problem. With the cars going through the assembly line, than to Code 1 area, afterwards moved to the overflow parking area to wait for a replacement seat; it would cause the need for overtime and is not suitable design for a production...

Words: 306 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Hcs 335 Code of Ethics Wk 3 Team Paper

... Organizations and entities need support from the community in order for the company to thrive and prosper; therefore there are numerous reasons to encourage the significance of social responsibility in the community. The American Red Cross’ vision statement is based on the principle of always being there in times of need. They are compassionate champions who assist all people affected by disaster across the United States and around the world by providing shelter, medical attention, and lifesaving blood products. As an example of American Red Cross commitment to social responsibility, fundamental principles comprises of humanity, impartiality, neutrality, independence, voluntary service, unity and universality. Humanity The principle of humanity is based on the desire to deliver assistance, with no discrimination, to those in need on both national and international levels to prevent and heal human suffering where it’s found. Impartiality The American Red Cross does not discriminate again any nationality, race, religious beliefs, class or political beliefs. Their sole purpose is to promote healing and provide assistance to those in distress. Neutrality The purpose of this principle states that the American Red Cross remains impartial and does not take sides in hostile situations nor engages in controversies as a result of political, racial, religious, or ideological nature. Independence...

Words: 480 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Principles of Positive Change

...Principles of Positive Change As humans, like all sentient things in our world, we seek safety and security above almost everything. This is one of our key instincts that forms part of the backdrop of our growth from child to adulthood. We learn from our parents, other people and events we experience as we grow up, how to be loved and how to stay safe. Some of the lessons we may have learned, worked for us as children, but are no longer appropriate as adults. Others are the product of difficult or traumatic experiences in the past, most usually during childhood, which have left a legacy of negative beliefs and thought patterns. Our thoughts and therefore our lives can be changed if you are truly ready to commit to the process of change. I know it works, I've seen it transform peoples lives first hand. If you are seeking to improve or change your life, then to achieve it using spiritual techniques you will have to integrate the following principles into your life. Don't Panic! It is not something that anyone can do all at once. But by slowly finding ways to adopt these principles into your life, you will grow spiritually and as a person. From this inner strength and love all change is possible. 9 Principles for Positive Change: 1. Love & Self-Esteem i. Love yourself and others and the world around you without limitations. Accepting yourself and everything around you with love. This is the ultimate focus of all our work, at the very centre of everything...

Words: 705 - Pages: 3

Free Essay

Beyond Borders

...there has been a dramatic increase of refugees, estimating 11 million today which is up from the 3 million that was recorded in the mid-1970s (UNHCR.com). Founded in 1919, the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) is now the largest humanitarian organization. In 1965 the IFRC proclaimed the Seven Fundamental Principles of Humanitarianism. The principle of humanity, the principle of impartiality, the principle of neutrality, the principle of independence , the principle of voluntary, the principle of Unity, and lastly the principle of Universality. The film Beyond Borders follows Sarah Bauford (Angelina Jolie), Nick Callahan (Clive Owen), and a small group of aid relief volunteers working throughout a few of the world’s most volatile areas. This films greatest lesson is showing the existing needs of many people and how there are few who are there to help and trying to make a difference. This film exemplifies the most important of the principles of humanitarianism in a very complex way. In the film many of the characters exemplify the principle of humanity in both positive and negative ways. The principle states that the movements goal is to “prevent and alleviate human suffering” by promoting “understanding, friendship, cooperation, and lasting peace.” At the beginning of the film Nick Callahan storms into the aid relief international’s black and white ball, and although he is attempting to plead with the people to try to help prevent and...

Words: 948 - Pages: 4

Free Essay

Mission Command

...PRINCIPLES OF MISSION COMMAND 1. Build cohesive teams through mutual trust – shared confidence among commanders, subordinates, and partners. 2. Create shared understanding – CDRs and staff actively maintain shared understanding within the force and with unified action partners by maintaining collaboration and dialogue throughout the operations process. 3. Provide a clear commander’s intent – convey a clear image of the operators purpose, key tasks, and the desired end state. It expresses the broader purpose of the operation – beyond that of the mission statement. 4. Exercise disciplined initiative – action in the absence of orders when existing orders no longer fit the situation, or when unforeseen opportunities or threats arise. 5. Use mission orders – directives that emphasize to subordinates the results to be attained, not how they are to achieve them. CDRs use orders to provide direction and guidance that focus the forces activities on the achievement of the main objective, set priorities, allocate resources, and influence the situation. 6. Accept prudent risk – a deliberate exposure to potential injury or loss when the commander judges the outcome in terms of mission accomplishment as worth the cost. PRESENTATION OUTLINE / SLIDES A. Intro, purpose, references, procedure/outline 1. Greeting (poised and confident) 2. Purpose (BLUF) – relevant, focused, clear, concise, stating thesis 3. References (current and meaningful) 4. Procedure...

Words: 421 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Conceptualizing a Business

...trail rides, educating people on equine care, also the CMT equine riding center will also be offering summer camp and weekend camps for children. Company is: * Will conduct business with ethical standards. * Will provide quality lessons in North Texas. * Will also provide a safe and peaceful environment for the guest, employees. Vision Statement The CMT riding center is going to be a number one equine riding center in North Texas with the different riding activities. CMT riding center is always looking for different ways to expand the riding center to get different age groups involved. The CMT riding center hires array of people they are different ages to make our vision true. Principles and values The next step in the company is principles and values. The principles are the viewpoints in which will guide the company in a direction through the course of the company existence. The largest responsibility of the CMT riding center is to ensure the safety and health of its guest, stuff, and horses while interacting...

Words: 369 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Seminar

...1. What are the principles of conflict? • The principles of conflict are as follows: 1. Principle 1: Conflict is a usual, unavoidable part of personal relationships. When people grow close to one another, occasional disagreements are inevitable. 2. Principle 2: Conflict may be expressed overtly or covertly. Overt conflict is out in the open and unambiguous. Whereas covert conflict is the opposite, concealed and vague. 3. Principle 3: Social Groups Shape the Meaning of Conflict Behaviors Our cultural membership and socialization in particular social communities affect how we view and respond to conflict. In certain cultures debating is done for fun, whereas other cultures frown upon it. 4. Principle 4: Conflict Can Be Managed Well or Poorly People respond to conflict in a variety of ways, from physical attack to verbal aggression to collaborative problem solving. Contingent on how differences are managed, conflict can either encourage ongoing intimacy or tear a relationship apart. 5. Principle 5: Conflict Can Be Good for Individuals and Relationships. Conflict is often viewed in a negative light, it can actually be beneficial. One of the benefits: conflict can often provide opportunities for growth. This is because it develops insight into our feelings when we exchange them with others. 2. What are the orientations to conflict? Which do you tend to use most often (if you do not know, take...

Words: 507 - Pages: 3

Free Essay

Gaap

...Generally Accepted Accounting Principles in Healthcare Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) are the accounting standards used in the United States that provide an outlet for organization to record and report their financial information in a standardized manner (Richards, n.d.). This has proven to be of particular importance in the healthcare arena where many areas of finances can be ambiguous or gray. Additionally, the principles guide the reporting systems to prove or disprove the financial viability of the organization. This again is important in the healthcare industry related to achieving the goal of providing quality care to patients (Cleverly, Song, & Cleverly, 2011). GAAP focuses on five different principles of accounting. Accounting entity, money measurement, duality, cost valuation, and stable monetary unit are the five principles discussed in the following paragraphs. Principle definition and the relationship they have to the healthcare industry will be identified and correlated to healthcare practices. Accounting Entity Cleverly, Song, & Cleverly (2011), define an accounting entity as the organization for which financial statements are being formed. They discuss the difference between entities such as sole proprietorship, incorporations, and affiliations with government agencies and universities. The clear definition does not include employees or other persons or organizations with vested interest in the organization but solely the organization’s financial...

Words: 267 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

School

...of a surgery would be beyond her means without some sort of write-off or assistance. However, her family makes too much to qualify for Arizona Health Care Cost Containment System (AHCCCS). Examine this case, using each of the following principles in turn as a possible guide to your actions: 1. The principle of utility: Bring about the greatest good with the least harm. The principle of utility is determined by the rightness of the act on someone’s happiness. Therefore, after examining the case and using the principle of utility, I would make sure that the action I perform should in turn make the patient happy. Furthermore, if the female patient wanted me to perform surgery to fix her gall stone condition, I would try to come up with the best possible solution to get her the surgery she wants. The surgery would improve the well being of the patient and she will be more comfortable after the surgery is over knowing that she will no longer have to deal with her gall stones. 2. The principle of equality: Everything is distributed equally. `The principle of equality means that everyone gets treated equally, and no one person should be favored. Thus if I were dealing with this patient and guiding my decision based off of this principle she would have to receive the same treatment as anyone else experiencing these symptoms unless complications...

Words: 288 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Marketing Policies: an Empirical Assessmet

...Does marketing contain a set of well-defined principles that can help managers to make better decisions? If so, are these principles communicated effectively? We assumed that the answer to the first question was ”yes,” and undertook a project to see how much progress has been made in developing marketing principles. Our goal was to develop an inventory of marketing principles and to see how this inventory changed over time. But in trying to develop this inventory, we were confronted by the second question, that is, the communication of knowledge. Thus, we sought to develop an inventory of the principles that are actually being communicated. As a working definition, we defined principles as normative statements that specify a condition followed by a suggested action. That is, marketing principles should provide operational guidelines, telling managers how to act in a given type of situation. An example of a principle is that the illustration in a print ad should be placed above the copy. Principles should help marketing managers to make better decisions because they incorporate marketing knowledge derived through previous research and experience. A well-developed set of principles can act as a basis for an expert system. For example, Burke et al. (1990) developed an expert system in advertising based heavily upon the principles presented in the advertising textbook by Rossiter and Percy (1987). Well-supported principles of marketing should be of interest to marketing practitioners...

Words: 438 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Sociotechnical Principles

...Analysis 1: Sociotechnical principles are integral to designing a system. Understanding and applying them increases the likelihood that the system will achieve optimal design and performance. The nineteen principles outlined in the article each contribute a concept that augments critical parameters such as productivity, effectiveness, and employee morale. Sociotechnical understanding is vital to system design because of the fast rate innovative technologies for information and communication are being developed and implemented. The dominance of these technologies require that sociotechnical principles be applied to maximize their effectiveness. The sociotechnical principles outlined in the article contribute to system design by explicitly proposing techniques and concepts that emphasize the critical nature of integrating technical and organizational aspects of system design. The principles are meant to support design by a wide range of disciplines, and their usefulness derives from the idea that they can be implemented across a variety of applications when supported by the proper tools addressing specific issues. 2: I would differentiate between the three major categories of principles using the area of application each category is intended for. The difference is revealed by the names of the categories. Meta principles are intended for an all-encompassing aspect of system design. This is different from Content principles which can be viewed as a subset...

Words: 622 - Pages: 3

Free Essay

The Most Crucial Principles and Qualities for Survival

...The Most Crucial Principles and Qualities for Survival Although humans are the strongest and smartest animals on earth, we still die for silly reasons. Sometimes, humans do not know why they get in trouble or how they control the circumstances for survival. According to Laurence Gonzales, Deep Survival: Who Lives, Who Dies, and Why, we can clearly see the situations that happen to us and understand the reasons why somebody can survive, but someone else cannot. This book makes us realize that "accidents happen anyway but they do not necessarily happen to us". Through this book, Laurence Gonzales supplies an enormous amount of knowledge to us about the most crucial principles and qualities for survival. We need to be aware and ready when the dangers are close to us. We can survive by learning how to be perceptive, positive, and active to overcome the challenges and survive. Before we talk about the qualities insides the survivors' mind, there are three important principles discussed in the book that will improve our chances of survival by learning how our body must act in dangerous situations. The first principle is that we should avoid impulsive behavior and always be aware of danger. In Chapter Two, LG told us about the deaths of two snowmobilers who tried to speed off and reach "high-marking". Although people warned that "there were a high avalanche", they still wanted to go up to the hill (45). They thought, "it's fun" (48). They had poor impulse behavior which easily...

Words: 1773 - Pages: 8

Premium Essay

Mengzi 孟子, Ii.A.6

...child about to fall into a well, anyone would have feelings of shock, fear and distress. It is not the case that it is in order to obtain friendship with the child’s parents, or that they seek to gain praises of their fellow villagers and friends, nor from thinking that such a thing is evil. The reason for this condition is that without XXX, one is not a man, without a heart that is shameful of evil, one is not a man, without expressions of complaisance, one is not a man, without a heart that knows right from wrong, one is not a man. The feeling of commiseration is the principle of benevolence; the feeling of being shameful of evil is the principle of righteousness; the feeling of expressing complaisance is the principle of propriety; a heart that knows right from wrong is the principle of knowledge. Men have these four principles just as they have their four (limbs) of the body. When men, having these four principles, but say of themselves that they cannot develop them, they are stealing from themselves, and he who says to his...

Words: 414 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Business Talk Report

...of the World's 5th largest professional services network and Also is the | Regional Senior Partner for Asia Pacific Region ‘C’ (ASEAN) of BDO. Dato’s drive | since his early age has seen him rise quickly to the top. Prior to his appointment to the | board of BDO, Dato’ Gan was the Managing Director of the Financial Advisory Services | Department at one of the Big 5 accounting firms. With over 30 years’ experience in, | auditing, accounting and financial advisory, Dato’ Gan specialises in corporate | turnaround and financial restructuring of under- performing companies, and has | extensive experience in the field of corporate finance and advisory assignments. | For his successful in his career life, he own his 8 guiding principles in his life, | The first one, is the adopt a “practical” approach with inherent Common Sense, second, | Always be conscious of a “Nasi sudah Jadi Bubur” situation, third, don’t be too quick | In proposing a “hair cut”...

Words: 453 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Early Childhood Settings

... A panel of professional individuals invited by the Minister of Children and Youth Services in Ontario in January 2007 started the Best Start Expert Panel on Early Learning for Every Child Today. This document better known as ELECT was created a few years ago (2014), to improve the quality and stability, which was, meant to be the framework for Early Childhood Settings for the province. ELECT transfers a direction for developmentally appropriate learning, which has established six core principals to guide in the practice of early child development. In addition it provides a continuity of development for children from birth to the age of eight. In the document ELECT it describes how children learn and develop, and provides knowledge and guidance for curriculums in Ontario’s early childhood settings, including child care centers, regulated home child care, nursery schools, kindergarten, Ontario Early Years centers, family resource programs, parenting centers, readiness centers family literacy, child development programs in Community Action Program for Children, Healthy Babies Healthy Children and early intervention services. This document was intended to enhance, not to replace, the Ontario Day Nurseries Act, Early Years Centre outlines and the Kindergarten Programs, Early Learning for Every Child Today is prepared for the use by all early childhood educators, practitioners, kindergarten teachers, family and staff support and any other caregivers who are working...

Words: 691 - Pages: 3