...Humans maintain two distinctly different brain systems that provide the brain with the capability to store information. Patients with profound damage to their medial temporal lobe, like H.M., illustrated that despite the damage, motor skills along with perceptual and cognitive skills were still intact. This finding allowed researchers to describe two forms of memory, declarative and non-declarative memory. With the addition of more knowledge and repeated experiments, researchers were able to acknowledge multiple memory systems (Squire, 2011). The two different memory systems are divided into declarative and non-declarative memory. Declarative memories are available for access from our conscious mind and consist of episodic and spatial...
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...evidence for the separation of declarative and non-declarative memory Long term memory is a place where we store all of the memories that for long period of time. Once the memory has been stored in the long term memory, it can last up from a few minutes to the rest of your life. The amount of how much a person can save in the long-term memory is infinite. There are two different kinds of memories, one of them is called declarative memory. Declarative memory is the ability to for example remember what you ate for dinner yesterday, or recall a typical event; in other words, it is a memory of general knowledge, data, factual information and events. Declarative memory (also known as implicit memory) has two types: sematic and episodic...
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...neuroanatomy of and neural processes related to learning based on current literature. There is a subtle difference between learning and memory whereas learning is the process by which in one’s mind there is an incorporation of new information and abilities and memory is the way in which the mind stores the information and abilities. There is a great importance from the outset that there are many kinds of memory such as procedural memory. Procedural memory is the process of remembering how to do certain things. Declarative memory is another memory where one can remember actual semantic information. These two memories are often unrelated in many instances. A prime example of these two memories would be a basketball player may have the perfect three point shot, but does not need to be fully aware of the physics that goes into shooting a three-pointer because procedural memory comes into play. To some extent this describes the difference between declarative and procedural memory. Even though that they are totally different form one another they both are a kind of memory. You can describe learning as a process in which experiences are incorporates into a person’s memory. This definition can be broad and encompasses not only the most traditional type of learning such as school learning. Learning can also be described as people forming memories of significant events that have occurred in the past. However, biologically, learning encompasses all of these aspects because the same system...
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...Discuss the multi-store model of memory (12 Marks) The multi-store model of memory was suggested by Atkinson and Shiffrin, in order to explain how memory works. Memory is a system which is vital to our survival. For psychologists, memory covers processes called; encoding, storage and retrieval. Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) suggested that memory is made up of a series of stores. The stores differ in their encoding, storage and retrieval characteristics. Atkinson’s and Shiffrin’s multi-store model of memory contained three key parts to the memory which were the sensory information system, the short-term memory and the long-term memory. The sensory information system (SIS) was believed to be the storage for memory held as a sensation, e.g. a visual image. Sperling (1960) believed in the SIS and to demonstrate its existence he conducted an experiment. He showed participants three rows of four mixed numbers and consonants for a very brief time, then played them a tone (high, medium or low) to prompt them to recall the top, middle or bottom line. Participants could do this easily if they recalled immediately but the image faded rapidly, lasting for no longer than one-quarter of a second. In this way, Sperling was also able to show that the SIS holds 5-9 items. It also showed that the information was quickly lost as the sensory image fades. The next stage of Atkinson’s...
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...University of Phoenix Material Week 2 Review Worksheet The Process of Memory In the spaces provided beneath the flowchart, list the term that corresponds with the definition in each box. [pic] 1. Store____________________ 2. Encoding_________________ 3. Short term memory________ 4. Consolidation______________ 5. Declarative Memory________ 6. Chunking_________________ 7. Segmentation________ 8. Rehearsal Computing IQ Essay Consider the following scenario: Kara is 10 years old. She has been given an intelligence test. Her mental age is 13. According to Sternberg, what is Kara’s IQ? Conduct research and interpret her score. Choose two theories of intelligence. Write a 150- to 200-word discussion on the components of each theory, and how they differ in relation to Spearman’s g factor. According to Sternberg, Kara’s IQ is 90 because at ages 10,11,12,13 the level of IQ is more than ages above 17 because of initiation to adulthood. Kara’s scores will be high because children with elevated levels of intelligence are more likely to learn in the school setting comparatively to their peers with lower scores. This gives evidence to the relationship between IQ scores and school performance. The triarchic theory of intelligence was created by Sternberg while he was piloting research on human intelligence. The triarchic theory is made up of three components. The first component addresses the relationship between intelligence and experience...
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...through life. Recognizing a face can be a difficult for the individual and also for the brain system that processes. The complexity of recognizing individual faces can be a difficult task at times. Recognizing faces also includes looking at an individual’s emotional expression and then, being able to take that information and processing it. This can be more complicated because facial recognition also includes the processing of emotions and emotional content. The brain can easily recognize a face without encountering any complications. Facial identification is essential for recognition of people in the social context within our society. The basic process of visual perception includes translating incoming stimulus into a perception and memory. When an individual will initially sees an object or a person, this information then gets processed through the brain. Bottom up and top down processing plays a critical role in object recognition. When we first look at an object we process it. This is called bottom up processing. When people apply previous knowledge to that object, it is known as top down processes. There is also a process when we recognize an object; we match an incoming object with stored information that helps us to recognize what is before us. A study was conducted by Palmer, Rsich and Chase on the perspective effects on recognition. The studied involved showing different perspectives of a car to groups of subjects. It turned out that the subjects recognized the...
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...RUNNING HEAD: THE CONCEPT OF KNOWLEDGE IN KM The concept of knowledge in KM: A dimensional model Forthcoming in the Journal of Knowledge Management, Volume 10, No 6, 2006 Bertolt Meyer1 and Kozo Sugiyama2 1 Department of Organizational and Social Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Humboldt University Berlin Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany bmeyer@psychologie.hu-berlin.de 2 School of Knowledge Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan sugi@jaist.ac.jp Abstract Purpose: To sharpen the concepts of tacit, implicit and explicit knowledge by linking them to findings from cognitive psychology and memory science and thus finding a possibility for measuring non-explicit knowledge. Methodology/Approach: A review of KM and cognitive science literature leads to a dimensional model of knowledge types that links the concepts from KM to more specific concepts from psychology. One central assumption of the model was empirically tested and put into practice in one small-scale KM project. Findings: The concepts in KM can be linked to concepts from psychology and thus receive theoretical support. The developed model enables psychometric access to a part of non-explicit knowledge through structural assessment techniques. Furthermore, the model has proven to be of value in a practical application in KM. Research limitations: The experiment and the practical application are too small in scope to provide full...
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...Whats memory? Memory is the process by which we encode, store, and retrieve information.(APA) Memory has been around for as long as the Earth started maybe even longer. Back in the day we didn't have maps or clocks. They used the sun to tell what time it was, they also used the sun to remember where North, East, South, and West is. Back then they had to remember where they were by land marks. Encoding is the stage in remembering something, storage is saved in memory, and retrieval is the information stored is located and brought to awareness. There are 3 approaches to memory; sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Sensory memory is the initial momentary storage of information, lasting only an instant. (APA) My example for sensory memory is when I watch the TV show, House. When they use a really big medical term it goes away right away and I forget what they said. Short-term memory is memory that holds information for 15 to 25 seconds. An example for short-term memory for me is when I think of something to write for a paper, then when I get to write it down I forget what I was going to write. Long-term memory stores information on a relatively permanent basis although it may be difficult to retrieve. (APA) For my long-term memory example, when I was in 8th grade I had to take a world map test. When it came to remembering where Norway, Sweden, and Finland it wasn't easy because they’re roughly the same size and right next to each other. The way my class and...
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...University of Phoenix Material Learning and Memory Worksheet 1. Write a 450- to 700-word essay to describe the relationship between classical and operant conditioning. Explain their elements and how they differ from one another. Additionally, provide an example for how learning can occur through each mode of conditioning. Explain how Ivan Pavlov and B.F. Skinner contributed to the study of learning and conditioning. The bond between classical and operant conditions is that they almost the same thing but different at the same time are the most significant part of behavioral psychology. What makes them same is that they both have results in learning. The elements of classical conditioning are stimulus. This just means that you are stimulated in a way that you will respond. The fundamentals of classical condition are unbiased stimulus, unrestricted stimulus, trained stimulus, open-ended response, and hardened response. Classical conditioning is when something happens and causes you to react also known as impulse. The elements of operant conditioning are support and punishment. The two do have likenesses but they also have differences as well. What makes these two the same is that you will get a response with both but in different ways? Classical is more of a reflex and operant is more of a response. The difference between the two are is; classical is where you do not know whether you will respond to something. Operant conditioning you will respond whether it is a positive...
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...Learning and Memory Humans are continually learning, storing and coding raw information that is sent to us from our sensory registers from the outside world. Because of such an overload of stimuli thrown at us, it is vital and necessary to learn as infants and throughout our lives how to store and process this information. We learn to pay attention to some material, while other data is filtered out immediately. Researchers have spent enormous amounts of time studying the different types of memory: short-term memory, long-term memory, procedural memory and declarative memory. Because the only way we survive, evolve and learn new skills and talents is by developing our minds and adapting to the ever changing demands of life. What scientists have discovered is that learning requires attention, coding and storing of past memories and experiences. In order to live healthy and happy lives, we can stimulate and encourage learning throughout our entire lifetime from infancy to late adulthood providing that our brain is biologically healthy and intact. Most important, scientists are now studying what simple changes can be made to stave off such diseases such as Dementia and Alzheimer’s. The only kind of memory that the world has ever been able to agree on is that one which saves occurrences from the past. Even more limiting is a methodical notion in which the procedure that creates memory (learning) is identified by the modification of the actions of an individual who...
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...Cover Sheet Title: The Process of Memory Reginald Singleton Student ID: 21978330 February 13, 2015 Essentials of Psychology SSC130 Essay 25072400 You’re at a large gathering where family, friends, and people you are not familiar with are present. Some of the people there you’ve met once or twice before, and as you engage in conversation with them they use your name several times. You on the other hand, can’t recall any of their names, and this causes you much embarrassment. Later you ask yourself, ‘why couldn’t I remember their names, it was less than 6 months ago when we all spent time together playing volleyball?’ The answer to that question might best be found by considering the process by which we encode, amass, and recover information. Based on the three-system approach to memory (Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968) as information passes through or enters the sensory stage, which is the first step, and repetition is not carried out, this information, such as a person’s name can be lost within a second or so. Therefore, when I relate an example of my personal experience of how I forgot the name of those who I had played a game of volleyball with, I could have helped my chances of remembering by perhaps using their names frequently as we played together. Doing so would have lead to the second stage where information moves into short-term memory. In this stage, information can be stored for about 15 to 25 seconds before forgetting. I could have increased...
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...The Human Memory Tracey Percifield American Intercontinental University Abstract Unit 4 IP The human mind is a fascinating instrument that is very complex and even though we know quite a lot about it we still do not know everything. The human memory has three phases of memory interpretation; Sensory Memory, Short-Term Memory and Long-Term Memory. Knowing how each of these memories store information is comparison to c computer. The average adult knows anywhere between 50,000 to 100, 00 words. The brain is incredible in protecting itself when injuries occur at times. The Human Memory The Father of Psychology begins with Sigmund Freud and his analysis of Psychoanalysis and the theories he introduced. Freud had many theories that caused controversy throughout his career but in today’s society they are accepted and his findings were true then as they are now without the controversy. In the unconscious mind we absorb many things from learning to traumatic events and information is stored, processed and in some ways affect our lives if we don’t resolve the issues at hand then we carry them with us and they still may affect us as we grow older (IEP, 2010). In 1968 two other Psychologist Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin develop a model of the human mind with the understanding how memory storage is taken in and processed and recalled for later usage. The model is referred to Atkinson-Shiffrin model and is explained as three phases of sensory, short-term and...
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...Memory is the ability to store and use information. It is also the store of what we have learned through out our lives. There are three types of interacting memory, which are sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Sensory memory is the part of the memory that holds our information in its original sensory form for a brief period of time. This information is usually stored for half a second or less. A lot of children have the ability to use their sensory memory for a extended amount of time due to their eidetic imagery ability. The short -term memory is the part of the memory that stores a limited amount of information before it is either transferred or forgotten. Displacement is when the short memory is completely full. A example of short-term memory is when you look up a phone number in the phone book, dial it and then forget it. The long-term memory is the part of our memory that is capable to store a lot of our information for as long we live. Our long-term memory is divided into two parts Declarative and Nondeclarative Memory. Declarative is stores all our information that we intentionally and consciously collect. The Declarative Memory is divided into two parts, which are Episodic and Semantic Memory. Episodic Memory is the type of memory that we collect over experiences in our lives. Semantic Memory is information for general information. Nondeclarative Information stores our habits. A example of long-term memory is remembering your name...
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...in a single-vehicle accident on his way home from his job at a manufacturing plant when the motorcycle he was riding veered off of an exit ramp. He suffered a traumatic brain injury. Upon arrival at a hospital, K.C. was experiencing clonic seizure and was unconscious. Surgery to remove a left-side subdural hematoma was successful. After a few days in the hospital, K.C. was able to respond to simple commands. After one week he was able to recognize his mother. A follow up CT scan revealed a chronic bilateral frontal subdural hematoma, enlarged ventricles and sulci, and left occipital lobe infarction As a result of his neurological damage, K.C. suffered severe cognitive deficits that hindered his ability to form new episodic memories. Both his semantic memory and noetic consciousness remained unimpaired. The research conducted on K.C. has shown that he is able to recall factual information that he learned prior to his accident, such as his ability to know the difference between stalactites and stalagmites. However, he is unable to remember emotional details of events from his past such as his brother’s death and a dangerous fall he had at his home. K.C. also suffers from severe impairment of his autonoetic consciousness. This means that he is unable to envision himself in the future. When asked what he would be doing later in a given day, month, or even a year, he was unable to respond with an answer. Just as he cannot remember being physically involved with events from his past...
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...Language and Memory Psych. 560 June 22, 2013 Prof. Pitt Language and Memory Language is a very interesting topic of exploration. Humans are one of the only animals in the natural world that are capable of producing language. Although other animals are capable of communicating or even just producing vocalizations/sounds, they generally do not count as having language. Many scientists and psychologists have debated the reasons why language is unique to humans and have come up with very different interpretations. However, one major hypothesis relates to the relationship between semantic memory and language production. This paper explores the nature and function of semantic memory, the basic functions of language, and stages in its production. Ultimately, this paper connects the two, explaining how humans’ possession of semantic memory may be the reason humans can produce language Nature and Function of Semantic Memory Semantic memory itself has been discussed extensively in the psychological literature. Specifically, it refers to particular memories that focus on meanings, understandings, and concepts. Unlike episodic memory, semantic memory focuses on things that are not specific to particular experiences. In other words, semantic memory would not include remembering what a person ate the previous day or what clothes someone was wearing. Instead, semantic memory would include things like remembering that dogs are animals and that desks are inanimate objects...
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