...Describe and Evaluate Two Approaches to the Treatment of Self-Defeating Behaviour “Self-defeating behaviour is the idea that sometimes people knowingly do things that will cause them to fail or bring them trouble. It is defined as “any deliberate or intentional behaviour that has clear, definitely or probably negative effects on the self or on the self’s projects.” The concept of and theories behind why a person behaves in ways that are self-defeating is one that has been examined by many psychological approaches over time. In this essay I will define and explain self-defeating behaviours, their origins, causes and reasons for maintaining them, together with examples of such behaviours. Subsequently I will focus on two approaches to addressing self-defeating behaviours, incorporating similarities and differences. The two approaches I have chosen to look at are Cognitive Behavioural therapy and Person Centred I will then give my personal thoughts as a student counsellor. The origins of self-defeating behaviour can often be traced back to childhood. One trigger may be constant criticism whereby the child is told that he/she can never do anything right, is useless and so on. This can lead to the child engaging in self-defeating behaviour that reinforces their resultant poor self-image. If the parent(s) are seen as the most important people in the child’s life, fear of disappointing them, or of not being able to meet their standards or expectations can result in developing...
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...Word Count:-2,423 DESCRIBE AND EVALUATE TWO APPROACHES TO THE TREATMENT OF SELF-DEFEATING BEHAVIOUR. THE APPROACHES SHOULD BE SELECTED FROM THOSE INTRODUCED IN MODULE 5. In this essay I will try and demonstrate my knowledge and understanding of the title, by describing and evaluating two approaches of the treatment of self-defeating behaviour. INTRODUCTION Self-defeating behaviour is a behaviour used to cope with a traumatic situation. It is then repeatedly used but often has a damaging effect on the person. This can be identified as being deliberate or intentional behaviour that has a clear, definite or probably negative effect. People are more likely to have a self-defeating or destructive manner when either there are threats made to their egos or when they have low self-esteem. When people have low self-esteem they are more likely to be susceptible to having depression, anxiety and emotional distress, which are problems that are usually directly related to low self-appraisal. There are many examples of self-defeating behaviours like, being needy, guilty, envious, angry, obsessive, rebellious, addictions, eating disorders, procrastination, controlling, gossiping, self-doubt and depression. Basically self-defeating behaviour is a coping mechanism we use when we are dealing with a threatening or stressful situation. We grab at any solution that we can find. The solution might have helped in the short term, and that is why we keep repeating it. Nonetheless, it can also...
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...Evaluate the claim that Person-Centered Therapy offers the therapist all that he/she will need to treat clients Person-centered therapy, which is also known as client-centered, non-directive, or Rogerian therapy, is an approach to counseling and psychotherapy that places much of the responsibility for the treatment process on the client, with the therapist taking a nondirective role. Developed in the 1930s by the American psychologist Carl Rogers, client-centered therapy departed from the typically formal, detached role of the therapist emphasized in psychoanalysis and other forms of treatment. Rogers believed that therapy should take place in a supportive environment created by a close personal relationship between client and therapist. Rogers's introduction of the term "client" rather than "patient" expresses his rejection of the traditionally hierarchical relationship between therapist and client and his view of them as equals. In person-centered therapy, the client determines the general direction of therapy, while the therapist seeks to increase the client's insight and self-understanding through informal clarifying questions. This essay will evaluate this type of therapy to establish if it is the only therapy needed by therapist to treat their clients. Rogers was a humanistic therapist which differed greatly from other approaches at that time which were based on the psychodynamic ideas of Freud, Carl Yung, Alfred Adler and others. Person Centred Therapy is not active...
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...Introduction Helping others is one of the most important aspects in life today. There are many different ways, and different forms of helping people. Helping others could make another person feel better either inside, or about them self. ‘Helping’ is one of those taken for granted words. It is a familiar part of our vocabulary. Traditionally, for example, social workers, youth workers and support workers, guidance counsellors and psychologist have been talked about as members of the helping professions. The question, do you need some help? Should be part of our daily business as informal and formal educators and guidance counsellors. Yet what we mean by ‘helping’ is not that obvious and the qualities we look for in ‘helping relationships’ need some thinking about. Here we try to clear away some of the confusion. What do we mean by helping? For many people within the social professions, such as social work, counsellors, community workers and psychologist. The notion of helping is tied up with counselling and guidance. Many students such as myself major in psychology and or guidance and counselling because I am fascinated by people. I want to learn more about why people behave as they do and are motivated to help people improve their lives. However, there are key ingredients of a helping relationship in helping anyone includes acceptance, this is the act of relating to another person without judging him or her. Respect which is also an attitude of giving dignity to each individual...
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...Beginner’s Guide to Eating Disorders Recovery 3 *Biting the Hand That Starves You 4 *Bulimia: A Guide to Recovery 4 Eating Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence, 3rd Ed. 4 Eating Disorders: Journey to Recovery Workbook 4 *Desperately Seeking Self: An Inner Guidebook For People With Eating Problems 5 *Life without ED: How One Woman Declared Independence from Her Eating Disorder and How You Can Too 5 Overcoming Overeating 6 *Overcoming Binge Eating 6 *The Anorexia Workbook: How To Accept Yourself, Heal Your Suffering, And Reclaim Your Life 6 *The Overcoming Bulimia Workbook 7 *Skinny Boy: A Young Man’s Battle and Triumph Over Anorexia 7 When Dieting Becomes Dangerous: A Guide to Understanding and Treating Anorexia and Bulimia……………7 Body Image and Self-Esteem 8 *Body Image Workbook: An 8-step Program For Learning To Like Your Looks (2nd Ed.) 8 *Body Love: Learning to Like Our Looks and Ourselves 8 *Feeling Good About the Way You Look………………………..……………………………..8 Girls Rock: Wise Teens Offer Tweens and Moms Advice on Healthy Body Image, Self-Esteem, and Personal Empowerment.9 Life Doesn’t Begin Five Pounds From Now 9 Love your Body: Change the Way You Feel about the Body You Have 9 *Self Esteem Comes In All Sizes 9 Healthy Eating and Balanced Lifestyle 10 Eat, Drink and Be Mindful: How to End Your Struggle with Mindless Eating and Start Savoring Food 10 *Embracing Fear: How to Turn What Scares us into Our Greatest Gift 10 ...
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...Student Learning Guide Counselling Methods 1 © South African College of Applied Psychology (Pty) Ltd Developed and produced by the South African College of Applied Psychology Sunclare building, Claremont, Cape Town, 7708, South Africa. 2012. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by means of electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. Copyrighted materials reproduced herein are used under the provision of the South African Copyright Act 98 of 1978 section 12 (1) (a)(b) (3), for private study only by students. STUDENT LEARNING GUIDE: COUNSELLING METHODS 1 2 Table of contents How this guide works ........................................................................................................................ 10 Module Readings .............................................................................................................................. 11 Prescribed text book ......................................................................................................................... 11 Prescribed and recommended readings ........................................................................................... 11 Session One: An Overview of Theories of Psychotherapy and Counselling ..................................... 14 Reading for the session .....................................................................
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...PYC4802/101/0/2015 Tutorial letter 101/0/2015 Psychopathology PYC4802 Year module Department of Psychology IMPORTANT INFORMATION: This tutorial letter contains important information about your module. CONTENTS Page 1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 3 1.1 Turorial material ....................................................................................................... 4 2. PURPOSE OF AND OUTCOMES FOR THE MODULE ......................................... 4 2.1 Purpose ................................................................................................................... 4 2.2 Outcomes ................................................................................................................ 4 3. LECTURER(S) AND CONTACT DETAILS ............................................................ 6 3.1 Lecturer(s) ............................................................................................................... 6 3.2 Department .............................................................................................................. 7 3.3 University ................................................................................................................. 7 4. MODULE-RELATED RESOURCES ....................................................................... 7 4.1 Prescribed book.....
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...Introduction to business and management J. Timms MN1107, 996D107, 2790107 2011 Undergraduate study in Economics, Management, Finance and the Social Sciences This is an extract from a subject guide for an undergraduate course offered as part of the University of London International Programmes in Economics, Management, Finance and the Social Sciences. Materials for these programmes are developed by academics at the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE). For more information, see: www.londoninternational.ac.uk This guide was prepared for the University of London International Programmes by: J.N. Timms, BA, MSocSci, Researcher at the Centre for the Study of Global Governance, London School of Economics and Political Science. The 2006 and 2009 editions of this guide were amended and updated by A.E. Benjamin, BSc, MA, Dip Stats, previously at Imperial College Business School. This is one of a series of subject guides published by the University. We regret that due to pressure of work the author is unable to enter into any correspondence relating to, or arising from, the guide. If you have any comments on this subject guide, favourable or unfavourable, please use the form at the back of this guide. University of London International Programmes Publications Office Stewart House 32 Russell Square London WC1B 5DN United Kingdom Website: www.londoninternational.ac.uk Published by: University of London © University of London 2002, reprinted...
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...outcomes15 Essential reading15 Further reading16 Beginning your study16 The importance of key concepts16 A closer look at business and organisations17 A closer look at management19 The evolution of business and management studies21 Chapter review25 A reminder of your learning outcomes26 Sample examination questions26 Advice on answering a question26 Chapter 2: Understanding the business organisation – a multidisciplinary approach29Aims of the chapter29 Learning outcomes29 Essential reading29 Further reading30 Introduction30 A multidisciplinary view of business and management30 Sociological perspectives31 The anthropology of organisations33 The contributions of psychology34 Economic approaches to organisations36 The stakeholder model of the firm38 Chapter review39 A reminder of your learning outcomes40 Sample examination questions40 Advice on answering a question41 Section 2: Decision making43Chapter 3: The management role45Aims of the chapter45 Learning...
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...achieve economic efficiency if jobs are lost in one area, workers are willing/able to move to other occupations * Developed economies labour is typically immobile; emerging market economies labour mobile * The more mobile workers are, the higher the supply of labour tends to be * However, a high degree of geographical mobility, especially between rural and urban areas, can lead to overcrowding and worsened living conditions 2.1.3 – Compare present human resources with future requirements and evaluate strategies for developing future human resources. * HR departments need to calculate future staffing needs to avoid having too few or too many staff, or staff with the wrong skills * HR departments must respond to business (corporate) plan and its objectives, to build workforce plan * Starting workforce planning is the workforce audit, which is a check on the skills and qualifications of all existing employees * Workforce planning involves two main stages: forecasting number of staff required and forecasting the skills (and flexibility/workload of employees) required * Number of staff required depends on: forecasting the demand for firm’s product (using historical data),...
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...2. Leadership ………………………………………...……….……. 52 3. Inter Group Behavior and Conflict ……………….………….… 124 4. Power and Organizational Politics...……………….……….…… 161 Table and Figure Contents 1. Acronym Tropics Test …………….……………………………... 7 2. Self-esteem, Performance and Stress …………………………….. 16 3. Self-esteem, Performance and Change ……………………….….. 16 4. Stability Zones …………………..……………………………….. 18 5. The Coping Cycle ……………..…………………………………. 21 6. Quality Management …………………………………………….. 26 7. Forces of Change ………………………………………. ..……... 32 8. Kinds of Organizational Change …………………………....……. 37 9. Dealing with Resistance to Change ……….………….……..…… 41 10. Methods of Overcoming Resistance to Change …………………. 43 11. Comparison Between Leadership and Management …………….. 57 12. Three Leadership Patterns, their Location in the Organization and Their Skill Requirements ……………………………….…… 61 13. Hersy and Blanchard’s Situational Leadership Model: Defining Maturity and Four Leadership Styles…………….…..… 65 14. Relationships in the LPC Contingency Mode ……………………. 69 15. Casual Relationship for Supportive Leadership on Subordinate Effort ……………………………………………………………... 74 16. Casual Relationship of Effects of Directive Leadership Behaviour on Subordinate Effort ……………………………………………. 76 17. Path-Goal of Leadership ………………………………………….. 77 18. Application of the Path-goal Model to Six Situations...……..…… 78 19. Specific Substitutes and Neutralizers for Supportive and Instrumental...
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...Intermediate textbooks published by CIPD in September 2012 Many of our centres are providing students with all the resources required to succeed in their chosen qualification. CIPD offer bespoke textbook collections written by chief examiners and module authors to meet the needs of your students. To organise a collection specifically relevant for your students please email publishingmarketing@cipd.co.uk for more information. Introduction These three titles cover the content of the CIPD intermediate level core units in human resource management and development. The books are written and edited by CIPD accredited experts and offer a wealth of experience in teaching, writing and examining, whilst covering the unit learning outcomes. They also include a wide range of learning features such as reflective activities, annotated further reading, and case studies. Reviews Studying Human Resource Management ‘Through the successful collaboration of the core modules of the intermediate qualification into one text, a valuable resource to both learners and tutors has been created. It enhances the continuing alignment of educational objectives and the CIPD’s professional development framework to deliver and develop outstanding HR professionals.’ Ian Chapman, CIPD course leader, Warrington Collegiate ‘This is a clearly written text which successfully bridges the gap between theory and practice. Coverage of the core modules of the CIPD Intermediate qualification is...
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...without prior permission in writing from: The Commonwealth of Learning 1285 West Broadway Suite 600 Vancouver, BC V6H 3X8 CANADA e-mail: info@col.org Dean Institute of Distance Learning New Library Building Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Kumasi, Ghana Phone: +233-51-60013 Fax: +233-51-60014 E-mail: idldean@kvcit.org Web: www.fdlknust.edu.gh i 553 - Management in Organisations Learning Objectives Upon successful completion of this course, learners will be able to: • • • • Explain the basic premises of management and public administration Compare different theories and approaches of organisation Distinguish behavioural patterns, advantages, disadvantages, and dysfunctions of bureaucracies Categorize the different management trends in the work environment. Topics • Introduction to Management and Organisational Behaviour • Individual and Group Behaviour in Organisations • Decision- making and Communications in Organisations • Leadership, Organisational Structure & Environment • Power and Politics • Organisational Culture • Organisational Change • Conflict and Negotiations ii TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Introduction......................................................................................................................... 2 Structure of the Course....................................................................................................... 3 Course Aims and Objectives..............................................................
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...Personality Theory Course : Organizational Behaviour Course Code: MBA507 Section: 1 Submitted To: Dr. Nasreen Wadud Adjunct Faculty, Business Administration Department East West University Submitted By: Md. Faysal Ahmed ID: 2013-1-95-110 Mahmudul Hasan ID: 2013-1-95-031 Niaj Mahmud ID: 2013-1-95-055 Md. Samiul Islam Chowdhury ID: 2013-1-95-076 Submission Date: 24.08.2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS Front Matter 2-5 Preface 2 Learning Objectives 3 Scope of the Project 3 Methodology 4 Limitations 5 I. Introduction 6-12 Introduction to Personality Theory 6 What is a Theory 7 Why Different theories 11 II. Theories of Personality 12-116 Psychoanalytic Theory 12-25 Humanistic Theory 25-43 Trait and Factor Theories- Big Five Factors 43-57 Biological and Genetic Theories 58-62 Social Cognitive Theory 62-87 Holistic-Dynamic Theory 88-116 III. Conclusion 116-117 Final Thoughts 116 Summary ...
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...Chapter 1 SIGMUND FREUD AN INTRODUCTION Sigmund Freud, pioneer of Psychoanalysis, was born on 6th May 1856 in Freiberg to a middle class family. He was born as the eldest child to his father’s second wife. When Freud was four years old, his family shifted and settled in Vienna. Although Freud’s ambition from childhood was a career in law, he decided to enter the field of medicine. In 1873, at the age of seventeen, Freud enrolled in the university as a medical student. During his days in the university, he did his research on the Central Nervous System under the guidance of German physician `Ernst Wilhelm Von Brucke’. Freud received his medical degree in 1881and later in 1883 he began to work in Vienna General Hospital. Freud spent three years working in various departments of the hospital and in 1885 he left his post at the hospital to join the University of Vienna as a lecturer in Neuropathology. Following his appointment as a lecturer, he got the opportunity to work under French neurologist Jean Charcot at Salpetriere, the famous Paris hospital for nervous diseases. So far Freud’s work had been entirely concentrated on physical sciences but Charcot’s work, at that time, concentrated more on hysteria and hypnotism. Freud’s studies under Charcot, which centered largely on hysteria, influenced him greatly in channelising his interests to psychopathology. In 1886, Freud established his private practice in Vienna specializing in nervous diseases...
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