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Non Declarative Memory

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Humans maintain two distinctly different brain systems that provide the brain with the capability to store information. Patients with profound damage to their medial temporal lobe, like H.M., illustrated that despite the damage, motor skills along with perceptual and cognitive skills were still intact. This finding allowed researchers to describe two forms of memory, declarative and non-declarative memory. With the addition of more knowledge and repeated experiments, researchers were able to acknowledge multiple memory systems (Squire, 2011). The two different memory systems are divided into declarative and non-declarative memory. Declarative memories are available for access from our conscious mind and consist of episodic and spatial …show more content…
Although the cortex that surrounds the amygdala is crucial for declarative memories. Moreover, the amygdala has been identified as the emotional control center (Squire, L. & Kandel, E., 2009, pg.107). Furthermore, the amygdala has been identified to participate in the human learning of fear. A study done at the University of Iowa presented participants with a neutral tone followed by a loud, obnoxious noise. After many successive neutral noises, followed by a loud bang, normal individuals experienced an emotional arousal, normally in the form of perspiration. Individuals with amygdala damage did not experience an emotional response to the loud noise. After training, most patients understood that a loud noise followed the neutral tone, while patients with amygdala damage still did not experience or react with fear and/or anxiety as normal patients did. Further studies of rats with amygdala lesions imply the indirect pathway of fear learning. This indirect pathway moves from the thalamus to the perirhinal cortex to the lateral nucleus, while the normal pathway moves through the subcortical areas (Squire, L. & Kandel, E., 2009, pg.185). Additionally, Wixted et. al found that there was no activation of the amygdala during the sparse and distributed coding of episodic memory. This study adds to the conclusion that the hippocampal damage has an effect on memory recognition, while damage to the amygdala does not. (Witxed et. al,

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