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Denmark: Globalization and the Welfare State

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Denmark: Globalization and the Welfare State

* 1. Is Denmark prosperous because of, or despite welfare state?
Sigurno je blagostanje in uspešnost države Danske vezano na njihovo socialo državo. Danska je, zaradi kombinacije visoko socialne države, efektivnega javnega sektorja in uspešnega privatnega sektorja nodi uspešno okolje za razvoj podjetništva, privlači tujo delovno silo in podjetja.
Lahko tudi rečemo, da so visoki davki, ki zagotavljajo visoko socialno varnost, prinesli srečo in uspešnost. Tako je the Econimist Intelligence Unit v letu 2007 proglasil Dansko za najboljše mesto na svetu, ki je primerno za uspešno poslovanje (ena od držav, kjer je najlažje začeti nov posel), v letu 2008 pa je mednarodna raziskava pokazala, da so Danci najsrečnejši ljudje na svetu. Več kot 60% jih za sebe lahko reče, da so zelo zadovoljni z svojim življenjem. Tako jim recimo pripada 25 dni dopusta na leto in 37 urni delovni teden.

2. How did Denmark achieve 3% unemployment in 2008?
V sredini 80'h ter v začetku 90'h let je mednarodna konkurenca privedla Dansko do povečanja nezaposlenosti, Danska vlada je v tem času močno povečala socialne izdatke, da je pokrila povečano nezaposlenost, zgodnje upokojitve .. itd. Potrebna je bila nova strategija, ki jo je uvedel Paul Nyrup Rasmussen, tako imenovana »flexicurity«. S to reformo so hoteli doseči bolj prilagodljivo ekonomijo brez rezanja socialnih ugodnosti. Tako so dali podjetjem možnost hitrega odpuščanja zaposlenih, vendar so na drugi strani nudili večji obseg izobraževanja in prezaposlovanja. Moto reforme je bil : »Ljudje imajo pravico do izobraževanja in socialne varnosti ter dolžnost do dela in prispevanja do družbe«.

Glavni dejavniki reforme so: * Odpiranje novih delovnih mest, s tem da se odpravi minimalna plača, ni reguliran delovni čas, … , pogajanja se vršijo na relaciji delavec – lastnik, običajno skozi kolektivne pogodbe. Treba je tudi povedati, da je Danska ena najbolj »sindikalnih« držav, saj je preko 80% vseh delavcev vključenih v sindikate. * Da bi zaščitila zaposlene je vlada uvedla nadomestilo za čas nezaposlenosti v višini do 90% plače in za dobo do 4 let po odpustu. * Vlada je prav tako uvedla nekaj pogojev, ki se nanašajo na nezaposlene. Tako se ukvarja aktivno z nezaposleni, jih izobražuje in preusmerja v področja, kjer primanjkuje delavcev. * Da bi pritegnila nove gospodarske družbe, osnovala nove izobraževalne in zaposlitvene programe se je vlada zavezala, da veliko sredstev nameni za infrastrukturo, socialo, za makroekonomsko stabilnost ter za izvozna podjetja.

Če prav se je število odpuščenih delavcev iz leta v leto povečevalo, se je na drugi strani še bolj povečalo število na novo zaposlenih, kar je Dansko uvrstilo na prvo mesto po številu menjav zaposlitev na leto ( 700.000 kar je 25% vse delovne sile), pomembno je pa tudi to, da je čas med zaposlitvami manjši kot pri ostalih članicah OECD.

3. How do companies like Lego and Novo Nordisk do so well in a country with such high taxes? What attracts firms to Denmark and keeps them there?
Lahko rečeno, da jih privablja visoko izobražena delovna sila, prost pretok delovne sile, dobra infrastruktura ter spodbude in olajšave s strani države. Vedno se postavlja vprašanje, ali proizvodnjo prenesti v države z cenejšo delovno silo, na primer na Kitajsko.
Nasprotno temu modelu so se podjetja kot so Lego ali Novo Nordisk odločila, da ostanejo na Danskem. Podjetja so podpirala nadaljnja izobraževanja zaposlenih ter se skupaj z sindikati pripravila za globalizacijske pritiske, na gibanje trga blaga in delovne sile.

V primeru Lega so se v podjetju odzvali na globalizacijo in cenovne pritiske s strani Mattela in ostalih s izdelavo spletnih iger ter z možnostjo, da kupci naročijo Lego kocke preko interaktivne »Lego-tovarne«. Podjetje se je fokusiralo na zmanjševanje časa od naročila do dostave, poizkušalo je razumeti razmere na posameznih trgih ter z zaščito intelektualne lastnine. Čeprav je cena delovne sile na Kitajskem dosti manjša, je podjetje povečalo proizvodnjo na račun uspešnih izdelkov (igrač) ter z hitrim odgovorom na potrebe trga. Podjetje Lego je odprlo svoje proizvodne obrate tudi zunaj Danske, v vzhodni Evropi in Mehiki, seveda se vse odločitve sprejemajo skupaj z sindikati.
V letu 2010 so se odločili, da na Danskem ostanejo samo še strokovno (specialistično) intenzivni obrati, prav tako je podjetje ustanovilo R&D oddelek, kjer so zaposlili ljudi, ki so izgubili delo pri selitvi proizvodnje iz Danske. Tako je zaposlenost v podjetju v letu 2008 po štirih letih padanja ponovno v porastu. »Morali smo oddati (zapreti) dele podjetja, kar lahko drugi delajo za nas – to je bilo težko in boleče, ampak na koncu smo postali učeče se podjetje« pravi Lego CEO Knudstorp.

4. As Danes reworked their societal arrangements in the 1990s who won more: labor or capital?
Mislim, da so zmagali oboji. V začetku 90'h je Dansko prizadela največja nezaposlenost in v letu 1994 dosegla največjo raven z 12%. S socialnim dialogom v 90'h, tako imenovanim »Flexicurity« oz. po slovensko »Prožna varnost« so dosegli fleksibilni trg dela in socialno varnost delavcev.
Kapital je v tem sporazumu pridobil na fleksibilnosti trga dele, lahko je odpuščal zaposlene, ni bil zakonsko omejen z minimalno plačo, s zaposlenimi se je dogovarjal o delovnem času, številu prostih dni, omejili možnost delavskih protestov… etc. Država je investirala precejšen del denarja v infrastrukturo in makro-ekonomsko stabilnost, kar je povečalo konkurenčnost.
Po drugi strani so zaposleni dobili možnost koriščenja do 4 letnega nadomestila po izgubi službe, omogočili so jim visoke socialne pravice, izobraževanje, preusmeritve na druga delovna mesa, pripravili so ljudi, da so lahko kos novim izzivom v hitro menjajočemu trgu dela. 5. Is the welfare state compatible with multiculturalism?
Seveda da je, vendar ni tako enostavno. Za Dance je socialna država sestavni del demokratičnih vrednot in del njihove identitete, torej lahko rečemo način življenja.
Danska je beležila po 2 svetovni vojni pritok imigrantov iz predvsem iz Turčije, Pakistana, Maroka in vzhodne Evrope, v 80'h letih predvsem iz Iraka in Irana ter Palestine ter v 90'h predvsem iz območij nekdanje Jugoslavije, tako da kar 9% prebivalstva predstavljajo imigranti ter njihovi potomci.
Večji problemi so se začeli z karikaturami preroka Mohameda v Danskem časopisu leta 2005. Karikature so izvale veliko ogorčenje in proteste v muslimanskem svetu, veliko Dancev je pa to razumela kot napad muslimanov (seveda tudi muslimanov na Danskem), na pravico do svobodnega izražanja, torej v nasprotju z Danskimi vrednotami.

6. What should other countries learn from Denmark‘s experience?
Če govorimo o Sloveniji, je ena od prvih stvari, ki jih lahko potegne iz primera Danske to, da je »velikost« socialnih ugodnosti, ki jih lahko zagotovi posamezna država določenemu delavcu, posamezniku, družbi, premo sorazmerna s konkurenčnostjo podjetij, možnostjo podjetniškega razvoja, odprtosti trga delovne sile in investiranju države v izobraževanje, infrastrukturo in podobno.
Izpeljava in namen reform mora biti jasno določen in izveden, potreben je konsenz med sindikati, delodajalci in vlado, kar jim na Danskem več kot uspelo.

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