The personality position in scientific history encompasses the thought that each individual shapes the course of our history, and their inventions are exclusively their own therefore impacting and changing our world as the year’s progress. This thought if frequently trusted upon and viewed to be without a shadow of a doubt correct. When we research the past, if it is frequently done all we realize is incredible personalities thought of these single extraordinary thoughts and the world was never the same again. We also learn that these individuals held the sole obligation of changing the world. This attitude toward history is considered to be epic in light of the fact that incredible researchers are given a huge measure of acknowledgment for their discoveries. The personality position is also called the "Extraordinary Man" theory (Jones, 2011, p. 67). The naturalistic position communicates one's perspective as to the way of "reality". It is the view that this present reality in the real world is made up of elements which are interrelated to the point that one section definitely impacts alternate parts. To comprehend this present reality, the parts can't be separated however; the parts must be inspected in the context of the world. It is basically a logical phenomenon separated from a consistent positivistic perspective of the truth of world. It alludes to the request that utilize immediate contact in the middle of investigators and performers in the circumstances as a method of gathering information. It obliges the utilization of new techniques to plan the study instead of using the earlier detail, create information classifications from examination of the information after gathering and don't endeavor to sum up the discoveries.
The zeitgeist in general refers to social, learned, ethnical, spiritual or political atmosphere in a country or in a particular group, alongside the general vibe, ethics and socio cultural events connected to a certain period of time. The personality and naturalistic positions in the historical backdrop of psychological research and study are diverse and incorporate numerous distinctive researches, ranging from scholars to different researchers. These masterminds have impacted the investigation of psychology from numerous points of view. The personality position in scientific history and additionally the naturalistic positions prompted the development of the field of social psychology. The zeitgeist helped the field of psychology by giving the individuals who were living in those times the devices to have the capacity to adapt to the times in which they were existing. Utilizing positivism to clarify how all things ought to be seen.
Both the personality and naturalistic theories of scientific history are related to the zeitgeist .The zeitgeist of the earlier centuries primarily focused on building intellectual capacity that in turn nourished new psychology whose underlying principle was the spirit of mechanism, some people viewing the universe to be a great machine. This doctrine states that all natural processes are mechanically determined and can be explained by the laws of physics and chemistry. The idea of mechanism traces its roots to physics being a result of the Italian physicist known as Galileo Galilei and fellow English mathematician and physicist known as Isaac Newton who discovered matter.
The invention of the mechanical clock was as a result of the spirit of mechanism and was a technological sensation then as computers are today. At that time it was the only mechanical device that marveled human thoughts, they were first developed by the Chinese and the Europeans soon followed suit by modifying the clock making it fancy by reducing its size. This idea went on to become a model in the founding of the United States and American politics at large and played a part in development of the doctrine of separation of powers which was incorporated in the constitution system.
The zeitgeist of the twentieth century is characterized by staggering innovation advancement that has caught present day mankind into a cooperative association with the mechanical world. During this time innovative inventions became substitutes of our arms, legs, kidneys, heart, lungs and our sensory system to such a degree that the limits between science and mechanical gadgets have ceased to exist. The prototypical stories of Faust, the Sorcerer’s Apprentice, Golem and Frankenstein have turned into the main mythologies of our times. Materialistic science in its exertion to comprehend and control the universe of matter has caused a creature that debilitates the survival of life in our planet. The human aspect has changed from being prolific to that of an exploited person.
The twentieth century was additionally described by unbridled brutality pulverized on an uncommon scale. Interethnic wars, grisly revolutions, dictatorial administrations, mass killings, torment, and worldwide terrorism all prevailed amid this time. In the World War only an evaluated ten million troopers and twenty million regular citizens died. Other fatalities passed on from war-spread epidemics and starvation. Roughly twice as many lives were lost amid World War II. This century saw the savagery of Nazi Germany and the Holocaust, the malevolent hecatombs of Stalin's cleanses and his Gulag Archipelago, the onset of chemical and biological warfare, the invention of weapons of mass decimation and destruction, and the catastrophic horrors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. We must include the human rights violations in China and other Communist nations, the victimized people of South American authoritarian regimes, the atrocities and genocide perpetrated by the Chinese Tibet, and the savageries of the South African Apartheid. The wars in Korea, Vietnam, and the Middle East, the slaughters in Yugoslavia and Rwanda are living prove of senseless killings that took place amid those hundred years.
Another imperative norm during this period was the phenomenal social change with respect to sexuality. A significant change in attitude, qualities and conduct. The second half of the twentieth century saw a phenomenal move as sexual restraint was thrown away and manifestation of sensual motivations happened around the world. On one hand, the removal of social demands encouraged a general slackening of sexual restraint, early sexual experimentation by the more youthful population, premarital sex, fame of normal law and open marriage, gay liberation, and sexual theater plays, TV programs and motion pictures. Anyhow at the same time, the shadow sides of sexuality surfaced to a phenomenal degree and got to be part and parcel of present day society intemperate wantonness, teen pregnancy, grown-up and youngster erotic entertainment, areas of town started offering all comprehensible types of prostitution, sexual "slave markets," peculiar vaudeville shows, and clubs coddling customers with an extensive variety of suggestive deviations and corruptions. What's more the darkest shadow of all of them the quickly raising specter of the overall AIDS scourge produced an indistinguishable connection between sexuality and demise.
For some individuals’ anxiety, challenges of life, estrangement have resulted to a devouring need to escape and look for delight and comfort. The utilization of hard medications such as heroin, cocaine, split, and amphetamines arrived at astronomic extents has heightened into a worldwide pestilence. The realms of the medication rulers and the awful fight for the lucrative opiates underground market helped fundamentally to the escalation of crime particularly in slums located in urban areas. In a nutshell the ills tormenting advanced society are rampaging innovation overshadowing human life, self-destructive of our planet's environment, brutality arriving at whole-world destroying extents, sexual overabundances, mass utilization of sedatives and opiate drugs.
Descartes set out to make an entire new arrangement of thought that would bind together all learning and as a result he was referred to as the father of modern philosophy. Descartes logic set a substantial stress on deductive thinking and science. He created new apparatuses (expository geometry and the Cartesian coordinate framework) which significantly improved the capacity of researchers to utilize arithmetic to model the physical world; strengthening the meaning of science as the investigation of measurable amounts (Schultz, 2011, p. 47).
Descartes most prominent impact on science, and on our society, originated from his "dualistic" model of reality. Descartes suggested that reality comprises of two different domains: a physical domain and a mental domain. The physical domain is the domain of matter and vitality. Its properties can be measured and consequently can be considered by science. Everything in this domain works by absolutely mechanical properties. Descartes incorporated the body as a major aspect of the physical domain, it being seen as a natural machine with no choice. The mental domain is the domain of the brain and the spirit, which are seen as being "transcendent" to physical reality. The properties of the mental domain can't be measured (as they don't exist physically) and hence fall outside of the domain of science. This domain is the topic of reasoning and religion.
Descartes dualist methodology served science well at the time. By putting science and religion in diverse domains it permitted researchers to move ahead without being smoldered at the stake for blasphemy. It additionally, nonetheless, has had a colossal impact on our society. It put the investigation of psyche outside the domain of science. This has had genuine results for brain science, which should either: cast out 'the psyche' as a topic, and tackle a simply robotic perspective of conduct; incorporate 'the brain' as a subject to be examined and be marked as not logical. It differentiated engineering (physical domain) from morals (mental domain). Architects are seldom needed to take a class on morals, and rationalists are infrequently needed to take a class on building. Generally, engineering is, no doubt created outside of any contemplations of its insight. The perspective of the body as a machine has prompted an extremely mechanical methodology to drug. As of not long ago, the impact on recuperating of the quiet's convictions and confidence, and the imperativeness of the patient-specialist relationship, have been basically overlooked.
Descartes yearned to find out and prove that the human spirit exists, and show that God has control over material things. Descartes assumed that the truth of all that he sensed could be questioned, with the exception of the way that he was questioning. His decision, "I think, subsequently I am," was fundamentally a religious certification. This showed the presence of the human soul, and from that point he happened to confirm God's presence. From Descartes viewpoint, spiritual things are generally separate from matter, and matter is totally passive, and has no powers which are in broad sense characteristics of God. A long time later in the Enlightenment period, incidentally, individuals overlooked the primary purpose of Descartes' reasoning, and concluding that human thinking had turned into the establishment of knowing, and that the universe was extensive and detached from components of matter working by altered laws, without the likelihood of marvels occurring.
It is therefore crystal clear that Descartes ideas are naturalistic because according to his line of thinking reality excludes spirits and an extraordinary God but the essential truth is that the material universe works in accordance to the laws of science, Seeing the universe a closed framework, implies that it is never showed signs of change or followed up on by anything from the outside. In this way, to the naturalist, there is no such thing as a transcendent being, above or outside the universe .There is no heavenly being and neither does man transcend the material universe in any capacity, yet he exists absolutely inside the domain and reality of that universe of matter. Man does not transcend the material universe by having a spirit; rather, all that man is, originates from the properties and strengths of matter, obviously composed by the courses of action of regular advancement. Man is fundamentally a profoundly developed creature.

References

Schultz, D., & Schultz, S. (2011). A history of modern psychology. Cengage Learning.
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Jones, D. (2011). Psychology and Society. Psychology in Social Context: Issues and Debates, 18.
Walsh, R. T., Teo, T., & Baydala, A. (2014). A critical history and philosophy of psychology: Diversity of context, thought, and practice. Cambridge University Press.