...Research Methodology PART 3 Research Design & Plan M S Sridhar Head, Library & Documentation ISRO Satellite Centre Bangalore 560017 E-mail: sridhar@isac.gov.in & sridharmirle@yahoo.com Research Design & Plan Synopsis 1. Introduction to Research & Research methodology 2. Selection and formulation of research problem 3. Research design and plan 4. Experimental designs 5. Sampling and sampling strategy or plan 6. Measurement and scaling techniques 7. Data collection methods and techniques 8. Testing of hypotheses 9. Statistical techniques for processing & analysis of data 10. Analysis, interpretation and drawing inferences 11. Report writing M S Sridhar, ISRO 1. Significance of research design 2. Meaning & process of design / plan 3. Writing the plan (protocol) 4. Contents of the plan (protocol) 5. Qualities of good research design 6. Choice of research topic, method/ approach and methods of data collection 7. Types of research design 8. Comparison of research designs 9. Action & Applied Research 10. Correlational, Ex post facto, Ethnogenic & Triangulation Studies 2 Research Methodology 3 Significance of Research Design 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Smooth & efficient sailing (sets boundaries & prevents blind search) Yields maximum information (avoids collection of unnecessary data) Costs least in terms of effort, time & money Maximizes reliability of results Provides firm foundation to the endeavor Averts misleading conclusions & thoughtless futile exercise...
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...| Narration is | | | Student Answer: | | creative tension | | | | storytelling | | | | a moral | | | | dramatic structure | | | | Points Received: | 1 of 1 | | Comments: | | | | 3. | Question : | One of the most common mistakes students make when choosing a topic is to select one that is too | | | Student Answer: | | complicated | | | | broad | | | | narrow | | | | research based | | | | Points Received: | 1 of 1 | | Comments: | | | | 4. | Question : | When you edit a paper, you | | | Student Answer: | | fine-tune your writing | | | | consider individual elements and details | | | | focus on taking a big-picture view of the paper (asking if it is complete, focused, well structured, and coherent) | | | | a & b only | | | | Points Received: | 0 of 1 | | Comments: | | | | 5. | Question : | While there is not a strict formula for the structure of a paper, all good papers have a strong | | | Student Answer: | | introduction, body, and...
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...THE UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST INDIES ST. AUGUSTINE, TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO, WEST INDIES FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & ENGINEERING STUDENTS’ SOCIETY Technical Report Writing Workshop Facilitated by: Halcyon Lawrence March 03, 2007 Table of Contents Topic 1: The Communication Model ............................................................................. 4 Topic 2: Five Cs of Technical Communication .............................................................. 7 Clarity ............................................................................................................................. 7 Structural Clarity (document level) ............................................................................ 7 Stylistic Clarity ........................................................................................................... 7 Grammatical Clarity.................................................................................................... 7 Contextual Clarity....................................................................................................... 7 Conciseness..................................................................................................................... 8 Document level Conciseness ...................................................................................... 8 Paragraph/sentence level Conciseness........................................................................ 8 Concreteness ......................................
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...Communicating Design Research Knowledge: A Role for Ethnographic Writing Lois Frankel Concordia University & School of Industrial Design, Carleton University, Canada lois_frankel@carleton.ca Abstract: The recent use of ethnographic field research methods in design research practice reflects the growing interest of designers in the expressive Design researchers have not, however, exploited ethnographers to report their findings, but instead and cultural im pact of the artifacts they create. the "thick description" methods used by prefer to apply the results of design-driven ethnographic research directly to the development of new product concepts. This paper proposes that ethnographic representation methods , including innovative visual representations, offer untapped potential for design research reporting, not just field of historical design. Te in term s of facilitating com munications during the mpts by designers to make sense of the broader the potential of ethnographic design process, but also as a record of ongoing atte representation methods for design. Keywords: Ethnography in design, Ethnographic writing, Ethnographic representation st projects by design students show 1. Introduction Ethnography is often viewed as a specialized area within reveal and preserve cultural knowledge, using methods such the larger activity of cultural anthropology, seeking to as interviewing or cultural submersion to discover important values. Since design is also a profession...
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...wearing gloves? Well no one does! However, it happens more often than you would think. Overview: Most science classes begin with an overview of laboratory safety procedures. Many teachers agree that this is an important topic to discuss due to the recent increase of accidents in labs not only at the high school level, but also in universities and in professional settings. The purpose of this document-based question is to have you evaluate the necessity of learning laboratory safety. You are to examine the documents and search for evidence to support your answer to the question, “Are the lessons learned in laboratory safety applicable to real world scenarios?” The Documents: Document A - A Death in the Lab Document B - University of Chicago Microbiologist Infected From Possible Lab Accident Document C - Danger in School Labs: Accidents Haunt Experimental Science Document D - Animal Handling Safety Document E - Graphs of Death by Mechanism and Occupation Understanding the Question 1. What is the analytical question asked in this DBQ? 2. What terms in the question need to be defined? 3. Rewrite the question in your own words. Pre-Bucketing Directions: Using clues from the question, think of logical analytical categories and label the buckets. (Hint: use a two-step bucketing strategy.) THEN Document A - A Death in the Lab Fatality adds further momentum to calls for a shake-up in academic safety culture. In the early hours of 13 April, undergraduate...
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... focusing on content, rather than style; on linguistics, rather than writing ability. It will also save you a lot of time because there will probably be less restructuring needed between your first draft and your final draft. GENERAL STRUCTURE: 1. Tell us what you’re gonna tell us. 2. Tell us! 3. Tell us what you told us. At a very basic level, this is all you need to know. The main point here is that your paper is not a mystery novel; there should be no ‘big reveal’ at the end. Rather, you want to set up the reader’s expectations so that they know up front what you’re trying to argue and, while reading your paper, will see if they’re convinced by how you make your arguments. The first step roughly corresponds (to the first paragraph of) your introduction and the third step roughly corresponds to (the first paragraph of) your conclusion (remember that this is an art, not a science, and these are guidelines, not rules). The bulk of your paper is in the second step. This is where you make your case: you state how you went about answering your research question (your Methods), what you found (your Results) and what you think about what you found (your Discussion). Every single section relates back to that one main point you’re telling your audience. Meyerhoff and Schleef (eds., 2010: The...
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...(September 1996) pp. 421-35 CORPORATE TAX COMPLIANCE AND FINANCIAL REPORTING CORPORATE TAX COMPLIANCE AND FINANCIAL REPORTING LILLIAN F. MILLS * Abstract - The tax law provides varying opportunities for tax planning, and firms have competing incentives to consider in planning a tax reporting strategy, including financial reporting effects. I present preliminary results that Internal Revenue Service audit adjustments increase in the excess of book income over taxable income. This is evidence that firms incur additional costs for reporting higher book income than taxable income. I also investigate the relationship between compliance costs and taxes paid. Existing descriptive research emphasizes the social cost burden of such compliance costs. Preliminary results indicate that firms that spend more on tax research and planning report lower tax expense. results that proposed Internal Revenue Service (IRS) audit adjustments increase as the excess of book income over taxable income increases. This is evidence that firms incur additional costs for reporting higher financial statement income than taxable income. I also investigate how the level of conformity varies as the relative incentives for book income versus tax savings change. Tax regimes that require more conformity between book and tax accounting will likely induce higher tax payments than those firms whose incentives to maintain high book income are the greatest. In addition, government enforcement costs may be higher...
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...Critical Review Essay Sustainable and Systems Thinking (7920IBA) Critical Review of “The Norm of Self-Interest” Introduction Miller’s (2001) article “The Norm of Self-Interest” discusses that the average person is a self-interest theorist, self-interest and behavior, self-interest and accounts of behavior, self-interest predict behavior better than attitudes and Incentives having impact on charitable donations. This paper will discuss the particular norm that pertains to beliefs about the extent to which attributes and behaviors of others are dictated by self-interest. Miller (2001) argues that the theory of self-interest has causal power and how it plays a role in its own confirmation, is the core focus of this article. Critiques of Miller’s hypothesis will be from influential theories of human behavior, including evolutionary biology, behaviorism, and psychoanalytic theory (Etzioni, 1988; Kohn, 1990: Schwartz, 1986; Wallach & Wallach, 1983). Specifically, describes the evidence for a norm of self-interest, whereby people expect that others’ attitudes and behaviors will be guided by personal stake (Miller, 1999; Miller & Ratner, 1996, 1998; Ratner & Miller 2001). Miller (2001) argues that these expectations can have profound implications for charitable donations for both money and time. For e.g., when a spokesperson for a cause solicits support from others, the targets for the advocacy requests feel that it is harder to say no when the advocate indicates...
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...LITERATURE REVIEW ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING FOR COMPUTER GAMES Name: Course: Date Page 1 Abstract Games have often been very common in the past period of time, but with the discovery of computer games, they have penetrated. In spite of the third vista to computer games which is verifiable, it pertains to investigating what characteristics those who play such games anticipate from the gaming using the computer. Permit us state the meaning of a computer game as a play which is undertaken with an aid of a computer program. This meaning still leaves behind some flexibility because it does not imply that the whole game happens in the computer. For instance, Chess may be played on the computer screen and on a true-globe board, heedless to whether the one who objects to the play is a computer application. Huizinga in his classic work defined play as ``an activity which proceeds within certain limits of time and space, in a visible order, according to rules freely accepted, and outside the sphere of necessity or material utility. The play mood is one of rapture and enthusiasm, and is sacred or festive in accordance with the occasion. A feeling of exaltation and tension accompanies the action, mirth and relaxation follow``. A lexicon likewise states the meaning of game as `‘a universal form of recreation generally including any activity engaged in for diversion or amusement and often establishing a situation that involves a contest or rivalry’`. Besides, Elliot...
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...ABSTRACT Research assignments give you an opportunity to demonstrate practically the skills and knowledge learnt so far in class within the end of a particular study. This article highlighted some common mistakes made by students in research paper writing. Textbooks, internet, and correction given during class seminar presentation constituted the sources of information gathered. It was realized that in the effort to give the best in writing research papers, students unconsciously make mistakes in topic selection, objectives of research, writing format hypothesis or thesis statement, literature review, research methodology, paragraphing, use of tense in sentence construction, referencing and quoting to mention but a few. This writing also incorporated some tips in avoiding these mistakes mentioned and therefore concluded and recommended that The mistakes stated above should be avoided at all cost when writing research papers. They can contribute to low grades or disqualification of your project. Therefore, it is advisable that students seek for guidance from their instructors or professionals in research papers writing. INRODUCTION Research assignments give you an opportunity to demonstrate practically the skills and knowledge learnt in class. In the effort to give...
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...The Positive Effect of a Market Orientation on Business Profitability: A Balanced Replication Stanley F. Slater UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON, BOTHELL John C. Narver UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON, SEATTLE Narver and Slater’s (1990) finding of a positive relationship between market orientation and business profitability is retested in a broad sample of product and service businesses operating in a variety of industries. The assessment of the extent of market orientation is provided by the chief marketing officer, and profitability is assessed by the general manager, thus avoiding the problem of common respondent bias. The analysis of the influence of culture on business performance is extended by including a measure of entrepreneurial orientation in the study. The influence of a market orientation on business profitability is then compared with that of an entrepreneurial orientation. The regression coefficient for market orientation (.662) is higher in this replication than in the original study (.501), and the pairwise correlation coefficient for the relationship between market orientation and profitability is very similar in both studies (.362 and .345, respectively). No relationship is found between entrepreneurial orientation and business profitability. Thus, by drawing a sample from a more diverse population, avoiding the common respondent bias problem, and comparing the effect of a market orientation to that of an entrepreneurial orientation, the findings from this balanced replication...
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...teaching. In the end, the project applies the guidelines in designing activities for teaching Chinese pronunciation, vocabulary, character, and culture. Keywords: guidelines, gestures, teaching Chinese, kinesics, linguistics 1. Introduction 2.1 Background Gestures are common body movements: teachers instruct with gestures, referees in soccer game use gestures, people greet each other with gestures. Then what are gestures? Generally speaking, gestures are body movements which accompany and even sometimes replace verbal language. Because of its intimacy with language, it has attracted the people’s attention since Greek and Roman era. People back then treated gestures for the purpose of art. Not until modern times did scientific research emerge and shed lights on understanding the physical components of gestures and how gestures carry meanings. (Kennon 2004, 90) Adam Kennon and David Mcneill, two authoritative scholars, have published a large number of articles exploring the essence of gesture and its relation to language....
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...Two-Tier Corporate Governance Model for Pakistan Tasleem Faraz Minhas1, Saif Ullah2 1 Research Scholar, National University of Modern Languages, Lahore 2 Faculty members in Management sciences, National University of Modern Languages, Lahore Introduction As the business environment is continuously evolving so as the concept of corporate governance. The European Economic Community (EEC), General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and World Trade Organization (WTO) regulations have also contributed to the rising awareness and are compelling us to think in terms of adhering to the good governance practices. Corporate governance, by the very nature of the concept, cannot be exactly defined. However, there can be no two opinions that “effective accountability to all shareholders is the essence of corporate governance.” It is the set of process, customs, policies, laws, and institutions affecting the way a corporation (or company) is directed, administered or controlled. “Corporate governance refers to the manner in which the affairs of a corporate body are or should be conducted in order to serve and protect the individual and collective interests of all stakeholders” (Butt 2008) According to OECD “Corporate Governance is the system by which business corporations are directed and controlled. The corporate governance structure specifies the distribution of rights and responsibilities among different participants in the corporation, such as...
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...Asian Economic and Financial Review, 1(3),pp.147-150 2011 Impact of Ownership Concentration on the operating Performance of Pakistani Firms Author Waseem Anwar Center for Excellence in Research, Department of Management Sciences COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore, Pakistan. Email: wasyhcc@yahoo.com This study investigates the Impact of Ownership Concentration on the operating performance of Pakistani firms. Sample of 50 non-financial firms is selected from KSE-100 index of Karachi Stock Exchange of Pakistan. Descriptive analysis shows that there is an immense level of ownership concentration in Pakistani firms. Regression analysis suggested that there is a significant positive correlation among ownership concentration and firm’s operating performance. Naila Tabassum Center for Excellence in Research, Department of Management Sciences COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore, Pakistan. E-mail: naila058@yahoo.com Key Words: Ownership Concentration, Operating Performance Introduction In this research, we scrutinize the affect of ownership structure on company performance. The relationship between ownership structure and performance has always been the area under discussion in the literature of corporate finance. The discussion on this area was started with the thesis of Berle and Means (1932). They argued that defuse ownership is inversely correlated with performance of a company. Most of the earlier studies found a positive relation...
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...intermediate status of capital is not in serious dispute, but its significance for macroeconomic theorizing is rarely recognized. The firms’ decision to acquire funds through debt and equity financings affects the capital structure, and, in the firm’s balance sheet, the impact of capital appears to influence the inventory investment. Hence, the significance of capital structure –induced inventory distortions in the context of firm-level is the basis for our article. The sample for our analysis is compiled from the balance sheets of listed syaria firms in the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange for the period 1995-2000. JEL classification: E44; G32; Keywords: asymmetric information; debt financing; equity financing; investment * An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 6th Malaysia Finance Association Symposium held in Langkawi on the 5-6th May 2004. We would like to thanks Ghon Rhee, Moureonen and Noor Azlan Ghazali for their valuable comments. 95 Gadjah Mada International...
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