...[is] your experience with the decision-making model? As people, we make decisions daily from what to wear to what to eat. Decision making will forever be a part of our day-to-day activity. However, as we all know the decision making process is frequently difficult and very complex. Personally, my experience with the decision- making model in the business world has been very broad from taking sale orders to deciding terminations. Currently, one of my job responsibilities as a manager of seven afterschool programs is to allocate funds. The characteristic that I find myself falling into under decision making model is that of non-programmed decisions. My job requires that I make “decisions that do not have established routines or procedures” (Gomez-Mejia & Balkin, 2002) to follow. For example, my job requires that I predict the amount of funds that will be paid out for payroll each month but because of the many factors that go into paying our staff. I can never give definite outcomes, rather only estimates. This lack of concrete information creates an unstable foundation upon which to base my decisions. Thus they tend to be viewed as (or deemed) uncertain. Making decisions in groups is another area of the decision making model with which I can identify with. Decision making in groups is stated to have its pros and cons. One of the pro’s is it allows for a greater diversity of ideas and opinion. Group decision making also can enhances decision acceptance as more are involved...
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...Running Head: Models of Decision Making Models of Decision Making Table of Contents Training Proposal for Managers: 3 Based on the results, are the decisions of new managers likely to be objective or subjective? Rational or irrational? Explain your answers. 6 Bibliography 7 Models of Decision Making Training Proposal for Managers: There are different ways of improving decision making among employees. Some of the ways to improve decision making among the newly promoted managers includes: ▪ Improving practical thinking: Practical thinking denotes the strengths of how we think for everyday problems, calling on experience more than formal models. Practical thinking includes creative and critical elements. Creative thinking techniques normally help to generate new information. The new manager’s can be encouraged to more of practical thinkers. ▪ Applying guidelines: There is no perfect set of guiding principle for success; to improve requires self-reflection and hard work to adopt new habits. Therefore making manager’s thinking habits more deliberate will prompt self-reflection and through practice will ultimately make the improved thinking less effortful. Improved thinking strategies will create greater self-confidence, making it more probable that challenges will be dealt with rather than being ignored. ▪ Moving thinking upstream: Thinking ahead and predicting potential ways that a situation assessment may be wrong or...
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...Decision Making Models Traci Borden BSHS/335 ETHICS & VALUES IN THE HS PROFESSION 4/23/2014 Teela Carmack Decision Making Models In the Human Service Profession, a human service worker will be faced with challenging ethical dilemmas in which where one’s personal ethical values and beliefs will challenged with the ACA Code of Ethics. When a situation like this arises, it is vital for the worker to remember to engage in careful consideration when regarding an ethical decision that needs to be met and that is when the worker will look upon the types of decision making models. The paragraphs below will briefly explain three important decision making models in which will help the Human Service make the right ethical decision for the client in which they are serving. The Feminist Model is based on the principal that power should be equal in the therapeutic relationship and calls for the clients maximum involvement at every stage of their process. Women want to be seen as equal to men when it comes to salaries and the way society views women based on their beliefs and values and their contribution to society. This certain model is gender based considering the majority of clients seeking help from the human profession worker are mostly women. The next decision making model is the Social Constructionist model. This particular model redefines the ethical decision making process as an interactive/social process rather than an individual one. The primary focus is on...
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...• Decision-Making Models There are several decision making models; “Business schools generally train students to follow rational decision-making models” (Robbins & Judge, 2011, p. 177). The rational decision making model is one of the most popular decision making models. This model uses cognitive reasoning, judgment, and logic. There are six steps in the rational decision making model that include: defining the problem, identifying the decision criteria, allocating weights to the criteria, developing alternatives, evaluating the alternatives, and selecting the best alternative. Following these steps can be time consuming and requires the decision maker to rely in part on assumptions (Robbins & Judge, 2011). Another decision making model is the intuitive decision making model; this model is considered to be emotionally charged. New research suggest that the intuitive decision making model is based on years of experience and learning (Robbins & Judge, 2011). The intuitive decision making model is considered by some universities to be coincidence, or luck related. The intuitive decision making model is considered the opposite of the rational decision making model (Decision-making-confidence.com, n. d.). The recognition primed decision making model uses an intuitive approach. This model uses patters that the decision maker has seen in the past. The decision maker views a problem at hand and compares it to situations from experience. Then the decision maker rehearses the...
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...Theoretical models of decision-making, and their neuroscientific underpinnings Introduction In this essay I would like to focus the theoretical models of decision making that have come from psychology, cognitive and ecological alike, and review relevant literature from cognitive neuroscience that may or may not provide neural foundation for the claims that they have formulated. The reason for which I find it interesting to contrast these two approaches is there different outlook on the concept of “bias”. Traditional – closed systems - approaches to decision-making The investigation of decision-making is a multidisciplinary endeavor with researchers approaching the area from different fields and applying numerous different models (Hastie, 2001). The normative model of decision-making originates from mathematics and economics and the most prominent normative model is perhaps Subjectively Expected Utility (SEU; Savage, 1954). This model of rational behavior implies that people act as if they are calculating the "expected utility" of each option, choosing the one that they believe has the highest value. It has been criticized however, as some researchers doubted whether humans actually perform the mental multiplications and additions suggested by SEU. Simon (1955) was the first to challenge the assumptions of optimizing decision theories (such as SEU) making strong arguments concerning the limited capacity of the decision maker, for which he introduced the term “bounded rationality”...
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...Decision making in business affords numerous methodologies. Within the text, the Rational Decision Making model is outlined, including the Six Step Approach to making rational Decisions. This model, obviously, finds to be effective in most instances. It considers defining the problem, understanding all of the issues involved, weighing them, coming up with alternatives, categorizing these alternatives, and with all things considered, finding the best decision. This model considers that the steps are followed sequentially to attain the best result. While, scholars agree that for maximum effectiveness, the steps should be adhered to in order, they also recognize that “we as individuals very rarely employ them optimally” (Bazerman, 2009). I would like to offer a completely different model to decision making. Let us discuss the recognition primed decision making model as designed in 1985 by Gary Klein, which is further researched and outlined as an Intuitive Decision Making Model. This model utilizes the intuition one has, built by various outside factors, including experience, situation, and quite honestly: gut instinct. “In a given situation, the decision maker will pick up cues and indicators that let them recognize patterns. Based on these patterns and the decision they have to make, the person chooses a single course of action, an ' action script', that they consider will achieve the outcome” (McDermott). This action script, as described is based on how one replays...
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...Decision-making is a complex process whether an individual takes the time to think it through or acts on a whim, there is much more involved than one realizes. Obstacles exist that challenge ethical decisions in an internal, external, or societal level. Decision-makers may be aware of one or more of these or even be unaware as they move through their days and find themselves in various workplace or social situations. A model for decision-making provides a guide to follow, and if its use becomes a habit, there is an increased chance of developing an ethical culture that encourages accountability and an appreciation for staying true to individual and organizational values. Werhane, Hartman, Archer, Englehardt, and Pritchard (2013) point out that despite having a decision-making process as a guide, people may still fail to act ethically in an either bold or quiet manner. Humans tend to be fickle and fall prey to selfish tendencies or peer pressure causing them to appear wishy-washy at times. This can be emphasized through various mental models, blind spots, and a silo mentality. In personal and business relationships communication is...
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...INTRODUCTION We all have to make choices. One of those most important decisions made in our life are based on the market - buying goods. No one buy goods unless they have a problem, a need or a want. The Consumer Decision Making Model can be applied with any economics decision you have to make. The goal in creating this model was to analyze how individuals sort through facts and influences to make decisions that are logical and consistent for them. Think like an economist with this convenient tool. The CDP model consists of seven major stages: Need recognition, search for information, pre-purchase evaluation of alternatives, purchase, consumption, post-consumption evaluation and divestment. The aim of this paper is to discuss these processes with reference to a product and analyze the reason why marketers should understand the CDP model. 1. Need recognitions Need recognitions is the most important factor which leads to buying of products and services. Need in fact is the catalyst which triggers the buying decision of individuals. It occurs when an individual senses a different between what he or she perceives to be the ideal versus the actual state of affairs. Need recognition depends on how much discrepancy exists between the actual state (the consumer’s current situation) and the desired state (the situation the consumer want to be in). Consumer buy things when they believe a product’s ability to solve a problem are worth more than the cost of buying it. Imagine having...
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...104:311–323 DOI 10.1007/s10551-011-0910-1 A Model for Ethical Decision Making in Business: Reasoning, Intuition, and Rational Moral Principles Jaana Woiceshyn Received: 11 February 2011 / Accepted: 16 May 2011 / Published online: 28 May 2011 Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011 Abstract How do business leaders make ethical decisions? Given the significant and wide-spread impact of business people’s decisions on multiple constituents (e.g., customers, employees, shareholders, competitors, and suppliers), how they make decisions matters. Unethical decisions harm the decision makers themselves as well as others, whereas ethical decisions have the opposite effect. Based on data from a study on strategic decision making by 16 effective chief executive officers (and three not-soeffective ones as contrast), I propose a model for ethical decision making in business in which reasoning (conscious processing) and intuition (subconscious processing) interact through forming, recalling, and applying moral principles necessary for long-term success in business. Following the CEOs in the study, I employ a relatively new theory, rational egoism, as the substantive content of the model and argue it to be consistent with the requirements of longterm business success. Besides explaining the processes of forming and applying principles (integration by essentials and spiraling), I briefly describe rational egoism and illustrate the model with a contemporary moral dilemma of downsizing...
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...I suggest that counselors should receive counseling before they start their professional as a counselor. We are all human and we face trauma and challenges in our life. Elaine should have sought guidance before making the decision to move, take on a heavy caseload and limiting her self-care. She may have wanted to a change to improve her life, but wasn’t mentally ready. Self-care is an important aspect of counseling. Self-care behaviors may also help mental health professionals avoid compassion fatigue, which can often result from work in a high-stress or traumatic environment and may lead to self-doubt, self-blame, and ethical or legal complications (ACA, 2014). You have to meet your own needs before providing services to other people. Especially when you’re working to please and care for others often interferes with one's self-care routine and can take a toll on a person's well-being. People who have dependent personalities or experience depression, codependency...
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...ELEMENTS AND MODELS OF A DECISION-MAKING PROCESS Four processes of decision-making Whether small or large, short- or long-term, studied or impulsive, decision-making involves four major elements: problem definition, information search, choice, and evaluation. They are not sequential, they occur simultaneously. And it is often difficult to identify when a decision process begins and ends as most important choices are ongoing. Problem definition The first step in defining a problem is recognizing that it exists. Then, problems are plentiful; attention is scare. Selecting a problem for attention and placing it on the policy agenda is the most important element in policy making. When a problem is given attention, it gains focus and takes shape. How a problem is defined affects how it is addressed. The problem of the homeless is a good example. The people without home have always been with us. Most often they have been seen as people who because of their own weaknesses could not find work and afford homes. They were dismissed as drunks and drifters. So defined, the homeless remained a problem in the background – a problem for the Salvation Army, not the government. But as their number grew, we began to take a closer look. We saw individuals discharged from mental institutions, the unemployed whose benefits had expired, and families unable to afford decent home. And we started seeing “the homeless” as people in desperate situations. This change in our perception...
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...Abstract People make decisions every day. Whether they are as easy as deciding if they want to eat breakfast or as complicated as choosing their life partner. Decision making is a continuous activity human kind does on a daily basis. The same approach is taken in the business world. From the decision as simple as to when to answer the phone to the decisions as complicated as terminating an employee for misrepresentation and fraud. My experience in decision making models has been quite extensive when it comes to creating “How to” processes and timeframes. What is your experience with decision-making models? Decision making is a constant activity humans do on a daily basis for our personal lives and in the business world. Decision from as simple as picking the right furniture to divestitures and acquisitions; business decisions are an every day task. In order to make the right choices businesses develop “how to” models or procedures to help them take the best decisions based on the information available at the time and using the existing resources. My Personal Experience Current From counseling employees to persuading the president not to make changes to the current strategies, decision making is an every minute happening in my current role. One of my current responsibilities is managing the short and long-term disability policies. In order to be able to manage the volume of claims a model had to be created. My role was to identify the members of the committee and...
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...[Type the company name] SUBMITTED BY DEBASHREE MISHRA 211040 FMG 21(A) DMM PROJECT TRANSPORTATION PROBLEM [Type the author name] Acknowledgement I am grateful to Dr. Hitesh Arora, Professor , FORE School of Management to have helped me in the development of the project and provided me required guidelines for the same. I would also like to thank all my classmates , who in some way or the other, guided me to have a better understanding of the project and for their support to complete the project on time. Introduction: Decision making is an essential part of the management process. It involves a philosophy of problem solving in a logical manner using a scientific approach. One of the application of Management science/Decision science is the mathematical formulation of Transportation Problems. Transportation Problem: This type of problem is generally concerned with the distribution of a certain commodity/product from several origins/sources to several destinations with minimum total cost through single mode of transportation. Mathematical formulation: Let ai= quantity of product available at origin i bj= quantity of product required at destination j cij= cost of transporting one unit of product from source I to destination j xij= quantity transported from origin i to destination j Assuming that Σai= Σbj i.e. total amount available at origin equals the total amount required at destination, the problem can be stated as a linear programming...
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...Ethical decisions are a hard process and the decision is not always easy when making them. When making ethical decisions it is good to collaborate with other professionals. Counselors, social workers, and psychologist play a certain role in helping clients. Clients expect the best care from clinicians and expect that clinicians. Clinicians need to understand that they need to not imposed their own values, when making the correct ethical dilemmas. Clinicians need to look at the whole client when making an ethical decision. For example, the clinician needs to look at the client’s whole multicultural perspective when making those ethical decisions. Counselors need to look at an ethical decision making model, when making the hard ethical...
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...CHAPTER 2 – Ethical Decision Making Model Objectives: * To know the definition of Ethics, * To discuss Principles of Ethical Conduct * To identify the Ideas organizing Principle of Ethics * To provide a systematic way of making ethical decision. * To encourage, motivate you to think about Ethical Decision you make. Meaning of Ethics Ethics: * Ethics provides a set of standards for behavior that helps us decide how we ought to act in a range of situations. In a sense, we can say that ethics is all about making choices, and about providing reasons why we should make these choices. moving from a primary focus on teaching employees to master the knowledge, skills, and job behaviors and apply them to the day-to-day activities (Making Choices: Ethical Decisions at the Frontier of Global Science) * Ethics refers to principles that define behavior as right, good and proper. Such principles do not always dictate a single "moral" course of action, but provide a means of evaluating and deciding among competing options. * The terms "ethics" and "values" are not interchangeable. Ethics is concerned with how a moral person should behave, whereas values are the inner judgments that determine how a person actually behaves. Values concern ethics when they pertain to beliefs about what is right and wrong. Most values, however, have nothing to do with ethics. For instance, the desire for health and wealth are values, but not ethical values. (www.josephsoninstitute...
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