Page 20 - Question 1
Managers differ from non-managerial employees in that managers coordinate and oversee the work of others while non-managerial employees work directly on a job or task and have no one reporting to them.
Page 20 - Question 4
The universality of management concept is a concept that acknowledges the fat that management is necessary for all sizes and types of organizations. Not only is this the case, but it also applies to all organizational levels and areas, regardless of where the organizations are located.
This concept still holds true in today’s world because all organizations must plan, organize, lead, and control well in order to be successful and continue to exist. As such, some levels of management are required to fulfill these roles.
Page 20 - Question 5
Although some have argued that business management should be a profession for a few reasons, mostly citing benefits and positive impacts it would yield for society by way of accountability (i.e., if management were to become a true profession it would have to develop codes of conduct with the meaning and consequences of those codes taught as part of the formal educational process for its members; which would officially lead to accountability.)
However, the reality is that business management is not a profession today because unlike doctors and lawyers (recognized as holding a professional degree) managers do not adhere to universal and enforceable codes of conduct. For example, while law students are required to take, pass the BAR association exam (recognized as the standard by the entire country) and remain in good standing as defined the BAR association in order to keep one’s license to practice, business schools are not able to definitively claim what they teach qualifies students to manage. A good example proving so would be the many successful businesses that are often