...DealBook, with Dell talking with private equity firms and exploring obtaining bank financing. It's unclear how long it will take to reach a completed deal, though reports have suggested it may take nearly two months. But a leveraged buyout of a company as big as Dell would be no small feat, and it would be dependent on overcoming hurdles specific to the private equity industry and the company itself. As of Friday, before Bloomberg News reported the discussions with private equity, the company was valued at about $18.9 billion, based on a stock price of $10.88. Applying a 31 percent takeover premium, which was the average paid for high technology L.B.O.'s last year, according to Thomson Reuters, to that number would lead to a potential deal being valued at about $24.8 billion. Of course, Dell's stock has gone up higher since, reaching $12.60 by early Tuesday afternoon. Many private equity executives, and the advisers who clamor for their business, have been longing for the return of bigger buyouts. No private equity deal has come close to the deals struck during the height of the credit boom that ended in 2007; a Dell takeover would be the biggest since the $25 billion takeover of Hilton Hotels in July of 2007. To date, no leveraged buyout since the financial crisis of 2008 has topped the $7.2 billion that Kohlberg Kravis Roberts and others paid for the Samson Investment Company a year and a half ago. And many advisers say that it's hard to consider completing a deal...
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...TANYA NOLAN: Struggling clothes-maker Pacific Brands is the latest company to become a private equity takeover target. The maker of Bonds undies, Berlei bras, Sheridan sheets and Dunlop, among other well-known brands, has been approached by US-based investment firm Kohlberg Kravis Roberts. It's the latest in a string of buyout offers for listed companies that have seen their share prices hit by market jitters and an exodus of investors from struggling industries. Business reporter Michael Janda reports. MICHAEL JANDA: Private equity firms are the predators of the investment world, looking for weak companies they can buy on the cheap and turnaround before selling them on to someone else, or floating them on the share market. Katherine Woodthorpe is the chief executive of the Australian Venture Capital and Private Equity Association. KATHERINE WOODTHORPE: The bottom line is that they see a company that they believe they can double the value of in a period of something like three to five years. MICHAEL JANDA: The latest firm to join the list of targets is Pacific Brands. It confirmed this morning that it's been approached by the US-based investment firm Kohlberg Kravis Roberts, but it says negotiations are ongoing and there's no certainty of an offer even being made. If a successful offer is forthcoming it would be a return to private ownership for Pacific Brands, which was floated by its previous private equity owner CVC for $2.50 a share in 2004. At...
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...This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from the National Bureau of Economic Research Volume Title: Mergers and Acquisitions Volume Author/Editor: Alan J. Auerbach, ed. Volume Publisher: University of Chicago Press Volume ISBN: 0-226-03209-4 Volume URL: http://www.nber.org/books/auer87-1 Publication Date: 1987 Chapter Title: The Growth of the "Junk" Bond Market and Its Role in Financing Takeovers Chapter Author: Robert A. Taggart, Jr. Chapter URL: http://www.nber.org/chapters/c5819 Chapter pages in book: (p. 5 - 24) 1 The Growth of the “Junk” Bond Market and Its Role in Financing Takeovers Robert A. Taggart, Jr. 1.1 Introduction “Junk” bonds, as they are popularly called, or “high-yield’’ bonds, as they are termed by those wishing to avoid pejorative connotations, are simply bonds that are either rated below investment grade or unrated altogether.’ Fueled by the introduction of newly issued junk bonds in 1977, this segment of the bond market has grown rapidly in recent years and now accounts for more than 15 percent of public corporate bonds outstanding. However, the growth of junk bond financing, particularly in hostile takeover situations, has been bitterly denounced. For example, Martin Lipton, a merger specialist with the firm of Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen, and Katz, has argued that junk bond financing threatens “the destruction of the fabric of American industry” (Williams 1984). In a similar vein, twelve U.S. senators signed a letter in support...
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...Appendix VI: Hertz Corp. Case Study Overview: The Hertz buyout is one of the largest private equity deals. It drew criticism in the media and from union members, after the company’s new owners paid themselves $1.3 billion in dividends not long after the transaction closed and ultimately financed the payments by selling stock to the public. The company has realized hundreds of millions of dollars in improved financial results annually, but also has cut thousands of jobs as it has sought to make operations more efficient. Figure 7 provides an overview of the LBO transaction, including a time line of key events. Background: Hertz says it is the world’s largest general use car rental company, with approximately 8,100 locations in about 145 countries. Hertz also operates an equipment rental company with about 380 locations worldwide, although car rentals accounted for 80 percent of 2007 revenues. Ford Motor Co. had purchased an ownership stake in Hertz in 1987 and purchased the company outright in 1994. CD&R executives said that the firm emphasizes making operational improvements in companies it acquires. The firm has long had an interest in multilocation service businesses, they said, as evidenced by investments including Kinko’s and ServiceMaster. The Carlyle Group is one of the biggest private equity firms and says it has demonstrated expertise in the automotive and transportation sectors. Its investments include Dunkin’ Brands, AMC Entertainment, Inc., and Grand Vehicle Works...
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...Although high-net-worth investors have been buying large positions in companies since the days of Carnegie and Rockefeller, the modern aspects of the industry took shape in the 1960’s through the efforts of Kohlberg, Kravis, and Roberts, three Bear Stearns bankers who would later form the eponymous private equity firm KKR. PE activity then grew rapidly in the 1970-80’s when a large number of family businesses that were started after WWII were struggling with succession concerns and an inability to continue organic growth. PE firms saw this uncertainty as an opportunity to “flip” these companies for a profit by acquiring them, restructuring their operations, and then either finding a strategic buyer or taking the company public. Around this same time was the start of the technology boom and rise of Silicon Valley, causing an influx of capital hoping to fund the next big growth story. This large amount of eager capital spurred the creation of PE firms to facilitate investment opportunities which led to the industry standards we have today. The first task for any aspiring private equity firm is to raise the pool of assets utilized for pursuing investment opportunities. Since its inception PE has been the domain of high-net-worth investors, and as a result PE firms source their capital from high value clients such as pension funds, university endowments, sovereign wealth funds, and the fund managers’ own personal wealth. Given a finite number of potential investors, PE firms compete...
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...| 1. Leveraged Buyout – LBOThe acquisition of another company using a significant amount of borrowed money (bonds or loans) to meet the cost of acquisition. Often, the assets of the company being acquired are used as collateral for the loans in addition to the assets of the acquiring company. The purpose of leveraged buyouts is to allow companies to make large acquisitions without having to commit a lot of capital. | | In an LBO, there is usually a ratio of 90% debt to 10% equity. Because of this high debt/equity ratio, the bonds usually are not investment grade and are referred to as junk bonds. Leveraged buyouts have had a notorious history, especially in the 1980s when several prominent buyouts led to the eventual bankruptcy of the acquired companies. This was mainly due to the fact that the leverage ratio was nearly 100% and the interest payments were so large that the company's operating cash flows were unable to meet the obligation. One of the largest LBOs on record was the acquisition of HCA Inc. in 2006 by Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co. (KKR), Bain & Co., and Merrill Lynch. The three companies paid around $33 billion for the acquisition. It can be considered ironic that a company's success (in the form of assets on the balance sheet) can be used against it as collateral by a hostile company that acquires it. For this reason, some regard LBOs as an especially ruthless, predatory tactic. | 2. When you decide the capital structure of a firm, what factors...
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...Running head: A LEVERAGE BUYOUT 1 Graves Dancer Takes Tribune Corporation private in an Ill-Fated Transacti A LEVERAGE BUYOUT 2 Introduction A leverage buyout (LBO) is a kind of acquisition where the buying price is financed via debt and equity. The cash flow or assets of the target company are used to secure the debt and repay it. The returns on equity increase as the debt increase as debt has a lower cost of capital compared to equity. In other word a LBO is a method of acquiring a company with money that is nearly all borrowed. To conduct an LBO, the acquirer ensures that the target’s assets are adequate as collateral for the loan needed to purchase the target. The acquirer must also create and study financial forecasts of the combined entities to make sure that they generate enough cash to cover the principle and interest payments. Once the buyer has determined that the LBO is financially feasible it works on acquiring enough cash for the acquisition by incurring debt. Doing an LBO is expensive and the process can be complex. LBO’s are popular in merger and acquisition as the acquiring organization uses money borrowed to fund the acquisition. The assets of the target organization are used as collateral to get the loan. LBO enables organization to make a big acquisition without using a lot of capital. Purpose of the paper This paper seeks to analyze the acquisition of Tribune Corporation by Grave Dancer. The entire...
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...Executive Summary This report analyzes RJR Nabisco company as a potentially candidate for leverage buyout. It focuses on the major problems and risk of RJR LBO and provides some recommendations for this case. RJR Nabisco began as a tobacco company in 1875, and the extent to establish food business. The main bidding group includes KKR, The Management Group and The First Boston Group. Several features of RJR Nabisco made it a particularly attractive LBO candidate. The factors leading to election of the lowest bid and major risks will be analyzed in this report. This report adopts Problem-Oriented Method to analyze the RJR Nabisco case study. Table of Contents Core theme for RJR Nabisco LBO 3 sub-theme for RJR Nabisco LBO 4 Major problems 4 Major risks 5 Conclusion: 6 Recommendations: 7 Reference: 7 Core theme for RJR Nabisco LBO RJR Nabisco exhibited steady growth which was unaffected by business cycle. Moreover, RJR had low capital expenditure and a low debt level. Therefore, the firm was a particularly attractive LBO candidate. RJR's problems appeared fixable. Between 1985 to 1988, the return of firm on asset declined from 15.5 per cent to 11.5 per cent. Moreover, inventory turnover fell from 10.0 to 3.9. For solve these problems, RJR had potential for value creation and used discounted-cash-flow methodology to determine value. The quality of the bidding team includes KKR, Management Group, and The First Boston Group, which is a...
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...JOHN M. CASE COMPANY Mergers and Acquisitions OCTOBER 6, 2015 FINA 5513D - MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS Syed Ali Ahmad (100978220), Long Thanh Dinh (100986227) Zeeshan Halim (100986227) Table of Contents Executive Summary .................................................................................................................. 2 Why the J.M.C. Company is an Attractive Target for the Firm’s Management ............... 3 Why purchase the J. M. C. Company by LBO ...................................................................... 4 Target Selection ...................................................................................................................... 4 Industry ................................................................................................................................... 4 Improve Operational Performance .......................................................................................... 5 Management Competence ....................................................................................................... 5 Valuation of the LBO................................................................................................................ 6 LBO Financing Structure......................................................................................................... 7 Ownership Retention ................................................................................................................ 8 Expansion...
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...Hertz Ipo Case Analysis Executive Summary Hertz group had initiated an IPO in July 2006 when Carlyle group, together with Clayton, Dubilier &Rice, and Merril Lynch Global Private equity , three prominent firms had filed to take the firm public. However this action has come just seven months after the three had combined to purchase Hertz from Ford Motor Company for Approx. $15 million. Berg, MD of Vandelay Capital Management debated whether to invest in this IPO.The LBO sponsors had borrowed an additional $1 billion on top of the buyout financing to pay themselves a special dividend in June 2006 , being the biggest reason why the IPO generated widespread criticism along with the speed with which the IPO was conducted . In the face of this criticism, the demand for the Hertz IPO weakened, and the offer price was reduced from the initial file price range of $16-$18 to just $15. Berg must assess whether at $15 per share, Hertz offers an attractive investment for this fund. After detailed analysis on the sponsors' returns on their investment and the attractiveness of the $15 offer price to public shareholders, along with the circumstances surrounding the IPO, it was concluded and advised not to invest. Reasons behind the IPO One of the obvious reasons behind the IPO was Hertz’s strong brand equity that gave it strong pricing power since it was ranked as the top worldwide general use car rental brand and one of the largest rental companies in the U.S and Canadian markets...
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...BUS 330 Business Finance Online Final Examination Question 1: Chapter 11 Industries that generally perform well when other industries are performing well are referred to as: A. diversified industries. B. cyclical industries. C. risk-free industries. D. systematic risk industries Question 2: Chapter 12 Discuss how betas are measured for individual stocks. Betas are measured by plotting the historic returns of the stock against the market portfolio during the same period of time. Often times, another index is used instead of the market portfolio. The beta of the stock is the slope of the straight line drawn that best fits the observations of the plotted data. A slope of greater than 1.0 typically means that a stock’s returns are more volatile, while a slope of less than 1.0 typically means that the stock’s returns are less volatile than those of the market portfolio (or other index). Question 3: Chapter 13 The company cost of capital for a firm with a 65/35 debt/equity split, 8% cost of debt, 15% cost of equity, and a 35% tax rate would be: A. 7.02%. B. 8.63% C. 10.45%. D. 13.80%. Question 4: Chapter 14 When a firm issues 50,000 shares with a par value of $5 for $22 per share, additional paid-in capital will: A. decrease by $250,000. B. increase by $250,000. C. increase by $850,000. D. increase by $1,100,000. Question 5: Chapter 15 How do firms make initial public offerings and what are the costs of such offerings? When a firm makes an...
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...Rawat G13095 Vikram Bhatt G13116 A leveraged buyout (LBO) is when a company or single asset (e.g., a real estate property) is purchased with a combination of equity and significant amounts of borrowed money, structured in such a way that the target's cash flows or assets are used as the collateral (or "leverage") to secure and repay the money borrowed to purchase the target-company/asset. Since the debt (be it senior or mezzanine) has a lower cost of capital (until bankruptcy risk reaches a level threatening to the lender[s]) than the equity, the returns on the equity increase as the amount of borrowed money does until the perfect capital structure is reached. As a result, the debt effectively serves as a lever to increase returns-on-investment (ROI). The purpose of a LBO is to allow an acquirer to make large acquisitions without having to commit a significant amount of capital. A typically transaction involves the setup of an acquisition vehicle that is jointly funded by a financial investor and management of the target company. Often the assets of the target company are used as collateral for the debt. Typically, the debt capital comprises of a combination of highly structured debt instruments including prepayable bank facilities and / or publicly or private placed bonds commonly referred to as high-yield debt. India has experienced a number of buyouts and leveraged buyouts since Tata Tea’s LBO of UK heavyweight brand Tetley for ₤271 million in 2000...
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...Workshop 4 Problems Kevin Rock MBA 465 Strategic Management BSA 555 November 1, 2011 David R. Gray, Ph.D 1. Why are acquisition strategies popular in many firms competing in the global economy? Because of globalization; deregulation of multiple industries in many different economies and favorable legislation; the number and size of domestic and cross-border acquisitions continues to increase; especially from emerging economies 2. What reasons account for firms’ decisions to use acquisition strategies as a means to achieving strategic competitiveness? To increase market power; overcome entry barriers to new markets or regions; avoid costs of developing new products and increase the speed of new market entries; reduce the risk of entering a new business; become more diversified; reshape their competitive scope with different portfolio of businesses; and enhance their learning. 3. What are the seven primary problems that affect a firm’s efforts to successfully use an acquisition strategy? Difficulty of effectively integrating the firms involved; incorrectly evaluating the target firm’s value; creating debt loads that preclude adequate long-term investment; overestimating the potential for synergy; creating a firm that is too diversified; creating an internal environment in which managers devote increasing amounts of their time and energy to analyzing and completing the acquisition; developing a combined firm that is too large (thereby necessitating extensive...
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...Introduction Melco was a developer, owner and operator of resorts and casino in Macau, China. It was formed in November 2004, as a joint venture between Melco International Development Ltd. And publishing and broadcasting Ltd. Melco was one of the only six companies authorized by the government of Macau to operate casinos in the territory of Macau. Melco was one of the two pure plays of Macau that had been deemed possible acquisition targets by American gaining firms. Overview of the Sector The gaming sector had been fragmented until the late 1990s, when consolidation had begun to take place.last two years had brought about an especially torrid pace of activity, as firms merged and private equity firms acquired companies. During that time, there was an endless amount of cheap debt and private equity firms were eager to leverage the strong, rapidly rising cash flows of gaining firms. During the summer 2007, this active market has taken a turn to the worse. The gaming market was split into three customer segments (day trippers, multi-night visitors and VIPs). Each of these customer segments were of different nature. Background of Macau Macau was the only place in China where gambling was legal. In 2006, for the first Macau displaced Las Vegas as the worlds gaming market. Because Macau’s $6.98 billion in gaming revenue exceeded Las Vegas’s $6.69 billion revenue. Macau’s gaming revenue would exceed $15.5 billion in 2010 whereas Las Vegas expected to generate only $8.67 billions. ...
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...Business Plan: Business plan is a document that is the outcome of an integrated process of making future plans for different organizational functions. More specifically, business plan is (1) A written document that details the proposed venture. (2) A description of all the facts, like the project, marketing, research and development, manufacturing, management, critical risks, financing and milestone of proposed venture. (3) A document written to raise money for a growing company from the banks of financial investors. (4) Future guide for successful operation of the venture. Why business plan is so essential? 1.The preparation process of a business plan forces the entrepreneur to take an objective , critical, and unemotional look at the business in its entirely. 2. It is a tool to managing the business better. 3. It is a way of communicating the firm’s ideas to others and the basis for the financial proposal. 4. It improves the firm’s chances of success. 5. It sells the entrepreneur and others on the business.6. It communicates the strategy and business approach within the firm. Business plan checklist: A personal step by step evaluation 1. Business description segment 2. Marketing segment 3. Research design & development segment 4. Manufacturing segment 5. Management segment 6. Critical risk segment 7. Financial segment 8.Milestone schedule segment 9. Appendix segment Joint venture: A joint venture is a separate entity involving two or active participants...
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