...University Berlin Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany bmeyer@psychologie.hu-berlin.de 2 School of Knowledge Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan sugi@jaist.ac.jp Abstract Purpose: To sharpen the concepts of tacit, implicit and explicit knowledge by linking them to findings from cognitive psychology and memory science and thus finding a possibility for measuring non-explicit knowledge. Methodology/Approach: A review of KM and cognitive science literature leads to a dimensional model of knowledge types that links the concepts from KM to more specific concepts from psychology. One central assumption of the model was empirically tested and put into practice in one small-scale KM project. Findings: The concepts in KM can be linked to concepts from psychology and thus receive theoretical support. The developed model enables psychometric access to a part of non-explicit knowledge through structural assessment techniques. Furthermore, the model has proven to be of value in a practical application in KM. Research limitations: The experiment and the practical application are too small in scope to provide full support for the model. Further research is required. Practical implications: A fraction of non-explicit knowledge can be measured with structural assessment techniques. This can be used in the quantitative evaluation of KM projects as these techniques allow the quantification of individual knowledge increase...
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...ACCEPTABILITY OF SUNFLOWER PETAL TEA AMONG SELECTED FACULTY AND STAFF IN CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY MICAH ANGELICA P. AGONOY JENNYLYNNE L. LUBRIN An undergraduate research submitted to the Faculty of the Department of Hospitality Management, College of Home Science and Industry, Central Luzon State University, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines. In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of the requirements for the subject Methods of Research (HRM335) BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN HOTEL AND RESTAURANT MANAGEMENT March 2012 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH The author was born the zodiac sign of Virgo on September 17, 1992 in Tondod, San Jose City, Nueva Ecija to Mr. Wilfredo S. Agonoy and Mrs. Norma P. Agonoy. She is the 2nd among the 3 sibling. She finished her primary education in 2005 at Cherubim Learning Center and her secondary education at Bettbien High School 2009. Her mother advice her to engage in nursing but she didn’t put attention because of fears in life. Her passion in cooking led her taking up Bachelor of Science Hotel and Restaurant Management at Central Luzon State University, Science City of Munoz, Nueva Ecija. Her dream is to study in Treston College for a culinary arts and looking forward in becoming a chef in the next few years. MICAH ANGELICA P. AGONOY iii iii BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH The author was born the zodiac sign of Scorpio on October 27, 1991 in Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija to Mr. Felimon D. Lubrin and Mrs...
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...been dedicated to discovering the way the brain makes memories and where they are stored. Exploration of the brain has provided insight into identifying three critical phases of memory, the maintenance of memory, and the relationship between long-term memory and working memory. Memory can be divided into three critical phases; encoding, storage, and retrieval. All memories are made through sensory input such as, visual, acoustic, and sematic; information received by our brain must be encoded in order to store it or create a memory (McLeod, 2007). For example; memorizing a phone number can be done by encoding visually, writing the number down, or acoustically, repeating the number in your head. Encoding fires neurons in the sensory area of the cortex related directly to the sensation experienced then stored (Mastin, 2010). Memory storage is the location, duration, capacity, and type of information stored (McLeod, 2007). Memories are stored in the area of the brain they were created; therefore, they are scattered throughout the brain from the encoding process (Mastin, 2010). In other words, information encoded through sight would be stored in and later retrieved from the visual cortex. The retrieval of memory is the process of getting a memory out of...
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...BASICS OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR Perception: It is the organization, identification, and interpretation of sensory information in order to represent and understand the environment. All perception involves signals in the nervous system, which in turn result from physical or chemical stimulation of the sense organs. For example, vision involves light striking the retina of the eye, smell is mediated by odor molecules, and hearing involves pressure waves. Perception is not the passive receipt of these signals, but is shaped by learning, memory, expectation, and attention. Perception can be split into two processes. Firstly processing sensory input which transforms these low-level information to higher-level information (e.g., extracts shapes for object recognition). Secondly processing which is connected with person's concept and expectations (knowledge), and selective mechanisms (attention) that influence perception. Perception depends on complex functions of the nervous system, but subjectively seems mostly effortless because this processing happens outside conscious awareness. Behavior: It is the range of actions and mannerisms made by individuals, organisms, systems, or artificial entities in conjunction with themselves or their environment, which includes the other systems or organisms around as well as the (inanimate) physical environment. It is the response of the system or organism to various stimuli or inputs, whether internal or external, conscious or subconscious, overt or covert...
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...com/essay-on/Sunflower-Petal-As-Tea/131073 Sunflower Petal as Tea ACCEPTABILITY OF SUNFLOWER PETAL TEA AMONG SELECTED FACULTY AND STAFF IN CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY MICAH ANGELICA P. AGONOY JENNYLYNNE L. LUBRIN An undergraduate research submitted to the Faculty of the Department of Hospitality Management, College of Home Science and Industry, Central Luzon State University, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines. In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of the requirements for the subject Methods of Research (HRM335) BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN HOTEL AND RESTAURANT MANAGEMENT March 2012 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH The author was born the zodiac sign of Virgo on September 17, 1992 in Tondod, San Jose City, Nueva Ecija to Mr. Wilfredo S. Agonoy and Mrs. Norma P. Agonoy. She is the 2nd among the 3 sibling. She finished her primary education in 2005 at Cherubim Learning Center and her secondary education at Bettbien High School 2009. Her mother advice her to engage in nursing but she didn’t put attention because of fears in life. Her passion in cooking led her taking up Bachelor of Science Hotel and Restaurant Management at Central Luzon State University, Science City of Munoz, Nueva Ecija. Her dream is to study in Treston College for a culinary arts and looking forward in becoming a chef in the next few years. MICAH ANGELICA P. AGONOY iii iii BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH The author was born the zodiac sign of Scorpio on October 27, 1991 in Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija to Mr...
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...mental processes of an individual. The word cognition refers to the process by which the sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered and used; this definition was from Ulric Neisser. This approach was very dominated in the 1950âs onwards. This was because of the modern research on human performance and attention during the 2nd world war, developments in computer science, artificial intelligence and the growing interest in linguistics. This approach is different from other approached in different ways. On way is that the approach adopts the use of scientific, experimental methods to measure mental processes rejecting the psychodynamic use of introspection. Another difference is that the approach advocates the importance of mental processes such as beliefs, desires and motivation in determining behaviour unlike the behaviourist approach. Cognitive psychologists focus mainly on the internal mental processes like memory. Interest is taken in how individuals can learn to solve problem and the mental processes that exist between stimulus and response. A certain model of this is the information processing approach. The information processing approach can be compared to a computer in terms of the mind the software and the brain being the hardware, this is just like a computer. As individuals we encode information, store or transform information also like a computer. Information-processing model we can assume is used to explain much everyday behaviour...
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...Chapter 1: Thinking Critically With Psychological Science Textbook: i. The Need for Psychological Science a) Did We Know It All Along? Hindsight Bias i. Hindsight bias = Something has happened makes it seem inevitable ii. Not because common sense is usually wrong, but because common sense more easily describes what has happened than what will happen b) Overconfidence iii. We tend to think we know more than we do c) The Scientific Attitude iv. Curiosity 1. Empirical approach v. Skepticism = persistently asking two questions: What do you mean? How do you know? 2. Scientific attitude: being skeptical but not cynical, open but not gullible vi. Humility = an awareness of our own vulnerability to error and an openness to surprises and new perspectives d) Critical Thinking ii. How Do Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions? e) The Scientific Method vii. A scientific theory explains through an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviour or events. viii. Hypotheses ix. We should be aware that it can bias subjective observations x. Operational functions = a statement of the procedures used to define research variables. For example, human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test xi. Replicate – repeat xii. Finally – organizepredictionsrevised...
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...Ambiguity of the word Stress is a term that is commonly used today but has become increasingly difficult to define. It shares, to some extent, common meanings in both the biological and psychological sciences. The term stress had none of its contemporary connotations before the 1920s. It is a form of the Middle English destresse, derived via Old French from the Latin stringere, "to draw tight."[1] It had long been in use in physics to refer to the internal distribution of a force exerted on a material body, resulting in strain. In the 1920s and 1930s, the term was occasionally being used in biological and psychological circles to refer to a mental strain, unwelcome happening, or, more medically, a harmful environmental agent that could cause illness. Walter Cannon used it in 1926 to refer to external factors that disrupted what he called homeostasis.[2] Homeostasis is a concept central to the idea of stress. In biology, most biochemical processes strive to maintain equilibrium, a steady state that exists more as an ideal and less as an achievable condition. Environmental factors, internal or external stimuli, continually disrupt homeostasis; an organism’s present condition is a state in constant flux wavering about a homeostatic point that is that organism’s optimal condition for living. Factors causing an organism’s condition to waver away from homeostasis can be interpreted as stress. A life-threatening situation such as a physical insult or prolonged starvation can greatly...
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...A Critical Assessment of Immanuel Kant's Epistemological Alternative to Hume's Fork All the objects of human reason or enquiry may naturally be divided into two kinds, to wit, Relations of Ideas and Matters of Fact. Of the first kind are the sciences of Geometry, Algebra, and Arithmetic; and in short, every affirmation which is either intuitively or demonstratively certain. That the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the square of the two sides, is a proposition which expresses a relation between these figures. That three times five is equal to the half of thirty, expresses a relation between these numbers. Propositions of this kind are discoverable by the mere operation of thought, without dependence on what is anywhere existent in the universe. Though there never were a circle or triangle in nature, the truths demonstrated by Euclid would forever retain their certainty and evidence (Hume, Section II). Matters of fact, which are the second objects of human reason, are not ascertained in the same manner; nor is our evidence of their truth, however great, of a like nature with the foregoing. The contrary of every matter of fact is still possible; because it can never imply a contradiction, and is conceived by the mind with the same facility and distinctness, as if ever so conformable to reality. That the sun will not rise tomorrow is no less intelligible a proposition, and implies no more contradiction than the affirmation, that it will rise. We should in vain, therefore, attempt...
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...HubPages exploresign injoin now flag Explore »Education and Science (65,836) »Psychology and Psychiatry (3,569) by shazwellyn 1,094 Followers Psychology 101, What Are The Historical Perspectives In Psychology? In this Psychology 101 article, we ask what are the historical perspectives in psychology? Now, this question provokes a thesis on its own, but here we evaluate specific times of extraordinary turning points leading to where we are today. We are all psychologists in our own right. We have the innate ability to draw conclusions by watching the behaviours of others. So, where, whom and what legitimizes psychology as a science and how did we arrive there? It is through history, that we have built and drawn from our own evaluations as a species. So, what is psychology? Psychology Definition As this is a psychology 101 based article, as always, we will start by providing a ‘working definition’ of psychology as a term: ‘Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behaviour of humans and animals.’ Psychologists concentrate on what is observable and measurable in a person’s behaviour. This includes the biological processes in the body, although, the mind is central to the subject. ψ - This is the Greek letter pronounced as 'Sigh' and spelled as 'Psi'. It is now used as the International symbol of Psychology. Psychologists think it is important to be scientific in their study. This is to avoid confused thinking. What Is Psychology...
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...environment are eyes. It plays a vital role in encoding all perceived stimuli to our brain. From the part of the retina which is rods and cones, the information is relay to the ganglion cells and transmitted to the optic nerve until it reached to the occipital lobe. This is one part of the brain that responsible for the process of visual information. Stimulus that reached to the brain can either be remembered or not. Memory has the ability to hold such facts and events most especially if it is useful. It undergoes some cognitive processes such as encoding, storing and retrieving information. Encoding refers to the ability to grasp and convert information into a form that can be used by the memory. After one particular information had been encoded, it can either restored in three forms of memory which consist of sensory...
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...Scholar (IBA, University of the Punjab), Lecturer, Punjab Group of Colleges ABSTRACT Strategic role of brand image has been proven in extensive literature as it is considered as distinct component in designing the marketing mix to building sustainable competitive edge. So, this paper presents divergent perspectives defining the brand image concept and concluding the debate about its multidimensionality. Five major clusters of definitions of brand image construct are observed such as generic definitions, meanings/messages, symbolic definitions, personality based definitions and cognitive/psychological definitions. Another important milestone in the evolution of brand image is the theory behind the concept of brand positioning. Brand Image is a multi dimensional construct that is triggered by cognitions, emotions, symbols, values and attitudes of consumers. However, many researchers measured it as uni-dimensional construct. Initially benefits based dimensionality was used to measure brand image (Park, 1986). Later, associative network model was used to measure brand image. Researchers advanced functional, symbolic, experiential, affective, economic, social, personality, self-esteem, corporate and utilitarian dimensions which could be summarized as dual model of brand image comprising of cognitive or affective domains. Prior research mostly showed confirmation with...
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...In selecting a topic for the final project, I was seeking to research a topic that I am extraordinarily passionate about. As I am pursuing a career as a profession of occupational therapy, my project will be centered around terms related to the field. This will not only allow me to discover more about the background of the profession, but will enable me to discover some of the specific terminology used by professionals in the field. After telling others that I want to be in the field of occupational therapy, I have found that many are familiar with the term, but are unclear of the exact definition. Looking at the different components of the word, it means OCCUPAT- a particular action, ION- the act of, AL- pertianing to, THERAP- treat medically,...
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...Article history: Received 6 November 2012 Received in revised form 14 June 2013 Accepted 15 June 2013 Available online 24 June 2013 Memory systems research has typically described the different types of long-term memory in the brain as either declarative versus non-declarative or implicit versus explicit. These descriptions reflect the difference between declarative, conscious, and explicit memory that is dependent on the medial temporal lobe (MTL) memory system, and all other expressions of learning and memory. The other type of memory is generally defined by an absence: either the lack of dependence on the MTL memory system (nondeclarative) or the lack of conscious awareness of the information acquired (implicit). However, definition by absence is inherently underspecified and leaves open questions of how this type of memory operates, its neural basis, and how it differs from explicit, declarative memory. Drawing on a variety of studies of implicit learning that have attempted to identify the neural correlates of implicit learning using functional neuroimaging and neuropsychology, a theory of implicit memory is presented that describes it as a form of general plasticity within processing networks that adaptively improve function via experience. Under this model, implicit memory will not appear as a single, coherent, alternative memory system but will instead be manifested as a principle of improvement from experience...
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...Classical Communication Models 1. Aristotle’s definition of rhetoric. a. “Rhetoric” is “the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion” Rhetoric is the counterpart of Dialectic. Both alike are concerned with such things as come, more or less, within the general ken of all men and belong to no definite science. Aristotle, On Rhetoric Aristotle was the first to take an initiative and design the communication model.Let us first go through a simple situation.In a political meeting, the prospective leader delivers speech to the audience urging for more votes from the constituency. He tries to convince the crowd in the best possible way he can so that he emerges as a winner. What is he actually doing ?He is delivering his speech in a manner that the listeners would get convinced and cast their votes only in his favour, or in other words respond in the same manner the speaker wanted to. Here the leader or the speaker or the sender is the centre of attraction and the crowd simply the passive listeners. | The example actually explains the Aristotle model of communication. The Aristotle model of communication is the widely accepted and the most common model of communication where the sender sends the information or a message to the receivers to influence them and make them respond and act accordingly. Aristotle model of communication is the golden rule to excel in public speaking, seminars, lectures where the sender makes his point clear...
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