...University of Phoenix Material Learning and Memory Worksheet 1. Write a 450- to 700-word essay to describe the relationship between classical and operant conditioning. Explain their elements and how they differ from one another. Additionally, provide an example for how learning can occur through each mode of conditioning. Explain how Ivan Pavlov and B.F. Skinner contributed to the study of learning and conditioning. Describe the relationship between classical and operant conditioning. Explain their elements and how they differ from one another. Additionally, provide an example for how learning can occur through each mode of conditioning. Classical and operant conditioning are two important concepts central to behavioral psychology. While both result in learning, the processes are quite different. In order to understand how each of these behavior modification techniques can be used, it is also essential to understand how classical conditioning and operant conditioning differ from one another. Classical conditioning theory involves learning a new behavior via the process of association. In simple terms two stimuli are linked together to produce a new learned response in a person or animal. There are three stages of classical conditioning. At each stage the stimuli and responses are given special scientific terms. In stage one the unconditioned stimulus produces a unconditioned response in an organism. In basic terms, this means that a stimulus in the environment has...
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...Abstract Three different cognitivist approaches to the story Kermit and the Keyboard are presented in Driscoll’s Psychology of Learning for Instruction (2005). Cognitive Information Processing, Piagetian Theory, and Interactional Theories of Cognitive Development are the three perspectives given on how Kermit learns to play the keyboard. These theories have similarities as well as divergent views on development. Kermit and the Keyboard from a Cognitivist Perspective Cognitive Information Processing, Piagetian Theory, and Interactional Theories of Cognitive Development explored the principles associated with human cognitive development in relationship to learning. Driscoll points out that these theories Cognitive Information Processing, Piagetian Theory, and Interactional Theories of Cognitive Development “have common focuses on interaction between children’s native capabilities and their environment to explain development”(2005). However, they represent divergent views when it comes to explaining why. These similarities and differences are evident in their perspectives on Kermit and the Keyboard as well. Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) Information processing approach focuses on the study of the structure and function of mental processing. Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) is based on the work of Atkinson and Shriffin and proposes that information is processed and stored in three stages; Sensory memory, Short term memory, and Long-term memory (Schraw &...
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...processes change over the course of a persons life. This theory came out in the nineteen fifties and nineteen sixties, and has continually changed and been modified over the years. The information processing theory is a combination of three components; sensory register (memory), working memory, and long-term memory. The combination of these three components enables us as human beings to receive, think about, and process information. There is also one more component that is essential in the learning and memory process, this is called the central executive component. The central executive component is what you could refer to as the cognitive “supervisor”. Without this component a person's decision making skills and planning skills could be interfered with. Sensory register and working memory help in the beginning stages of memory, while long-term memory is just that. Long-term memory is used when storing information for long periods of time. During the study of the information processing theory is has been compared to a computer, seeing as how we “store” information and “retrieve” it from the memory. It could be said that sensory register (memory) and working memory are used to determine which pieces of information are needed to be stored in the long-term memory, and also where that information is...
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...stimuli are regularly paired in close succession: the response originally given to the second stimulus comes to be given to the first” (2). Pavlov’s Dogs. Ivan Pavlov was a Russian physiologist in the 1890s who did studies on dogs creating “Pavolovian Conditioning” also know as classical conditioning. In his studies he began to look at the correlation between dogs salivating in response to being fed. A dog salivating in response to being fed is not a learned trait but a reflex. The dog salivating is an unconditioned response, which means it requires no learning (3). Pavlov started measuring the salivation secretions in response to being fed (3). Through his studies Pavlov saw that any object or event that the dog associated with being fed would make the dog salivate. “Classical conditioning is "classical" in that it is the first systematic study of basic laws of learning / conditioning” (3)....
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...LEARNING THEORIES - COGNITIVE LEARNING THEORIES l CHAPTER 5 CHAPTER 5 Learning Theories - Cognitive Learning Theories LE ARNI NG OUTCOMES After studying this chapter, you should be able to: 1. Explain what is cognitive revolution and the cognitive perspective on learning and how it differs from other theoretical perspective; Discuss the origins of the contemporary cognitive perspective including the Gestalt psychology and the role of perception; Describe the Information processing model to learning and distinguish the features of ‘Multistore model’; Explain what is schema theory; Link schema theory to cognitive structuralism and examine the role of insightful learning and meaningful learning; and Discuss application of cognitive theories in the classroom. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 104 CHAPTER 5 l LEARNING THEORIES - COGNITIVE LEARNING THEORIES INTRODUCTION Sometimes you wonder why the teacher use colourful chalk with some of the words written on the board. Sometimes the teacher write in capital letter with important words. These are useful as guides for the students to differentiate the important and unimportant facts. In other words, accurate perception is important in good learning. It is part of the Gestalt principles. Clearly, these principles are useful as guide for teachers as they organize their materials and learning activities. So in this chapter, we will discuss the origin and features of cognitive theory and relate them to...
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...Stages of Memory During my research I found out that memory is the method of maintaining information over time (Matlin, 2005) Memory is also the means that we have a tendency to draw on from our past experiences so that we may use this data in the present (Stenberg, 1999) A man by the name of Herman Ebbinghaus conducted a pioneer research on the study of memory during the late 1800s and early 1900s, through the use of serial learning Ebbinghaus determined that much of what we learn is forgotten very shortly, even after just coming from a learning session. Memory is very important to all of our lives, without a memory of our past; we would not be able to operate in the present or think of the future. Without memory we would not even be able to remember what we did yesterday, what we done today or even what we plan on doing tomorrow. Without our memory we would not be able to learn anything. It is known that our memory is involved in processing large amounts of data. This data takes on many various forms like: images, sounds or meaning. The term memory covers three very important aspects of information processing. The three stages of memory are: Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval. The first stage which is the memory Encoding stage, this is when data comes into our memory system(from sensory input) it then needs to be changed into a form that the system can cope with, so that it can be stored. You can think of this similar to changing money into a different currency when...
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...Theories of Development Multiple Choice Questions 1) Which of the following theories relies on the understanding of internal drives and emotions to answer the "whys" of human development? A) Psychoanalytic B) Humanistic C) Biological D) Cognitive Answer: A Page Ref: 24 2) Psychoanalytic theorists suggests that human development depends on A) our ability to accommodate external stimuli. B) our ability to modify our behavior based on the prospect of rewards or punishment. C) the influence of internal drives and emotions upon behavior. D) social relationships. Answer: C Page Ref: 24 3) Which of the following most accurately describes Freud's model of the personality? A) Formal operations B) Id, ego, and identity C) Consciousness, preconsciousness, and reality D) Id, ego, superego Answer: D Page Ref: 24 4) Which aspect of our personality demands to be satisfied in physically pleasurable ways? A) Executive control of the ego B) Moral guardian of the superego C) Libido of the id D) Reality principle of the superego Answer: C Page Ref: 24 5) Jada saw some money on the kitchen table. She really wanted to take it but her conscience kept her from it. Which part of Jada's personality is telling her that it would be socially unacceptable to take the money? A) Superego B) Ego C) Unconscious D) Id Answer: A Page Ref: 24 6) According to Freud's model of personality, which of the following...
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...The Man without a Memory Paper Christina Bacon, Annjuntoria Clements, Sereion Humphrey, Angela Thomas Psych 575 May 26, 2015 Dr. Lynda Cable The Man without a Memory Paper How would you define the relationship between learning something and remembering it? The author would define the relationship between learning and remembering such as preparing for a test or remembering the different signs when studying for a driver’s test. Sometimes when studying for that test a person can learn the material but might have a hard time remembering the information. If a person learns the information that needs to be learned for the test and retains the material, the person will remember what information they need for the test. We also have to ask ourselves the question what is learning and memory? Memories are the mental records that we maintain, which give us instant access to our personal past, complete with all of the facts that we know and the skills that we have cultivated (Wesson, 2012). When we are studying for a test we learn the material necessary to pass that test or to remember certain things that has happened in our lives. According to Wesson (2012) there are three different stages to learning and they are encoding, storage, and retrieval. There could also be a fourth stage which is forgetting. Clive Wearing has that fourth stage because he cannot remember his daughter’s name or when he wrote in his journal. Preservation of Different Memory Types Anterograde...
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...phases: 1) Analysis 2) Design 3) Development 4) Implementation 5) Evaluation Phases of ADDIE: 1) Analysis: During the analysis phase, the learner’s goals, objectives and learning problems are identified by the instructor. The learning environment, modes of imparting the knowledge and any other constrain are also observed by the instructor. 2) Design: This is the next sequential stage in the ADDIE model where a blue print or prototype of the learning material is made catering to the needs of the learner. A detailed systematic design is created for the user here. 3) Development: Actual creation of the learning material It could be an integration of various tools and technologies. Developing the procedure for the maximum learning outcome is focused on this phase. 4) Implementation: The designed plan is put into action in this phase for the learner by imparting knowledge through the planned tools and activities. 5) Evaluation: This phase is a tool to find out the effectiveness of the learning program. It ensures that all the learning goals of the process are met. This tool also helps to figure out any changes to be made in the learning program for providing the maximum positive learning experience to the learner. Definition of Gagne’s Theory of Instruction model: To cater to different learning styles Robert...
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...a. Throughout sleep in an average brain, deep sleep is the first thing that we notice in the first half of the of the sleep cycle. After deep sleep occurs, we enter the second half of the sleep cycle and this is where REM sleep begins to occur. After about twenty minutes into stage four of the sleep cycle, you would begin to go back into the initial stages and then back into REM sleep. For abut every hour and a half, the sleep cycle would repeat through these stages. However, there are some changes that do occur. By the time you wake up, you would have spent around twenty-five percent of the night in REM sleep. The younger the person is, the more sleep they gain versus the elderly. Also, those who are younger tend to spend a lot of time resting...
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...The Learning Processes of Kermit As I read the story of “Kermit and the Keyboard” I began to think of the learning processes that he engages himself in as he tries to accomplish learning task as it relates to playing the keyboard. In this story three cognitive theories can be recognized, analyzed and they are all believed to produce different learning outcomes. These three theories are the Cognitive Information-Processing Theory, The Piaget’s Theory of Development as it relates to learning and lastly, The Interactional Theories of Cognitive Development. Each one of these theories presents itself in the manner in which Kermit develops a strategy for learning how to play the keyboard. In the cognitive information-processing approach declarative knowledge, procedural knowledge and memory play a part in completing a learning task. In the story, Kermit displays declarative knowledge which is the act of knowing when he notes the signature and the key. These tell him specifically how many beats per measure in combination with how many sharps or flats exist in the music. The procedural knowledge is the how to knowledge. This is generated when he actually learns how to read the music and plays the keyboard. The memory aspect of the cognitive information-processing theory comes into play when he uses his procedural knowledge, retrieved through memory to support him in developing a reaction, which is the pressing down of the key which is in correlation to the indicated score to produce...
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...Foundations of Cognitive Theory Elizabeth Caldwell Excelsior College Abstract Cognitive-learning theories explore the complexity of the mind from the perspective of how the mind processes information. The paper will discuss the history of cognitive-learning theories and how they shaped the way one perceives, organizes, stores, and retrieves information. The main focus will be on Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, however, it will include theorists such as Wilhelm Wundt, William James, Edward Tolman and Frederic Bartlett. It will start off with the definition of cognitive theory and move on to the history of psychological theorists, ending with the conclusion. Keywords: Defining Cognitive Theory Cognitive theory is an approach to psychology that attempts to explain human behavior by understanding the thought processes (Fritscher, 2014). The main facet of cognitive theory involves the communications between mental components and the information that is processed through this intricate system. As individuals learn, they vigorously generate cognitive arraignments which determine their perceptions of environment and self. Concepts of Cognitive Theorists Cognitive theorists think that learning consists of the incorporation of events into an operating storage system contained within the organizational structures called schemata. This concept of schemata was introduced by Frederic C. Bartlett in the early 1930’s. We will discuss more about Frederic C. Bartlett...
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...Prof. davis / BRIEF CHAPTER SUMMARY – chapter 7 Information-processing theorists view the mind as a complex, symbol-manipulating system through which information flows, often using the metaphor of a computer. One general model of information processing, the store model, assumes that information is stored in three parts of the mental system for processing: the sensory register; working, or short-term, memory; and long-term memory. The first two are limited in capacity, but long-term memory, our permanent knowledge base, is unlimited. In another approach, researchers have used computers to devise connectionist, or artificial neural network, models, which simulate the workings of neurons and their connections. Connectionists view the human cognitive system as a general processing device that gradually attains domain-specific competencies as relevant learning opportunities arise. Developmental models of information processing include Case’s neo-Piagetian perspective, which starts with Piaget’s stages but attributes change within and between stages to increases in the efficiency with which children use their limited working-memory capacity. It offers an integrated picture of how children’s processing efficiency, practice with strategies, and constructive efforts to reorganize their thinking interact to produce development. Siegler’s model of strategy choice, another developmental model, views children’s cognition from an evolutionary perspective, suggesting that children generate...
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...Learning disabilities and cognitive development Effects of learning disabilities on cognitive development Within our society today people are forced to realize that others learn in a variety of different methods. One aspect that many people do not take into account however is the impact of learning disabilities have on the cognitive development of an individual. According to the National Center for Learning Disabilities, there are around 2.4 million students that have diagnosed learning disabilities that are receiving special education services [ (Team, 2014) ]. This accounts for approximately 4-5% of the total number of students being taught in schools today. With such a significant amount of children in schools today with some form of learning disability, there is definitely an impact on their cognitive development as well. In order to better understand what types of cognitive developmental effects can be had on a person with a learning disability, it is first important to understand what cognitive development is. Jean Piaget developed a theory that cognitive development consisted of four key stages; sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operation. Piaget proposed that a person, or child more specifically, will progress through the first three stages earlier in life, then finally coming to rest in the fourth and final stage for much of the lifespan of that individual. According to Piaget, the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development consists...
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...involve the small muscles and hand-eye coordination. Systems of action: Increasingly complex combinations of skills, which permit a wider or more precise range of movement and more control of the environment. Handedness ● Handedness: Preference for using a particular hand. Artistic Development ● ● ● ● Scribble: In the first stage of children’s artistic development, the vertical and zigzag lines drawn in patterns by young children. Shapes: Circles, squares, triangles, and other figures drawn by young children in the second stage of artistic development. Designs: The stage of artistic development in which children combine shapes into more complex designs. Pictorial: The stage of artistic development in which children draw actual depictions of objects, such as houses and trees. HEALTH AND SAFETY Nutrition: Preventing Obesity Malnutrition Deaths and Accidental Injuries Health in Context: Environmental Influences Socioeconomic Status and Race/Ethnicity Homelessness Exposure to Smoking, Air Pollution, and Pesticides, and Lead COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT PIAGETIAN APPROACH: THE PREOPERATIONAL CHILD ● Preoperational stage: In Piaget’s theory, the second major stage of cognitive development, in which children become more sophisticated in their use of...
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