... Research Methods I Kaplan University Helen Farel The disease of addiction may never be fully understood, but further studies in methadone maintenance with opioid dependence will prove that methadone maintenance prevents cravings and withdrawal symptoms and helps an addict to maintain their sobriety while trying to overcome their addiction. In this paper the author will discuss the scientific method and several studies that have been conducted on the use of methadone in the treatment of substance abuse. The scientific method is a set of principles and procedures that researchers use to develop questions, collect data and reach conclusions. (Cherry, 2013). In Psychology the goals of the scientific method is to seek and describe behaviors and explain why the behaviors occur. (Cherry, 2013). Researchers also strive to create research that can be used to predict and change human behavior. (Cherry, 2013). The four steps of the scientific method are, (1) forming a testable hypothesis, (2) devising a study and collecting data, (3) examining the data and reaching conclusions and (4) reporting the findings of the study. (Cherry, 2013). All the research articles discussed in this paper used the empirical research method. This type of research is based on experimentation or actual observation;...
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...rehabilitation. It is also licensed for dual diagnosed clients, and has a ten bed detoxification unit. There are ten female beds and twenty four male beds, including the detoxification clients. The client turnover rate is very high, and this adds pressure to the nursing department. There are two registered nurses and four licensed practical nurses on staff. At least one nurse is on duty twenty four hours a day. There is one nurse manager who works on the floor. The average nurse ratio is 17:1. The reason it is so high is because most clients are medically stable once they are done with detoxification. There are many nursing...
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...Southwestern Assemblies of God University School of Distance Education Methadone Treatment Programs are Effective in Stopping Heroin Use A Paper Presented to Professor Loyd Uglow, Ph.D In Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Course THE 5113 Research Literature and Technology Sharon Pete November 28, 2012 THESIS STATEMENT: To investigate Methadone maintenance is found to be more effective in treating heroin addiction than 180 day detoxification. The objective is how methadone maintenance, a widely used but controversial method of weaning heroin addicts off the drug—with counseling has psychosocially enriched 180 day methadone assisted detoxification. OUTLINE I. INTRODUCTION A. History of Heroin B. History of withdrawals II. How Methadone is used to treat Heroin? III. Research Findings IV. CONCLUSION V. Work Cited Methadone Treatment Programs are Effective in Stopping Heroin Use Substitution treatment or maintenance pharmacotherapy programs using methadone are today the most sought after and effective form of treatment for opiate addiction and dependence. Because methadone is a long-acting opiate whose dosage can be stabilized, it is well suited for daily administration and has proven effective in the elimination of narcotic craving, a driving force behind continued heroin use. And, because it can be administered orally, methadone dramatically reduces heroin injecting frequency...
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...Heroin Addiction and Treatment Abstract This paper offers a brief explanation of the history of heroin. Describing the origins of heroin, who discovered it and describe the detrimental effects heroin has on an individual. There are several treatment options available for heroin addicts and this paper will look at a few of the ones that have shown the most success. Heroin Addiction and Treatment Introduction: A Brief History of Heroin Heroin comes from the opium poppy. This plant has been used by a number of various civilizations going back to include ancient civilizations. Opium, heroin, and morphine are derived from the poppy. Opium had been used by Drs. in the United States for many years prior to the Civil War. When morphine was discovered Drs. switched to using morphine instead of opium for pain, mainly because the hypodermic needle had been invented and morphine could be injected and pain could be better controlled. Heroin was derived from a chemical process discovered by Felix Hoffman in 1874. Heroin was initially distributed as a pain killer, and cough suppressant by Bayer Company in 1898. Drs. initially thought that heroin could replace morphine because they thought heroin did not possess the addictive qualities of morphine. In fact Drs. used heroin to get their patient’s off morphine. They thought...
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...Department of Clinical Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy 2 S.S.D. Liver Transplant, Department of Clinical Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy Correspondence should be addressed to Paolo Caraceni, paolo.caraceni@unibo.it Received 4 May 2012; Accepted 11 May 2012 Academic Editor: Bruno Nardo Copyright © 2012 Luca Santi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Mushroom poisoning is a relatively rare cause of acute liver failure (ALF). The present paper analyzes the pathogenesis, clinical features, prognostic indicators, and therapeutic strategies of ALF secondary to ingestion of Amanita phalloides, which represents the most common and deadly cause of mushroom poisoning. Liver damage from Amanita phalloides is related to the amanitins, powerful toxins that inhibit RNA polymerase II resulting in a deficient protein synthesis and cell necrosis. After an asymptomatic lag phase, the clinical picture is characterized by gastrointestinal symptoms, followed by the liver and kidney involvement. Amatoxin poisoning may progress into ALF and eventually death if liver transplantation is not performed. The mortality rate after Amanita phalloides poisoning ranges from 10 to 20%. The management of...
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...dependence, and an associated difficulty. The word alcohol dependence has substituted alcoholism as a word in turn that people do not suppress the thought of cure and illness, but could consider alcohol as a chemical they might be contingent upon deal with environmental stresses. In order to comprehend this disorder one must first understand just what alcohol dependence is. Then one needs to theorize alcohol dependence employing the biopsychosocial model. And finally it is important to talk about the treatments or interventions that are known to be the most successful for alcohol dependence and why. Once all of this is understood then alcohol dependence can be a little clearer. Alcohol dependence is a growing problem in world and further research is being done to hopefully get this problem under control (Butcher, Mineka, & Hooley, 2013). Description of Alcohol Dependence Around twelve percent of American grown-ups have had an alcohol dependence issue during their lifetime. The word alcohol dependence has substituted alcoholism as a word in turn that people do not suppress the thought of cure and illness, but could consider alcohol as a chemical they might be contingent upon deal with environmental stresses. The modern description of alcohol dependence is still founded upon prior studies. There has been significant scientific endeavor during the previous couple decades to recognize and comprehend the central characteristics of alcohol dependence. This labor started in 1976 when...
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...INTRODUCTION Addiction is specifically concern with the process by which drug-taking behavior, in certain individuals, evolves into compulsive patterns of drug-seeking and drug-taking behavior that take place at the expense of most other activities and the inability to cease drug-taking. THERE ARE FIVE THEORIES OF ADDICTION NAMELY; * MEDICAL MODEL * PSYCHODYNAMIC MODEL * SOCIAL MODEL * MORAL MODEL * BIO-PSYCHO-SOCIAL MODEL MEDICAL MODEL This involves * Addiction as a “brain disease” * Neurotransmitter imbalance * Disease model: * Agent: drug * Vector: dealers * Host: addict PSYCHODYNAMIC MODEL This involves the following * Drug abusers who are self-medicating * Drug abuse which is a symptom of underlying psychological problems * Drug use is also a maladaptive psychological coping strategy * Drug abusers also need to resolve internal conflict, and when they do, drug use will be unnecessary. SOCIAL MODEL This involves * Drug use as a learned behavior * People using drugs because drug use is modeled by others * Peer pressure * Environmental effects leading to drug use MORAL MODEL * Addicts are usually weak and can overcome a compulsion to use with willpower * Drug abusers are anti-social and should be punished for that * Drug are generally evil BIO-PSYCHO-SOCIAL MODEL * All the above are true, to greater or lesser degrees * Each person’s drug use is a result of some aspects of some or all...
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...Drug abuse in Africa Sections ABSTRACT Introduction Historical background Current drug abuse situation in Africa Effects of drug abuse in Africa Control mechanisms Future trends Details Author: T. ASUNI , A. O PELA Pages: 55 to 64 Creation Date: 1986/01/01 Drug abuse in Africa T. ASUNI Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria A. O PELA Clinical Pharmacy Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin, Nigeria ABSTRACT Apart from cannabis abuse in northern and southern Africa and khat chewing in north-eastern Africa, the history of drug abuse in Africa is relatively short. The abuse of drugs in Africa is nevertheless escalating rapidly from cannabis abuse to the more dangerous drugs and from limited groups of drug users to a wider range of people abusing drugs. The most common and available drug of abuse is still cannabis, which is known to be a contributing factor to the occurrence of a schizophrenic-like psychosis. The trafficking in and abuse of cocaine and heroin are the most recent developments in some African countries that had had no previous experience with these drugs. Efforts should be made to design and implement drug abuse assessment programmes to determine the real magnitude and characteristics of the problem and to monitor its trends. A lack of funds and a shortage of adequately trained personnel have made it difficult to implement drug abuse control programmes...
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...of whale meat (Endo 2003). Currently, a lot of Japanese people are unaware of the fact that so much is being spent on whaling subsidies. Research data by the Nippon Research center (2011-2012) suggests that most Japanese citizens (~88%) do not purchase whale meat (Mulvaney 2013). Moreover, ~47% tend to oppose the use of public money to fund whaling (Mulvaney 2013). Notably, current research polls show that Japanese students are actually in favor of school meat lunches (Bowett 2009). There appears to be a disconnect between the meat market, whaling funding, and the amount the government actually spends to support whaling. If there was a mandatory education class in schools, rather than pushing for whale meat school lunches, we could see a turnaround on the...
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...Current Events in Business Research RES/351 February 29, 2016 Current Events in Business Research For the purpose of this paper, we were asked to select an article in the University Library that contains a research study in a functional area of our own job or a functional area we desire to be a part of someday. My intended field will be in mental health counseling; specifically, substance abuse counseling. I came through many years in active addiction. Overcoming those years led to my passion for the field in which I have chosen to embrace. I have selected to write based on an article from the ProQuest Psychology Journals entitled, “Social Workers Employed in Substance Abuse Treatment Agencies: A Training Needs Assessment,” (Hall, Amodeo, Shaffer, Vander Bilt, 2000). Improving upon this growing profession and identifying areas of weakness are key. In the pages to follow, I will identify the research problem, the method used, how the research has solved the problem, and other potential applications for this research within functional and related areas. Identifying the Research Problem and Method Used Business research, as we use it in our text, is a systematic inquiry that provides information to guide managerial decisions. More specifically, it is a process of planning, acquiring, analyzing, and disseminating relevant data, information, and insights to decision makers in ways that mobilize the organization to take appropriate actions that, in...
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...Drugs A Term Paper Presented to: Mrs. Nora H. Cubal Mati School of Arts and Trades City of Mati, Davao Oriental In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements in English IV Presented by: Niño F. Sugaan IV-Zamora S.Y. 2012-2013 Table of Contents I- Introduction A. Statement of the Problem B. Significance of the Study C. Definition of Terms II- Discussion A. What is Drugs? B. Reasons why there are drug addicts C. How drug affects the personality of the user D. Drug addiction treatment III- Summary IV- Suggestion V- Bibliography Acknowledgements First of all I would like to acknowledge to my parents , teachers and classmates for their support and cooperation which help me in completion with this project and I would like to express my special gratitude to the industry for giving me such attention and time. My thanks and appreciation also go to my colleague in developing the project and people who have willingly helped me out with the use of their abilities I- Introduction A drug is a substance which may have medicinal, intoxicating, performance enhancing or other effects when taken or put into a human body or the body of another animal and is not considered a food or exclusively a food. What is considered a drug rather than a food varies between cultures, and distinctions between drugs and foods and between kinds of drug are enshrined...
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...Outline The overall objective of this research paper is to identify and address those aspects of alcoholism, which contribute to it as a medical disease. True, alcoholism has many ramifications for society as well as the economy, but the focus of this paper shall be, for the most part, on the medical aspects. In the way of background, alcoholism refers to the drinking of alcoholic beverages to such a degree that major aspects of the individual’s life -such as work, school, family relationships or personal SAFETY AND HEALTH, above all, are seriously and repeatedly interfered with. Alcoholism is considered a disease, meaning that it follows a characteristic course with known physical, psychological, and social systems. The alcoholic continues to consume alcohol despite the destructive consequences. Alcoholism is serious, progressive, and irreversible. If not treated, it can be fatal. It is generally thought that once the disease has developed, the alcoholic will not drink normally again. An alcoholic who abstains from drinking, however, can regain control over the aspects of life with which ALCOHOL interfered. The alcoholic is then said to be “recovering” not “cured” of the disease. It is important to note that the particular symptoms and pattern of DRINKING PROBLEMS may vary with the individual. ALCOHOLISM is, therefore, a very complex disorder, and it is this very complexity which has led some recent researchers to question the accuracy of the disease concept of alcoholism...
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...Health Economics Abstract Studies, research, and conclusions on the effectiveness of substance abuse treatment programs are numerous. However, there does not appear to be a single answer or even a manageable set of solutions for how to effectively and efficiently treat those suffering the ill effects of substance abuse. This paper aims to make the case that the most effective way to deal with this problem is to attack it at the source, by trying to eliminate, or at the very least disrupt, the supply of illicit drugs available for purchase and consumption. The attempt to make this case is done by pointing out the mixed results of previous substance abuse treatment programs and by using systems theory to explain why the complexity of treatment options makes it difficult to accurately evaluate such programs. The Economic Impact on Substance Abuse The effect of substance abuse on the United States economy is astronomical. Consider that in 2004, almost a tenth of the nation’s population ages 12 and older were classified with substance abuse or dependence disorders (Morgan & Crane, 2010). The issue is so complex, in fact, it is nearly impossible to put an accurate price tag on the impact. If one focuses solely on the economic impact of this epidemic, one would have to calculate numerous costs. People who abuse and are addicted to illicit drugs spend hundreds and thousands of dollars to feed their habit, which is money that could be spent in more productive ways...
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...Alzheimer's Disease Research Paper Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive, degenerating disorder that affects the brain cells. It is NOT a normal part of aging and it is also not something that happens inevitably in later life. The disease was named after Dr. Alois Alzheimer, a German physician in 1906, after he had performed an autopsy on the brain of a dead woman who had experienced severe memory loss, confusion and difficulty understanding questions and found dense deposits around her nerve cells. It is the most common type of dementia, which is a progressive dysfunction of the brain which results in a restriction of daily activities. A lot of kids grow up being first introduced to this disease in their grandparents or older people in their...
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...Psychology 111: Introduction to Neuroscience Course Paper Glia and Alzheimer’s disease Glial cells (also known as neuroglia, or simply glia) are small non-neuronal cells that have numerous functions to maintain a healthy brain. When Rudolf Virchow founded glial cells in 1856, glia was thought to be the glue, which held the nervous system together. (Kalat, 2013) This is not the case. In fact, glial cells are essential to support brain function. “Morphofunctional changes resulting from the plasticity of all the glial cell types parallel the plastic neuronal changes that optimize the functionality of neuronal circuits. Moreover, neuroglia possesses the ability to adopt a reactive status (gliosis) in which, generally, new functions arise to improve and restore if needed the neural functionality.” (Álvarez, M. I., Merino, J. J, Rodríguez, J. J, Toledano, A. & Toledano-Díaz, A., 2015) Due to these features, neuroglia cells can playa crucial role in Alzheimer’s disease. The most common forms of glia are Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, and Microglia. The most abundant type of glial cells in the brain is the star-shaped astrocytes. Astrocytes have multiple functions that include “regulating pH, storing and releasing glucose, detoxification, modifying the immune response, modulating synaptic activity, inactivating neurotransmitters, and inducing and maintaining the blood brain barrier.” (Freet, August 28, 2015) Oligodendrocytes are “located in the brain and the spinal...
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